3. Rice is the staple food crop grown in an area of 45.54 m. ha.
with a production of 99.18 m.t. in 2008 (anon., 2011). The country
witnessed an impressive growth in rice production in the post-
independence era due to the adoption of semi dwarf high yielding
varieties coupled with the adoption of intensive input based
management practices. Rice production was increased four times,
productivity three times while the area increase was only one and
half times during this period. In order to keep pace with the growing
population, the estimated rice requirement by 2025 is about 130 m.t.
Plateuing trend in the yield of HYV’s, declining and degrading
natural resources like land and water and acute shortage of labour
make the task of increasing rice production quite challenging.
INTRODUCTION
3
4. Year
Area (Million
Hectares)
Production (Million
Tonnes)
Productivity
(Kg./hectare)
1994-95 42.81 81.81 1911
1995-96 42.84 76.98 1797
1996-97 43.43 81.74 1882
1997-98 43.45 82.53 1900
1998-99 44.80 86.08 1921
1999-00 45.16 89.68 1986
2000-01 44.71 84.98 1901
2001-02 44.90 93.34 2079
2002-03 41.18 71.82 1744
2003-04 42.59 88.53 2077
2004-05 41.91 83.13 1984
2005-06 43.66 91.79 2102
2006-07 43.81 93.36 2131
2007-08 43.91 96.69 2202
2008-09 45.54 99.18 2178
2009-10 41.92 89.09 2125
2010-11 42.56 95.33 2240
2011-12 39.47 87.10 2207Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011.
Table 1: Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India
4
5. The current situation necessitates looking for some innovative technologies to
boost rice production. The visionary approach of the policy makers, generous funding
from the donors and effective implementation of the multi-disciplinary program in a
mission mode by the project personnel, helped India to become the second country in the
world after China to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. Hybrid rice technology is
likely to play a key role in increasing the rice production. During the year 2010, hybrid
rice was planted in an area of 2.0 m.ha. and an additional rice production of 3.0 m.t.
(Viraktamath,2011)a was added to our food basket through this technology. As a result of
concerted efforts for over two decades, totally 46 hybrids have been released for
commercial cultivation in the country.
Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)
1995 195 200
1996 1075 1200
1997 1485 1800
1998 1630 2200
1999 1660 2500
2000 1630 2700
2001 1625 290
2002 1635 3100
Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)
2003 2865 4000
2004 4350 8600
2005 6800 12500
2006 12000 18000
2007 13000 19500
2008 14000 21000
2009 18000 27000
2010 20000 30000
Table 2: Area and seed production of hybrid rice in India
5
6. In the past, adoption of hybrid technology in rice
was considered impractical because of the strict self-
pollinating nature of the crop. Fortunately, rice breeders
have overcome these hurdles by developing a usable
system of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility and
packages for efficient and economic seed production.
More than 50% of the total rice area in China is planted
to hybrid rice, and many countries outside China are
developing and exploiting hybrid rice technology.
6
10. Brief history of hybrid rice
1926 - Heterosis in rice reported.
1964 - China started hybrid rice research.
1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid
rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive ).
1973 - PTGMS rice was found in China.
1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China.
1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China.
1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice.
1981 - PTGMS rice genetics and application was confirmed.
1982- Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed
(IRRI).
1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI.
1991 - More than 50% of China’s rice land planted to hybrids.
1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China.
1994 -1998 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines
Vietnam.
10
12. 12
The breeders nominate their best hybrids
The test hybrids are pooled together and evaluated in Initial Hybrid Rice Trials (IHRT).
Based on duration of the hybrid entries three groups of trials
Test hybrids which record more than 5% yield advantage over the best hybrid check and
10% yield advantage over the best varietal check are promoted to next stage of testing.
The hybrids promoted from IHRT are included in AVT-1 and
subsequently promoted to AVT-2 if their performance is good in AVT-1.
