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Barbara A. Robinson, MASc, P.Eng.
Norton Engineering Inc.
nortonengineeringinc@gmail.com
www.nortonengineeringinc.ca
ICLR and Norton: Working together to
Diagnose and Reduce Basement Flooding in
Existing and New Homes
Dan Sandink, MA, MSc (Pl)
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
dsandink@iclr.org
www.iclr.org
 I/I is clean water that gets into the
sanitary sewer that should not be there
 A small amount of I/I is expected in new
systems; but we keep exceeding that
 I/I directly contributes to flooding by
filling up pipes with water, using up
capacity that could convey larger
storms
 I/I is occurring equally on both public
and private property
Inflow and Infiltration (I/I)
is Clean Water Entering Sewers
 I/I in New Subdivisions (2005 to present): a colossal waste of capacity
 I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems
 Relationship between I/I and Flooding
 Societal Costs of I/I: enormous
 I/I and how the Ontario Building Code (OBC) does not do enough to prevent it
 CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection (to specify construction
requirements)
 Flood Risk and Engineering Data (Research): how can insurers use the data
engineering departments already have to price risk
 ICLR Municipal Advisory Committee (to inform all of our work)
 Durham Region New Homes Standard (ICLR)
Ongoing Engineering-Related Projects
(ICLR & Norton Engineering)
* I/I is Clean Water
Public Side and Private Side Sewer Systems
are Distinct & Under different Rules
(New Subdivisions)
Under the Jurisdiction of
Engineering Departments
(Ontario Standards)
Ultimately Owned by City
Under the Jurisdiction of
Building Departments
(Ontario Building Code (OBC))
Ultimately Owned by Resident
I/I in New Subdivisions: a Colossal waste of Capacity
 Engineers have been flow monitoring in existing sanitary sewers for
decades
 Only recently have we started to flow monitor downstream of new
subdivisions
 Results are disastrous: see typical sample below
This is flow vs. time in a new sewer
This is the corresponding rainfall vs. time
* I/I is Clean Water
I/I in New Subdivisions: How Many are Leaking?
 Project started with a request for data in 2015: results are appalling
Yes
94%
No
3%
Other
3%
NEW SUBDIVISIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN FLOW MONITORED
AND DEMONSTRATE UNACCEPTABLE I/I
- Subdivision in which
Developer was aware of
flow monitoring and that
LCs would not be released
if flows were unacceptable
- Data not provided/confirmed
Subdivisions Reporting:
n=31
 In 2016, we surveyed 30+ municipalities to identify the causes
and conditions contributing to this observed I/I
 In the public side sewers, it is reported that the specified testing
and acceptance procedures for new sewers are not being
followed
I/I in New Subdivisions: Why are Sewers
Leaking on the Public Side?
Survey Size
N=35
 Pipe sections are connected using a rubber gasket to provide a tight
seal.
 When we run a CCTV camera through sewers, we often find
unseated gaskets. These pipes will leak. Forever.
I/I in New Subdivisions:
Public Side Installation - One Issue
Gasket not installed
properly:
Leakage is inevitable
 In the private side laterals, it is reported that the required testing
and acceptance procedures for laterals* are not being followed
 One example of an Ontario Building Code (OBC) mandated test:
I/I in New Subdivisions: Why are Sewers
Leaking on the Private Side?
* Remember that we test to ensure pipes are watertight and don’t allow clean water to enter sewers
I/I in New Subdivisions:
Private Side – One Issue
 Plastic pipe must be properly laid in the ground with bottom &
side bedding (Granular B (type of gravel)), else it may fail/crack
 Typical example of observed installation (bedding requirements
are specified in OBC but rarely observed):
OPSS 410 (Construction Specification for Pipe Sewer Installation in
Open Cut – November 2012), e.g. Public Side Requirement is
very clear regarding the installation of new sanitary sewers:
Alas, this is rarely observed and affects the ability of the building
department to test the private side lateral.
