SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 80
Download to read offline
GEOLOGY AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
The Walker School
Environmental Science
Earth’s Principal Systems
   Atmosphere
   Hydrosphere
   Biosphere
   Lithosphere
   Magnetosphere
   Cryosphere
Interaction Among Earth’s Systems




                                Table 1-1, p. 4
Earth is a Dynamic Planet
   Geologic Hazards
   Renewable Soil
   Nonrenewable
    Minerals
   Energy Resources



                       Change is
                       the Norm
WHAT IS THE EARTH’S
STRUCTURE?
Earth’s Structure



                    The Moho, is the
                    boundary between the
                    Earth's crust and the
                    mantle. The Moho
                    serves to separate
                    both oceanic crust and
                    continental crust from
                    underlying mantle.
Seismic S & P Waves




                      Seismic waves
                      provide evidence
                      that Earth’s internal
                      structure is layered,
                      not homogeneous.


                                Fig. 11-9b, p. 345
Internal Processes
   Convection Cells
   Mantle Plumbs
    (upwellings)
   Plutonic Bodies
Plutonic Bodies



L: inflated sills.
                                    B: > 100 km2




 Internal Processes
                      S: <100 km2

                                            Fig. 4-24, p. 123
Volcanic Bodies




External Processes
Mantle Plumbs and Interplate Hotspots

                           Mantle plumbs are
                           stationary, while the
                           plates move. This activity
                           has caused the creation
                           of new Hawaiian Islands
                           over the past 12 million
                           years.




                                           Fig. 2-22, p. 58
Volcanic National Park, HI
     http://www.nps.gov/havo/




Most geographically isolated group of islands on
Earth; features include new cinder cones, glowing pit    Lava Tube in Hawaii
craters, rivers of lava and fountains of spatter;
volcanic features at mass to the lithosphere, water to
the hydrosphere, carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,
and nutrients for plants.


                                                                         Fig. 5-3a, p. 137
WHAT IS PLATE
TECTONICS?
Earth’s crust is about 5% of it’s mass.
Earth has 15 Major Plates




                            Fig. 1-11, p. 17
Environmental Role of Plate Movement

   Changes Climate
   Stimulates Evolution
   Changes Migratory
    Patterns

                           Scope of the last Ice Age, 1200 BCE
Major Features of the Earth’s Crust

  Abyssal




                                     Abyssal plain
                                                                    Folded mountain belt
  hills           Abyssal Oceanic                Abyssal   Trench
                   floor   ridge                  floor                                         Craton
                                                                Volcanoes


                                                                                                         Continental
Oceanic crust                                                                                               rise
(lithosphere)                                                                              Continental
                  Mantle (lithosphere)                                                       slope
                                                                                  Mantle
                                                                               Continental
                                                                              (lithosphere)
                                                                                   shelf
                                                                                                         Abyssal plain

                                                                            Continental crust
                  Mantle (asthenosphere)                                      (lithosphere)




     Convection from the Earth’s mantle rises and cools, driving the movement of the plates,
     which in turn causes the folding of the lithosphere creating mountains and volcanoes.
Connections, Plates and Earth Systems




                                  Table 1-3, p. 18
Convergent Plates




                    Primarily responsible
                    for mountain building
                    events.


                                       Fig. 2-18c, p. 53
Continental Crust

                    Composed of many rock
                    types.

                    Can be as old as 4
                    billion years.

                    Varies in thickness from
                    20 to 80 km.

                    Makes up about 41% of
                    Earth’s surface.
Grand Teton National Park, WY
http://www.nps.gov/grte




                                        The Grand Tetons are one of the younger
                                        mountain ranges on Earth. 24% of the Earth's
                                        land mass is mountainous. 10% of people live
                                        in mountainous regions. Most of the world's
                                        rivers are fed from mountain sources, and
A mountain is usually produced by the   more than half of humanity depends on
movement of lithospheric plates,        mountains for water.
called orogenic movement.
Alpine Climate Zones

 Altitude
            Mountain
            Ice and snow

            Tundra (herbs,
            lichens,
            mosses)
                                                                               Latitude
            Coniferous
            Forest

            Deciduous
            Forest

            Tropical
            Forest

                                                                 Tundra (herbs,     Polar ice
                             Tropical   Deciduous   Coniferous                      and snow
                                                    Forest       lichens, mosses)
                             Forest     Forest
Divergent Plates


Builds new crust.