The system of evaluation of rice hybrids
14. Table 3: Hybrids currently available for
cultivation
Central releases State releases
Public
Sector
KRH 2, Pusa RH 10, DRRH 2,
Rajlaxmi, Sahyadri 4, DRRH 3, CRHR 32
PSD 3, Ajay, CoRH 3,
Indira Sona, JRH 8
Private
Sector
PHB 71, PA 6129, PA 6201, PA 6444,
JKRH 401, Suruchi, GK 5003, DRH 775,
HRI-157, PAC 835, PAC 837, US 312,
Indam 200 - 017, NK 5251, 27P11
14
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
15. 15
Popularly cultivated rice hybrids under South
Gujarat condition
US-312 Gorakhnath
PA-6201 PA-6444
PA-5231 PA-6201
PHB-71 Suruchi
16. Table – 4: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than
for which they are released) based on MLT data-Phase I
16
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
17. Table – 5: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which
they are released) based on MLT data-Phase II
Sr. No. Hybrids Released for states Found suitable for other states based on
MLT performance (2006,07 & 08)
Early group
1 CORH-3 Tamilnadu New Delhi, Uttarkhand, Assam, Chattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal
2 DRRH -2 Haryana, Uttarkhand,
West Bengal and
Tamilnadu
New Delhi, Assam, Chattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.
Mid-Early Group
3 PSD -3 Uttarkhand Assam, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu
Medium group
4 CRHR-5 Orissa Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
5 JKRH-
2000
West Bengal, Bihar
and Orissa
Jharkhand
6 PA 6444 U.P, Tripura, Orissa,
A.P, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and
Uttarkhand
Jharkhand and Gujarat.
*States in bold font represent hybrids performed well in all three seasons
17Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
19. 1. Source Nursery (SN)
This nursery includes elite lines which have the potential to become parents of
commercial hybrids. The best available CMS and TGMS lines are also included in this
nursery.
2. CMS Line Maintenance and Evaluation Nursery (CMSN)
It is the breeding nursery in which the CMS lines, both developed locally and
those which are introduced from outside, are maintained and evaluated.
3. Testcross Nursery (TN)
It is the breeding nursery wherein F1s of cytoplasmic male sterile lines and test
varieties from the source nursery are screened for pollen sterility/fertility, spikelet fertility,
and other agronomic traits to identify the potential maintainers and restorers and heterotic
hybrids.
4. Restorer Purification Nursery (RPN)
This breeding nursery comprises the progenies of the CMS line and individual
plants of restorer lines which are selected for purification and seed multiplication purposes.
5. Backcross Nursery (BN)
It is a breeding nursery wherein the CMS system from the available CMS lines is
transferred into the genetic background of elite maintainer lines identified in the testcross
nursery by consecutive backcrossing.
6. Combining Ability Nursery (CAN)
A breeding nursery comprising a set of crosses derived from promising CMS and
restorer lines which are evaluated along with their parents to assess their combining ability
or their ability to produce superior progenies when crossed with another parent. 19
20. Seed production of parental lines and experimental hybrids
1. Nucleus and breeder seed production of parental lines
Nucleus and breeder seeds are the seeds of highest genetic
purity to be produced under the strict supervision of the
breeder/agency sponsoring a hybrid, which is further distributed to
produce foundation seed.
2. Seed production for evaluation of experimental hybrids
This involves the seed production plots for producing a small
quantity of seeds of a large number of experimental hybrids which
are to be tested in various yield trials.
20
21. Development and evaluation of CMS lines:
Development of commercially useable CMS lines with desirable traits is an important
activity of the hybrid rice network project in India. Work on development of region
specific CMS lines is actively done by many centers. Presently 48-50 promising
maintainers are at various stages of conversion program in the backcross nursery.
Table –6: Promising CMS lines developed
Centre Promising CMS lines developed
DRR, Hyderabad DRR 6A, 9A, 10A, 12A, 14A, 15A
IARI, New Delhi Pusa 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 11A
PAU, Ludhiana PMS 3A, 10A, 12A, 17A
RARS, Karjat KJTCMS 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A
ARS, Ratnagiri RTN 8A, 10A, 13A, 14A
APRRI, Maruteru APMS 6A, 8A, 9A
CRRI, Cuttack CRMS 32A, CRMS 31A
21
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
22. Large Scale Seed Production
India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private.