I/I in New Subdivisions: Issue at Property Line
“Installation of factory made tees
or wyes, strap-on-saddles or
other approved saddles to
connect service connections to
the main pipe sewer (less than
450mm)”
The connection at the Property Line provides ample opportunity for
I/I to develop (differential settlement)
CCTV of Lateral to Property Line may identify this. Only 14% of
surveyed municipalities are insisting on this CCTV inspection of the
lateral (all through Push Camera launch from house basement)
I/I in New Subdivisions: Connection at Property Line
The OBC does not currently call
for an inspection of this
connection. It should.
 There are significant variations in practices, both in Policies and Procedures
in place, and in actual application of these during reviews and in the field.
 Most Cities/Regions have guidelines, checklists, manuals to assist their staff
and developers, but follow up/follow through of items is not always getting
done
 Planning/Development groups are often doing things differently than
engineering/capital works groups.
 Coordination between Departments and Codes/Regulations is a significant
challenge (Jurisdictional issues)
 Construction industry and workforce practices (public and private) are often
careless
 Pressures to approve Developments quickly
 Price- (versus qualification-) based selection
Other Issues we are finding
See also: Kesik, T. (2015), ICLR.
 “Significant” I/I exists in all sewer systems in Ontario (separated
as well as combined).
 ICLR and Norton have been working on a project to calculate actual
societal costs of I/I. Premise of work was to collect data for 75% of
the population of Ontario to develop a broad estimate of what I/I is
costing taxpayers.
 Water data across Ontario is mandated by the Province to be made
public. Sewer data is not (why not?). This is a significant finding!
I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems: Ubiquitous
* I/I is Clean Water
I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems:
A Tale of Two Cities
- 10,000,000 20,000,000
Billed Water (Measured at
Homes)
Wastewater Influent (Incoming
to WWTP)
Wastewater Influent - Billed
Water
Water & Wastewater, City “A”
2015 (m3/year)
City “A” treats 5,730,000 m3 and City “B” 5,590,000 m3 of I/I per year. At
$2.75 per m3 (very low estimate), this costs $15.8 million and $15.4 million
per year for treatment alone.
- 10,000,000 20,000,000
Billed Water (Measured at
Homes)
Wastewater Influent (Incoming
to WWTP)
Wastewater Influent - Billed
Water
Water & Wastewater, City "B“
5-Year Average (m3/year)
The present value of 1 L/s of I/I, over a 40 year asset life cycle (before
scheduled rehabilitation of a sewer) is $1,000,000 (@ $1.50/m3 and 3%),
for treatment costs alone!
What are the Costs of I/I (Treatment Alone)
 Every drop of I/I that enters a municipal sewer system will
ultimately contribute to a flooding event, by using up
capacity that would otherwise be available to convey
additional flow.
 Every drop of I/I that enters that sanitary system on the
private side lateral puts individual homes at higher risk of
flooding.
 There is probably no “engineering” way to quantitatively
predict this direct relationship, but it absolutely exists.
There is a Direct Relationship between
I/I and Flooding
What does a Clean Water in a Sewer
Look Like?
I/I (Clean Water)
Sewage
This capacity could be
used to:
- Allow new development
- Provide capacity to reduce
routine flooding
- Provide extra capacity to
convey larger rainfall
events (e.g. mitigate
effects of climate change)
Flood Risk and Engineering Data:
Can our Industries work together?
 Insurers (particularly larger ones) know a great deal about flood
risk
 Engineering departments/Cities know a great deal about their
sanitary sewer systems through experience, modeling, resident
complaints, etc.
 Generally these two data sets are never compared
 We are looking at a way to combine these two data sets to the
mutual benefit of both:
 Cities will be able to better manage their systems to avoid
flooding
 Insurers will be better able to accurately price risk
Relationship between I/I and Flooding
Common sources of Leaks
Offset joints
Poor connection of laterals to
mainline sewers
Jurisdiction
issues (property
line)
Limited inspection of
joint at property line
Leaking
manholesPossibility of cross-
connections (e.g., sumps
to sanitary)
Inadequate
pipe bedding
Poor installation
of risers
Source: Sandink et al, 2017, via Robinson et al
Inadequate
pipe bedding
Without regard for who is paying, the actual annual costs of allowing roof
leaders to be illegally connected to Hamilton’s sewer systems are enormous.