                    Atlanta Ocean is
                    getting bigger,
                    while the Pacific is
                    decreasing in size.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Iceland




                 One of the few places on earth that a
                 divergent pate is evident on land.
Divergent Plates Rift to Form Oceans




Rifting between the African
and Arabian Plate formed
the Red Sea.
                                   Fig. 2-15, p. 48
Stages of Ocean
Basin Formation
Oceanic Crust
                5 to 8 km thick.

                Composed mainly of basalt and
                gabbro.

                Not older than 180 million
                years.

                Covered with dead organism
                and sediment, about 1 km thick.

                Little variability in composition.
Costal Features
                                                    Lake
                                          Glacier                Tidal      Shallow marine
                        Spits
                                Stream                            flat        environment
                                                                         Barrier
    Dunes       Lagoon                                                   islands


                                                    Delta
                                         Dunes

                                 Beach

                          Shallow marine
                           environment
                                                                                  Volcanic
                                                                                   island
                                                                                Coral reef
Continental shelf

    Continental slope                                                      Abyssal plain
                                                            Deep-sea fan
            Continental rise
WHAT GEOLOGIC PROCESSES
OCCUR ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE?
Weathering vs. Erosion
   Weathering the decomposition of earth rocks, soils
    and their minerals through direct contact with the
    planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or
    quot;with no movementquot;, and thus should not to be
    confused with erosion, which involves the movement
    and disintegration of rocks and minerals by agents
    such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.
Formation of the Grand Canyon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktf73HNZZGY




                                             Debris flows shown
                                             in this clip erode
                                             rock along the walls
                                             of the canyon.
Arches National Park
http://www.nps.gov/arch/National


                                   Erosion takes place
                                   at different rates –
                                   called differential
                                   erosion



                                      Produces: hoodoos,
                                      spires, arches, and
                                      pedestals




                                                 Fig. 6-CO, pp. 168-169
Hoodoos, Bryson Canyon National Park
http://www.nps.gov/brca/
Types of Weathering
   Mechanical
   Chemical
   Biological


                 Weathering of Granite




                                         Fig. 6-1a, p. 170
Physical Weathering
   Mechanical or physical
    weathering involves the
    breakdown of rocks and
    soils through direct
    contact with atmospheric
    conditions such as heat,
    water, ice and pressure.




                               Badlands, SD
Chemical Weathering
   Chemical weathering,
    involves the direct effect
    of atmospheric
    chemicals, or
    biologically produced
    chemicals (also known as
    biological weathering),      Lichens are part fungi
                                 and part algae. They
    in the breakdown of          derive their nutrients
                                 from the rock and
    rocks, soils and minerals.   contribute to chemical
                                 weathering.
Biological Weathering from Plants

Trees and other plants in
Lassen Volcanic National Park,
CA help break down parent
material into smaller pieces
and contribute to mechanical
weathering.




                                 Fig. 6-6b, p. 174
Salt Weathering (haloclasty)
   Mechanical
   Derives from an external source
    (capillary rising ground water,
    eolian origin, sea water along
    rocky coasts, atmospheric pollution).
   Favored by dry conditions in arid
    climates.
   The expanding salt crystals exert a
    pressure on the walls of the rock
    pores that exceeds the tensile          Marine Abrasion of Granite.
    strength of the rock.
Geology and the Environment
Isotasic Rebound
   from Glaciers




Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland




                                        Fig. 11-17, p. 351
WHY DO EARTHQUAKES
OCCUR?
Earthquakes
   Most occur along subduction zones and strike-slip
    zones
   Some occur in aseismic zones
   Movement of magma causes tremors
Elastic Rebound Theory
   Proposed by Henry F Reid in 1910
   Rocks along a fault move relative to each other and
    can bend elastically
   Energy released from the bending causes shock
    waves, which emanate from the plane of rupture
Two adjoining plates
            Liquefaction of      move laterally along
            recent sediments     the fault line
            causes buildings                        Earth movements
            of sink                                 cause flooding in
                                                    low-lying areas