We included the following costs: treatment, City administration, insurance
claims, lost opportunity, and compassionate grant (upsizing of trunk sewers and
uninsured, unrecoverable costs not included):
 Total Actual Costs of 773 Known Roof Leaders Connected to Sewer System:
 Low estimate: $4,455,185 per year, or $5,700 per house per year
 High estimate: $8,779,906 per year, or $11,400 per house per year
 Cities cannot afford to not address this issue
 Let’s address this “soft” I/I now (I/I that doesn’t require additional digging)
I/I in Existing Sewer Systems:
Sample Calculation: City of Hamilton (2014)
I/I and the OBC*/NBC*
(ICLR & Norton, 2016 to present)
 Norton is working with ICLR to develop a
summary of OBC (NBC) requirements that
are inadequate to prevent I/I
 The OBC is contradictory on numerous I/I
related items, and is being interpreted
differently by different municipalities and
indeed, staff at different levels within the
same municipality.
 We will summarize & share this information
with engineering and building departments
across Ontario (and NBC across Canada).
• OBC: Ontario Building Code
• NBC: National Building Code
The OBC: Not Protecting Against I/I?
Under the Category of “Health – Sanitation”, OH2.1 states that:
“An objective of this Code is to limit the probability that as a result of the design or construction of a building, a
person in or adjacent to the building will be exposed to an unacceptable risk of illness due to unsanitary conditions
caused by exposure to human or domestic waste.”
7.4.5.3. Connection of Subsoil Drainage Pipe to a Sanitary Drainage System
(2) Where a storm drainage system is not available or soil conditions prevent drainage to a culvert or dry well, a
foundation drain or subsoil drainage pipe may connect to a sanitary drainage system.
9.14.5.1. Drainage Disposal
(1) Foundation drains shall drain to a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well.
9.14.6.1. Surface Drainage
(1) The building shall be located or the building site graded so that water will not accumulate at or near the
building and will not adversely affect adjacent properties.
9.26.18.2. Downspouts
(1) Where downspouts are provided and are not connected to a sewer, extensions shall be provided to carry
rainwater away from the building in a manner that will prevent soil erosion.
 Project began in April 2017
 New Guideline is being developed by CSA as part of a group of standards
being updated with funding by the National Research Council (NRC)
around Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)
 Guideline looks at the mandatory implementation of protective plumbing
measures & other lot level measures in both new and existing
infrastructure
 The CSA Guideline will ultimately be a Standard referenced in the OBC
and NBC)
 Seed (Draft) document developed by D. Sandink
 Chair/Vice Chair
CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection
Background
Stormwater,
overland flow
Groundwater,
seepage
Sewer backup
(storm, sanitary,
combined)
 Other major household flood
causes:
 Sump/pump failure
 Failure of building sewers,
drains (e.g., root blockage,
collapse)
 Etc.
CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection
Addressing Flooding and Buildings in a Changing Climate
Sandink, ICLR, 2017)
6. Dry floodproofing
6.1 Site grading and drainage
6.2. Eavestroughs and downspouts
6.3. Seal cracks in foundation walls and
basement floors
6.4. Overland flood entry points
6.5. Ventilation systems
6.6. Foundation drainage, sump system
6.7. Sewer connection maintenance,
replacement
6.8. Sewer backwater protection
CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection
Sample Content
Addressing Flooding and Buildings in a Changing Climate
Durham Climate Change Resilience (ICLR)
 I/I is not going away
 I/I directly contributes to flooding
 I/I is occurring equally on both public
and private property
 Municipalities, insurers and the
public will benefit from
removing/preventing this I/I
 ICLR has initiated or is contributing to
numerous projects to address I/I from
all angles!