Landslides may
occur on
hilly ground




 Shock
 waves
            Epicenter

                         Focus
HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES
MEASURED?
Measurements
   Intensity
   Amplitude
   Duration
Scales
   Richter Scale
       Measurement of energy released for smaller and approximate
        earthquakes
   Surface Wave Magnitude Scale
       Measurement of energy released for extremely large earthquakes at a
        distance
   Moment Magnitude Scale
       Estimates the amount of displacement and area of rupture along the
        fault
   Mercalli Scale
       Directly describes the intensity of shaking rather than the magnitude
       Useful in comparing damage from earthquakes at different locations
Geology and the Environment
Seismographic Reading
Seismic Wave and Their Destructive Patterns.
Primary Modes of Destruction
   Consolidation
   Liquefaction
   Vibration



                    Earthquake damage in a Afghan village.
Secondary Effects of Earthquakes
   Rockslides
   Urban Fires
   Flooding
   Tsunamis
   Building Damage
   Loss of Life
Expected Damage From
Earthquakes

       No damage expected
                            Canada
       Minimal damage

       Moderate damage

       Severe damage




                            United States
Geology and the Environment
Global Seismograph Network
http://www.iris.edu/about/GSN/
Indian Ocean Earthquake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_tsunami
Tsunamis
   A series of waves created when a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.
   Earthquakes, mass movements above or below water, some volcanic eruptions and other
    underwater explosions, landslides, underwater earthquakes, large asteroid impacts and testing
    with nuclear weapons at sea all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
   As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, the wave is compressed
    due to wave shoaling and its forward travel slows and its amplitude grows enormously,
    producing a distinctly visible wave.
Tsunami Warning System
WHAT ARE VOLCANOES?
Distribution of Volcanoes
   Circum-Pacific
    Belt (60%)
   Mediterranean
    Belt (20%)
   Mid-Oceanic
    Ridges (20%)

   More common along both divergent than convergent plate boundaries.
   Mainly composed of intrusive magma flows.
   Composed of mafic magma that forms beneath spreading plates.
   Pyroclastic materials are not common because lava is fluid.
   Water pressure prevents gasses from expanding and escaping.
                                                                         Fig. 5-20, p. 151
General Structure
                                                 extinct
                                                volcanoes




                 central
                 vent
                                   magma
          magma
                                   reservoir
          conduit



   Solid
   lithosphere




                       Upwelling
                        magma           Partially molten
                                        asthenosphere
Geology and the Environment
Crater Lake, OR Caldera


Caldera Floor of Crater Lake




                               Wizard Island, Crater Lake, OR
Learn About Megavolcanos Around the World
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/megavolcano/about.html
VOLCANIC MONITORING
Important Monitoring Techniques




                                  Fig. 5-23, p. 159
Fumarole Gas Monitoring
   Chemically-selective sensors
    for SO2 and CO2 measure
    gas concentrations and a wind
    sensor measures wind speed
    and direction.
   Data from solar-powered
    stations are transmitted to
    GOES geostationary satellite
    and then down to
    observatories every 10
    minutes, providing near real
    time data on degassing of
    volcanoes
Ground Deformation Monitoring
   Paint
   Electronic Distance Meters
       determine the horizontal movements
        that occur on active volcanoes
   Tiltmeters
       leveling surveys to measure vertical
        motions
   Global Positioning Systems
       allows us to measure horizontal
        motions much more accurately and
        conveniently, and also to estimate
        vertical motions in the same survey
Remote Sensing
   The Advanced Very High
    Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
    is a space-borne sensor
    embarked on the NOAA family
    of polar orbiting platforms.
   The primary purpose of these
    instruments is to monitor clouds
    and to measure the thermal
    emission (cooling) of the Earth.
   The main difficulty associated
    with these investigations is to
    properly deal with the many
    limitations of these instruments,
    especially in the early period
    (sensor calibration, orbital drift,
    limited spectral and directional
    sampling, etc).
Primary Effects of Volcanoes
   Pyroclastic Flows
   Fumaroles
   Landslides
   Ash Fall
   Earthquakes
   High Temperatures
Secondary Effects of Explosions
   Suffocation from Ash
   Asphyxiation from
    Volcanic Gasses
   Tsunamis
   Temperatures Decreases

                             Ash can coat your lungs, causing the
                             formation of a quick cement,
                             asphyxiating you.
Environmental Effects
   Involved in the formation
    of continental crust and
    offset weathering and
    erosion
   Provide nutrient rich soils
   By trapping clouds at
    their peaks, water for
    agriculture
   Agriculture based             Volcanic soils in Sumatra.
    cultures are attracted to
    their bases
Volcanic Gasses
   Water Vapor
   Carbon Dioxide
   Nitrogen
   Sulfur Dioxide
   Hydrogen Sulfide
   Carbon Monoxide
   Hydrogen
   Chlorine
Gasses emitted from fumaroles at the Sulfur Works in Lassen
Volcanic National Park, CA

                                                              Fig. 5-2, p. 136
Effects of Volcanoes on Climate
   Nucleation, condensation, and sedimentation of aerosols (acid rain)
   Change in Albedo from ash cloud
   Tropospheric cooling from the addition of sulfur to the stratsophere
   Ozone destruction through the formation of atomic chlorine
HYDROTHERMAL VENT
ECOLOGY
Hydrothermal Vents
   Distributes heat and
    drives water circulation
    in the ocean through
    convection
   Provides energy source
    in the form of hydrogen
    sulfide to benthic
    chemotrophs
   Distributes minerals and
    influences the
    composition of the ocean
Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystem   The chemosynthetic bacteria
                              grow into a thick mat which
                              attracts other organisms
                              such as amphipods and
                              copepods which graze upon
                              the bacteria directly. Larger
                              organisms such as snails,
                              shrimp, crabs, tube worms,
                              fish, and octopuses form a
                              food chain of predator and
                              prey relationships above
                              the primary consumers. The
                              main families of organisms
                              found around seafloor vents
                              are annelids,
                              pogonophorans,
                              gastropods, and
                              crustaceans, with large
                              bivalves, vestimentiferan
                              worms, and quot;eyelessquot; shrimp
                              making up the bulk of non-
                              microbial organisms.
Location of Major Vent Systems
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry
Learn More About Vents
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/vents/index.html

More Related Content

What's hot

Ocean atmosphere interactions
Ocean atmosphere interactionsOcean atmosphere interactions
Ocean atmosphere interactionsJanine Samelo
 
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Introduction to Sedimentology and StratigraphyIntroduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Introduction to Sedimentology and StratigraphyWilliam W. Little
 
Metamorphism through plate tectonics
Metamorphism through plate tectonicsMetamorphism through plate tectonics
Metamorphism through plate tectonicsPramoda Raj
 
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITSCHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITSPramoda Raj
 
Ocean sediments
Ocean sedimentsOcean sediments
Ocean sedimentsDedy Aslam
 
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy Pramoda Raj
 
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmad
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmadBiological benthos presentation by hafez ahmad
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmadHafez Ahmad
 
Sea level changes
Sea  level  changesSea  level  changes
Sea level changesPramoda Raj
 
deep ocean basins final
deep ocean basins finaldeep ocean basins final
deep ocean basins finalSokhret Sorn
 
10 Marine Sediments Notes
10 Marine Sediments Notes10 Marine Sediments Notes
10 Marine Sediments Notesmswilliams
 
Coastal Processes and Landforms
Coastal Processes and LandformsCoastal Processes and Landforms
Coastal Processes and Landformsdumouchelle
 

What's hot (20)

ENV 101 Ch01 lecture ppt_a
ENV 101 Ch01 lecture ppt_aENV 101 Ch01 lecture ppt_a
ENV 101 Ch01 lecture ppt_a
 
Ocean atmosphere interactions
Ocean atmosphere interactionsOcean atmosphere interactions
Ocean atmosphere interactions
 
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Introduction to Sedimentology and StratigraphyIntroduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
 