Inflow and Infiltration (I/I)
is Clean Water Entering Sewers
Questions?

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ICLR Friday Forum: Diagnosing and reducing basement flooding in existing and new homes; Barbara Robinson, Norton Engineering (September 15, 2017)

  • 1. Barbara A. Robinson, MASc, P.Eng. Norton Engineering Inc. nortonengineeringinc@gmail.com www.nortonengineeringinc.ca ICLR and Norton: Working together to Diagnose and Reduce Basement Flooding in Existing and New Homes Dan Sandink, MA, MSc (Pl) Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction dsandink@iclr.org www.iclr.org
  • 2.  I/I is clean water that gets into the sanitary sewer that should not be there  A small amount of I/I is expected in new systems; but we keep exceeding that  I/I directly contributes to flooding by filling up pipes with water, using up capacity that could convey larger storms  I/I is occurring equally on both public and private property Inflow and Infiltration (I/I) is Clean Water Entering Sewers
  • 3.  I/I in New Subdivisions (2005 to present): a colossal waste of capacity  I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems  Relationship between I/I and Flooding  Societal Costs of I/I: enormous  I/I and how the Ontario Building Code (OBC) does not do enough to prevent it  CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection (to specify construction requirements)  Flood Risk and Engineering Data (Research): how can insurers use the data engineering departments already have to price risk  ICLR Municipal Advisory Committee (to inform all of our work)  Durham Region New Homes Standard (ICLR) Ongoing Engineering-Related Projects (ICLR & Norton Engineering) * I/I is Clean Water
  • 4. Public Side and Private Side Sewer Systems are Distinct & Under different Rules (New Subdivisions) Under the Jurisdiction of Engineering Departments (Ontario Standards) Ultimately Owned by City Under the Jurisdiction of Building Departments (Ontario Building Code (OBC)) Ultimately Owned by Resident
  • 5. I/I in New Subdivisions: a Colossal waste of Capacity  Engineers have been flow monitoring in existing sanitary sewers for decades  Only recently have we started to flow monitor downstream of new subdivisions  Results are disastrous: see typical sample below This is flow vs. time in a new sewer This is the corresponding rainfall vs. time * I/I is Clean Water
  • 6. I/I in New Subdivisions: How Many are Leaking?  Project started with a request for data in 2015: results are appalling Yes 94% No 3% Other 3% NEW SUBDIVISIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN FLOW MONITORED AND DEMONSTRATE UNACCEPTABLE I/I - Subdivision in which Developer was aware of flow monitoring and that LCs would not be released if flows were unacceptable - Data not provided/confirmed Subdivisions Reporting: n=31
  • 7.  In 2016, we surveyed 30+ municipalities to identify the causes and conditions contributing to this observed I/I  In the public side sewers, it is reported that the specified testing and acceptance procedures for new sewers are not being followed I/I in New Subdivisions: Why are Sewers Leaking on the Public Side? Survey Size N=35
  • 8.  Pipe sections are connected using a rubber gasket to provide a tight seal.  When we run a CCTV camera through sewers, we often find unseated gaskets. These pipes will leak. Forever. I/I in New Subdivisions: Public Side Installation - One Issue Gasket not installed properly: Leakage is inevitable
  • 9.  In the private side laterals, it is reported that the required testing and acceptance procedures for laterals* are not being followed  One example of an Ontario Building Code (OBC) mandated test: I/I in New Subdivisions: Why are Sewers Leaking on the Private Side? * Remember that we test to ensure pipes are watertight and don’t allow clean water to enter sewers
  • 10. I/I in New Subdivisions: Private Side – One Issue  Plastic pipe must be properly laid in the ground with bottom & side bedding (Granular B (type of gravel)), else it may fail/crack  Typical example of observed installation (bedding requirements are specified in OBC but rarely observed):
  • 11. OPSS 410 (Construction Specification for Pipe Sewer Installation in Open Cut – November 2012), e.g. Public Side Requirement is very clear regarding the installation of new sanitary sewers: Alas, this is rarely observed and affects the ability of the building department to test the private side lateral. I/I in New Subdivisions: Issue at Property Line “Installation of factory made tees or wyes, strap-on-saddles or other approved saddles to connect service connections to the main pipe sewer (less than 450mm)”
  • 12. The connection at the Property Line provides ample opportunity for I/I to develop (differential settlement) CCTV of Lateral to Property Line may identify this. Only 14% of surveyed municipalities are insisting on this CCTV inspection of the lateral (all through Push Camera launch from house basement) I/I in New Subdivisions: Connection at Property Line The OBC does not currently call for an inspection of this connection. It should.