Metamorphism through plate tectonics
Metamorphism through plate tectonicsMetamorphism through plate tectonics
Metamorphism through plate tectonics
 
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITSCHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION – PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS
 
Ocean sediments
Ocean sedimentsOcean sediments
Ocean sediments
 
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks
 
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
 
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmad
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmadBiological benthos presentation by hafez ahmad
Biological benthos presentation by hafez ahmad
 
Sea-Floor Spreading
Sea-Floor SpreadingSea-Floor Spreading
Sea-Floor Spreading
 
Sea level changes
Sea  level  changesSea  level  changes
Sea level changes
 
deep ocean basins final
deep ocean basins finaldeep ocean basins final
deep ocean basins final
 
10 Marine Sediments Notes
10 Marine Sediments Notes10 Marine Sediments Notes
10 Marine Sediments Notes
 
Submarine canyons
Submarine canyonsSubmarine canyons
Submarine canyons
 
Marine sediments
Marine sediments Marine sediments
Marine sediments
 
Seismic survey
Seismic surveySeismic survey
Seismic survey
 
Coastal Processes and Landforms
Coastal Processes and LandformsCoastal Processes and Landforms
Coastal Processes and Landforms
 
Sedimentary basins
Sedimentary basinsSedimentary basins
Sedimentary basins
 
Manganese nodules
Manganese nodulesManganese nodules
Manganese nodules
 
Origin of ocean basins
Origin of ocean basinsOrigin of ocean basins
Origin of ocean basins
 

Similar to Geology and the Environment

Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...
Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...
Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...Ashley Thomas
 
Bathymetry Plate Tectonics
Bathymetry Plate TectonicsBathymetry Plate Tectonics
Bathymetry Plate TectonicsBrittney Simmons
 
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]tharding-nbcs
 
The Geology Of The Peninsular Terrane
The Geology Of The Peninsular TerraneThe Geology Of The Peninsular Terrane
The Geology Of The Peninsular TerraneKim Moore
 
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01Erika Edgar
 
Unit1: Plate Tectonics
Unit1: Plate TectonicsUnit1: Plate Tectonics
Unit1: Plate Tectonicsaurorabiologia
 
Evidence For The Biblical Flood
Evidence For The Biblical FloodEvidence For The Biblical Flood
Evidence For The Biblical FloodJessica Myers
 
Research Paper On Digging Deep
Research Paper On Digging DeepResearch Paper On Digging Deep
Research Paper On Digging DeepAdriana Wilson
 
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09davedelg1
 
Landform characterization through satellite image
Landform characterization through satellite imageLandform characterization through satellite image
Landform characterization through satellite imageSwarnima singh
 
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docxthat is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docxmattinsonjanel
 
Geology 103 field presentation
Geology 103 field presentationGeology 103 field presentation
Geology 103 field presentationgnlopez
 
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptxGrade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptxErlenaMirador1
 

Similar to Geology and the Environment (20)

Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...
Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...
Topographical Features At Divergent And Convergent Plate...
 
Bathymetry Plate Tectonics
Bathymetry Plate TectonicsBathymetry Plate Tectonics
Bathymetry Plate Tectonics
 
Plate Tectonics
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
 
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
 
The Geology Of The Peninsular Terrane
The Geology Of The Peninsular TerraneThe Geology Of The Peninsular Terrane
The Geology Of The Peninsular Terrane
 
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01
Landforms thislandisourland-111022123136-phpapp01
 
Unit1: Plate Tectonics
Unit1: Plate TectonicsUnit1: Plate Tectonics
Unit1: Plate Tectonics
 
Unit1 Plate Tectonics
Unit1 Plate TectonicsUnit1 Plate Tectonics
Unit1 Plate Tectonics
 
Chapter fourteen
Chapter fourteenChapter fourteen
Chapter fourteen
 
Evidence For The Biblical Flood
Evidence For The Biblical FloodEvidence For The Biblical Flood
Evidence For The Biblical Flood
 
Research Paper On Digging Deep
Research Paper On Digging DeepResearch Paper On Digging Deep
Research Paper On Digging Deep
 
LECTURE 8.ppt
LECTURE 8.pptLECTURE 8.ppt
LECTURE 8.ppt
 
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
 
Landform characterization through satellite image
Landform characterization through satellite imageLandform characterization through satellite image
Landform characterization through satellite image
 
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docxthat is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docx
 
Lithosphere
LithosphereLithosphere
Lithosphere
 
Tectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic Plates
 
Plate Tectonics Theory.pdf
Plate Tectonics Theory.pdfPlate Tectonics Theory.pdf
Plate Tectonics Theory.pdf
 
Geology 103 field presentation
Geology 103 field presentationGeology 103 field presentation
Geology 103 field presentation
 
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptxGrade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 

Recently uploaded (20)

VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 

Geology and the Environment

  • 1. GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT The Walker School Environmental Science
  • 2. Earth’s Principal Systems  Atmosphere  Hydrosphere  Biosphere  Lithosphere  Magnetosphere  Cryosphere
  • 3. Interaction Among Earth’s Systems Table 1-1, p. 4
  • 4. Earth is a Dynamic Planet  Geologic Hazards  Renewable Soil  Nonrenewable Minerals  Energy Resources Change is the Norm
  • 5. WHAT IS THE EARTH’S STRUCTURE?
  • 6. Earth’s Structure The Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. The Moho serves to separate both oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle.
  • 7. Seismic S & P Waves Seismic waves provide evidence that Earth’s internal structure is layered, not homogeneous. Fig. 11-9b, p. 345
  • 8. Internal Processes  Convection Cells  Mantle Plumbs (upwellings)  Plutonic Bodies
  • 9. Plutonic Bodies L: inflated sills. B: > 100 km2 Internal Processes S: <100 km2 Fig. 4-24, p. 123
  • 11. Mantle Plumbs and Interplate Hotspots Mantle plumbs are stationary, while the plates move. This activity has caused the creation of new Hawaiian Islands over the past 12 million years. Fig. 2-22, p. 58
  • 12. Volcanic National Park, HI http://www.nps.gov/havo/ Most geographically isolated group of islands on Earth; features include new cinder cones, glowing pit Lava Tube in Hawaii craters, rivers of lava and fountains of spatter; volcanic features at mass to the lithosphere, water to the hydrosphere, carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and nutrients for plants. Fig. 5-3a, p. 137
  • 14. Earth’s crust is about 5% of it’s mass.
  • 15. Earth has 15 Major Plates Fig. 1-11, p. 17
  • 16. Environmental Role of Plate Movement  Changes Climate  Stimulates Evolution  Changes Migratory Patterns Scope of the last Ice Age, 1200 BCE
  • 17. Major Features of the Earth’s Crust Abyssal Abyssal plain Folded mountain belt hills Abyssal Oceanic Abyssal Trench floor ridge floor Craton Volcanoes Continental Oceanic crust rise (lithosphere) Continental Mantle (lithosphere) slope Mantle Continental (lithosphere) shelf Abyssal plain Continental crust Mantle (asthenosphere) (lithosphere) Convection from the Earth’s mantle rises and cools, driving the movement of the plates, which in turn causes the folding of the lithosphere creating mountains and volcanoes.
  • 18. Connections, Plates and Earth Systems Table 1-3, p. 18
  • 19. Convergent Plates Primarily responsible for mountain building events. Fig. 2-18c, p. 53
  • 20. Continental Crust Composed of many rock types. Can be as old as 4 billion years. Varies in thickness from 20 to 80 km. Makes up about 41% of Earth’s surface.
  • 21. Grand Teton National Park, WY http://www.nps.gov/grte The Grand Tetons are one of the younger mountain ranges on Earth. 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous. 10% of people live in mountainous regions. Most of the world's rivers are fed from mountain sources, and A mountain is usually produced by the more than half of humanity depends on movement of lithospheric plates, mountains for water. called orogenic movement.
  • 22. Alpine Climate Zones Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Latitude Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tundra (herbs, Polar ice Tropical Deciduous Coniferous and snow Forest lichens, mosses) Forest Forest
  • 23. Divergent Plates Builds new crust. Atlanta Ocean is getting bigger, while the Pacific is decreasing in size.
  • 24. Mid-Atlantic Ridge & Iceland One of the few places on earth that a divergent pate is evident on land.