  • 13.  There are significant variations in practices, both in Policies and Procedures in place, and in actual application of these during reviews and in the field.  Most Cities/Regions have guidelines, checklists, manuals to assist their staff and developers, but follow up/follow through of items is not always getting done  Planning/Development groups are often doing things differently than engineering/capital works groups.  Coordination between Departments and Codes/Regulations is a significant challenge (Jurisdictional issues)  Construction industry and workforce practices (public and private) are often careless  Pressures to approve Developments quickly  Price- (versus qualification-) based selection Other Issues we are finding See also: Kesik, T. (2015), ICLR.
  • 14.  “Significant” I/I exists in all sewer systems in Ontario (separated as well as combined).  ICLR and Norton have been working on a project to calculate actual societal costs of I/I. Premise of work was to collect data for 75% of the population of Ontario to develop a broad estimate of what I/I is costing taxpayers.  Water data across Ontario is mandated by the Province to be made public. Sewer data is not (why not?). This is a significant finding! I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems: Ubiquitous * I/I is Clean Water
  • 15. I/I in all Existing Sewer Systems: A Tale of Two Cities - 10,000,000 20,000,000 Billed Water (Measured at Homes) Wastewater Influent (Incoming to WWTP) Wastewater Influent - Billed Water Water & Wastewater, City “A” 2015 (m3/year) City “A” treats 5,730,000 m3 and City “B” 5,590,000 m3 of I/I per year. At $2.75 per m3 (very low estimate), this costs $15.8 million and $15.4 million per year for treatment alone. - 10,000,000 20,000,000 Billed Water (Measured at Homes) Wastewater Influent (Incoming to WWTP) Wastewater Influent - Billed Water Water & Wastewater, City "B“ 5-Year Average (m3/year)
  • 16. The present value of 1 L/s of I/I, over a 40 year asset life cycle (before scheduled rehabilitation of a sewer) is $1,000,000 (@ $1.50/m3 and 3%), for treatment costs alone! What are the Costs of I/I (Treatment Alone)
  • 17.  Every drop of I/I that enters a municipal sewer system will ultimately contribute to a flooding event, by using up capacity that would otherwise be available to convey additional flow.  Every drop of I/I that enters that sanitary system on the private side lateral puts individual homes at higher risk of flooding.  There is probably no “engineering” way to quantitatively predict this direct relationship, but it absolutely exists. There is a Direct Relationship between I/I and Flooding
  • 18. What does a Clean Water in a Sewer Look Like? I/I (Clean Water) Sewage This capacity could be used to: - Allow new development - Provide capacity to reduce routine flooding - Provide extra capacity to convey larger rainfall events (e.g. mitigate effects of climate change)
  • 19. Flood Risk and Engineering Data: Can our Industries work together?  Insurers (particularly larger ones) know a great deal about flood risk  Engineering departments/Cities know a great deal about their sanitary sewer systems through experience, modeling, resident complaints, etc.  Generally these two data sets are never compared  We are looking at a way to combine these two data sets to the mutual benefit of both:  Cities will be able to better manage their systems to avoid flooding  Insurers will be better able to accurately price risk
  • 20. Relationship between I/I and Flooding Common sources of Leaks Offset joints Poor connection of laterals to mainline sewers Jurisdiction issues (property line) Limited inspection of joint at property line Leaking manholesPossibility of cross- connections (e.g., sumps to sanitary) Inadequate pipe bedding Poor installation of risers Source: Sandink et al, 2017, via Robinson et al Inadequate pipe bedding