  • 25. Divergent Plates Rift to Form Oceans Rifting between the African and Arabian Plate formed the Red Sea. Fig. 2-15, p. 48
  • 27. Oceanic Crust 5 to 8 km thick. Composed mainly of basalt and gabbro. Not older than 180 million years. Covered with dead organism and sediment, about 1 km thick. Little variability in composition.
  • 28. Costal Features Lake Glacier Tidal Shallow marine Spits Stream flat environment Barrier Dunes Lagoon islands Delta Dunes Beach Shallow marine environment Volcanic island Coral reef Continental shelf Continental slope Abyssal plain Deep-sea fan Continental rise
  • 29. WHAT GEOLOGIC PROCESSES OCCUR ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE?
  • 30. Weathering vs. Erosion  Weathering the decomposition of earth rocks, soils and their minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or quot;with no movementquot;, and thus should not to be confused with erosion, which involves the movement and disintegration of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, wind, and gravity.
  • 31. Formation of the Grand Canyon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktf73HNZZGY Debris flows shown in this clip erode rock along the walls of the canyon.
  • 32. Arches National Park http://www.nps.gov/arch/National Erosion takes place at different rates – called differential erosion Produces: hoodoos, spires, arches, and pedestals Fig. 6-CO, pp. 168-169
  • 33. Hoodoos, Bryson Canyon National Park http://www.nps.gov/brca/
  • 34. Types of Weathering  Mechanical  Chemical  Biological Weathering of Granite Fig. 6-1a, p. 170
  • 35. Physical Weathering  Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions such as heat, water, ice and pressure. Badlands, SD
  • 36. Chemical Weathering  Chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals, or biologically produced chemicals (also known as biological weathering), Lichens are part fungi and part algae. They in the breakdown of derive their nutrients from the rock and rocks, soils and minerals. contribute to chemical weathering.
  • 37. Biological Weathering from Plants Trees and other plants in Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA help break down parent material into smaller pieces and contribute to mechanical weathering. Fig. 6-6b, p. 174
  • 38. Salt Weathering (haloclasty)  Mechanical  Derives from an external source (capillary rising ground water, eolian origin, sea water along rocky coasts, atmospheric pollution).  Favored by dry conditions in arid climates.  The expanding salt crystals exert a pressure on the walls of the rock pores that exceeds the tensile Marine Abrasion of Granite. strength of the rock.
  • 40. Isotasic Rebound from Glaciers Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland Fig. 11-17, p. 351
  • 42. Earthquakes  Most occur along subduction zones and strike-slip zones  Some occur in aseismic zones  Movement of magma causes tremors
  • 43. Elastic Rebound Theory  Proposed by Henry F Reid in 1910  Rocks along a fault move relative to each other and can bend elastically  Energy released from the bending causes shock waves, which emanate from the plane of rupture
  • 44. Two adjoining plates Liquefaction of move laterally along recent sediments the fault line causes buildings Earth movements of sink cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Shock waves Epicenter Focus
  • 46. Measurements  Intensity  Amplitude  Duration
  • 47. Scales  Richter Scale  Measurement of energy released for smaller and approximate earthquakes  Surface Wave Magnitude Scale  Measurement of energy released for extremely large earthquakes at a distance  Moment Magnitude Scale  Estimates the amount of displacement and area of rupture along the fault  Mercalli Scale  Directly describes the intensity of shaking rather than the magnitude  Useful in comparing damage from earthquakes at different locations
  • 50. Seismic Wave and Their Destructive Patterns.
  • 51. Primary Modes of Destruction  Consolidation  Liquefaction  Vibration Earthquake damage in a Afghan village.
  • 52. Secondary Effects of Earthquakes  Rockslides  Urban Fires  Flooding  Tsunamis  Building Damage  Loss of Life
  • 53. Expected Damage From Earthquakes No damage expected Canada Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage United States