  • 21. Without regard for who is paying, the actual annual costs of allowing roof leaders to be illegally connected to Hamilton’s sewer systems are enormous. We included the following costs: treatment, City administration, insurance claims, lost opportunity, and compassionate grant (upsizing of trunk sewers and uninsured, unrecoverable costs not included):  Total Actual Costs of 773 Known Roof Leaders Connected to Sewer System:  Low estimate: $4,455,185 per year, or $5,700 per house per year  High estimate: $8,779,906 per year, or $11,400 per house per year  Cities cannot afford to not address this issue  Let’s address this “soft” I/I now (I/I that doesn’t require additional digging) I/I in Existing Sewer Systems: Sample Calculation: City of Hamilton (2014)
  • 22. I/I and the OBC*/NBC* (ICLR & Norton, 2016 to present)  Norton is working with ICLR to develop a summary of OBC (NBC) requirements that are inadequate to prevent I/I  The OBC is contradictory on numerous I/I related items, and is being interpreted differently by different municipalities and indeed, staff at different levels within the same municipality.  We will summarize & share this information with engineering and building departments across Ontario (and NBC across Canada). • OBC: Ontario Building Code • NBC: National Building Code
  • 23. The OBC: Not Protecting Against I/I? Under the Category of “Health – Sanitation”, OH2.1 states that: “An objective of this Code is to limit the probability that as a result of the design or construction of a building, a person in or adjacent to the building will be exposed to an unacceptable risk of illness due to unsanitary conditions caused by exposure to human or domestic waste.” 7.4.5.3. Connection of Subsoil Drainage Pipe to a Sanitary Drainage System (2) Where a storm drainage system is not available or soil conditions prevent drainage to a culvert or dry well, a foundation drain or subsoil drainage pipe may connect to a sanitary drainage system. 9.14.5.1. Drainage Disposal (1) Foundation drains shall drain to a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well. 9.14.6.1. Surface Drainage (1) The building shall be located or the building site graded so that water will not accumulate at or near the building and will not adversely affect adjacent properties. 9.26.18.2. Downspouts (1) Where downspouts are provided and are not connected to a sewer, extensions shall be provided to carry rainwater away from the building in a manner that will prevent soil erosion.
  • 24.  Project began in April 2017  New Guideline is being developed by CSA as part of a group of standards being updated with funding by the National Research Council (NRC) around Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)  Guideline looks at the mandatory implementation of protective plumbing measures & other lot level measures in both new and existing infrastructure  The CSA Guideline will ultimately be a Standard referenced in the OBC and NBC)  Seed (Draft) document developed by D. Sandink  Chair/Vice Chair CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection Background
  • 25. Stormwater, overland flow Groundwater, seepage Sewer backup (storm, sanitary, combined)  Other major household flood causes:  Sump/pump failure  Failure of building sewers, drains (e.g., root blockage, collapse)  Etc. CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection Addressing Flooding and Buildings in a Changing Climate Sandink, ICLR, 2017)
  • 26. 6. Dry floodproofing 6.1 Site grading and drainage 6.2. Eavestroughs and downspouts 6.3. Seal cracks in foundation walls and basement floors 6.4. Overland flood entry points 6.5. Ventilation systems 6.6. Foundation drainage, sump system 6.7. Sewer connection maintenance, replacement 6.8. Sewer backwater protection CSA Guideline for Basement Flood Protection Sample Content
  • 27. Addressing Flooding and Buildings in a Changing Climate Durham Climate Change Resilience (ICLR)
  • 28.  I/I is not going away  I/I directly contributes to flooding  I/I is occurring equally on both public and private property  Municipalities, insurers and the public will benefit from removing/preventing this I/I  ICLR has initiated or is contributing to numerous projects to address I/I from all angles! Inflow and Infiltration (I/I) is Clean Water Entering Sewers