  • 57. Tsunamis  A series of waves created when a body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.  Earthquakes, mass movements above or below water, some volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions, landslides, underwater earthquakes, large asteroid impacts and testing with nuclear weapons at sea all have the potential to generate a tsunami.  As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, the wave is compressed due to wave shoaling and its forward travel slows and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave.
  • 60. Distribution of Volcanoes  Circum-Pacific Belt (60%)  Mediterranean Belt (20%)  Mid-Oceanic Ridges (20%)  More common along both divergent than convergent plate boundaries.  Mainly composed of intrusive magma flows.  Composed of mafic magma that forms beneath spreading plates.  Pyroclastic materials are not common because lava is fluid.  Water pressure prevents gasses from expanding and escaping. Fig. 5-20, p. 151
  • 61. General Structure extinct volcanoes central vent magma magma reservoir conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere
  • 63. Crater Lake, OR Caldera Caldera Floor of Crater Lake Wizard Island, Crater Lake, OR
  • 64. Learn About Megavolcanos Around the World http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/megavolcano/about.html
  • 66. Important Monitoring Techniques Fig. 5-23, p. 159
  • 67. Fumarole Gas Monitoring  Chemically-selective sensors for SO2 and CO2 measure gas concentrations and a wind sensor measures wind speed and direction.  Data from solar-powered stations are transmitted to GOES geostationary satellite and then down to observatories every 10 minutes, providing near real time data on degassing of volcanoes
  • 68. Ground Deformation Monitoring  Paint  Electronic Distance Meters  determine the horizontal movements that occur on active volcanoes  Tiltmeters  leveling surveys to measure vertical motions  Global Positioning Systems  allows us to measure horizontal motions much more accurately and conveniently, and also to estimate vertical motions in the same survey
  • 69. Remote Sensing  The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a space-borne sensor embarked on the NOAA family of polar orbiting platforms.  The primary purpose of these instruments is to monitor clouds and to measure the thermal emission (cooling) of the Earth.  The main difficulty associated with these investigations is to properly deal with the many limitations of these instruments, especially in the early period (sensor calibration, orbital drift, limited spectral and directional sampling, etc).
  • 70. Primary Effects of Volcanoes  Pyroclastic Flows  Fumaroles  Landslides  Ash Fall  Earthquakes  High Temperatures
  • 71. Secondary Effects of Explosions  Suffocation from Ash  Asphyxiation from Volcanic Gasses  Tsunamis  Temperatures Decreases Ash can coat your lungs, causing the formation of a quick cement, asphyxiating you.
  • 72. Environmental Effects  Involved in the formation of continental crust and offset weathering and erosion  Provide nutrient rich soils  By trapping clouds at their peaks, water for agriculture  Agriculture based Volcanic soils in Sumatra. cultures are attracted to their bases
  • 73. Volcanic Gasses  Water Vapor  Carbon Dioxide  Nitrogen  Sulfur Dioxide  Hydrogen Sulfide  Carbon Monoxide  Hydrogen  Chlorine Gasses emitted from fumaroles at the Sulfur Works in Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA Fig. 5-2, p. 136
  • 74. Effects of Volcanoes on Climate  Nucleation, condensation, and sedimentation of aerosols (acid rain)  Change in Albedo from ash cloud  Tropospheric cooling from the addition of sulfur to the stratsophere  Ozone destruction through the formation of atomic chlorine
  • 76. Hydrothermal Vents  Distributes heat and drives water circulation in the ocean through convection  Provides energy source in the form of hydrogen sulfide to benthic chemotrophs  Distributes minerals and influences the composition of the ocean
  • 77. Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystem The chemosynthetic bacteria grow into a thick mat which attracts other organisms such as amphipods and copepods which graze upon the bacteria directly. Larger organisms such as snails, shrimp, crabs, tube worms, fish, and octopuses form a food chain of predator and prey relationships above the primary consumers. The main families of organisms found around seafloor vents are annelids, pogonophorans, gastropods, and crustaceans, with large bivalves, vestimentiferan worms, and quot;eyelessquot; shrimp making up the bulk of non- microbial organisms.
  • 78. Location of Major Vent Systems
  • 80. Learn More About Vents http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/vents/index.html