More than 30 private seed companies are taking up large scale
seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R & D set
up.
Large scale seed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal,
Nizamabad, Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra Pradesh,
Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka State and
Kolhapur district in Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar
districts of Tamil Nadu state.
Seventy to eighty percent of the total hybrid rice seed is produced
in the northern Telangana region (Karimnagar, Warangal and
Nizamabad) of Andhra Pradesh state.
22
26. Genetic enhancement for yield heterosis through exploitation of New Plant
Types (NPT):
Most of the commercial hybrids now in cultivation belong to intra sub specific group
(indica/indica or japonica/japonica).
The insufficient genetic diversity is recognized as a major cause for the yield ceiling in
hybrid rice that has appeared for nearly 20 years.
This strategy is based on the experience that the magnitude of heterosis is in the order
of indica/japonica>indica/javanica>japonica/javanica > indica/indica > japonica/japonica the
inter sub specific hybridization approaches utilizing tropical japonica lines such as Akihikari,
Koshihikari and wide compatibility indica donors like Dular and Nagina 22 and a number high
yielding indica rice varieties through a complex crosses, a series of NPT combining dark green
erect leaves, sturdy stem, moderate but synchronous tillering and grain number up to 250-
350/panicle were developed.
Indica x japonica
Indica x javanica
japonica x javanica
indica x indica
japonica x japonica
26
30. About 95% of the area under cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) derived
hybrids are occupied from wild abortive (WA) cytosterility system (Yuan and
Virmani, 1988). Out side China, WA cytosterility system is mostly used to
develop suitable CMS lines. In India, 33 hybrids in rice based on WA
cytosterility have been developed by public (27 hybrids) and private sectors (5
hybrids) (Anon., 2009).
The differential response of the different CMS lines which have in
common only the same cytosterility system ‘WA’ could only be attributed to
genetic differences in their maternal nuclear component. Similarly, the same
CMS line responding variedly to different restorers would again imply the
differential genetic constitution of the latter in respect of restoration ability
(Siddiq,1989).
30
31. The CMS lines are classified as follows, based on the extent of pollen sterility:
Pollen sterility (%) Category
100 Completely sterile
91-100 Sterile
71-90 Partial sterile
31-70 Partial fertile
21-30 Fertile
0-20 Completely fertile
31
33. Male sterility systems
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
Environment-sensitive genetic male sterility
Chemically-induced male sterility
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility –
It is caused by an interaction between genetic factor(s) present in
cytoplasm and the nucleus. Absence of a sterility inducing factor either in the
cytoplasm or in the nucleus makes a line male fertile.
Presence of certain dominant restorer gene(s) in the nucleus makes a
line capable of restoring fertility in the hybrid derived from it and a CMS line.
1. A line(male sterile line)
2. B line(maintainer line)
3. R line(restorer line)
The ‘CMS’ line is multiplied by growing it along with its
corresponding ‘B’ line in isolation. The ‘A’ line seed thus obtained will be
grown along with ‘R’ line in isolation for the production of hybrid rice seed.
The three line system is by far the most stable and widely used system in the
world, although two line system is being used to a limited extend in China.
33
34. A x B=A ////// A x R=R
A line R line
male characters
were
suppressed
fertile
dwarf tall
34
36. Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System
A-line
Stable Sterility
Well developed floral traits for out-crossing
Easily, wide-spectrum, & strongly to be restored
B-line
Well developed floral traits with large pollen load
Good combining ability
R-line
Strong restore ability
Good combining ability
Taller than A-line
Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing
36
41. Advantages of the CMS system
Among all the male sterility systems, the CMS system is the most effective
and proven method of commercial hybrid rice production.
Disadvantages of the CMS system
Seed production is quite cumbersome as it is done in two steps, i.e., AxB
multiplication and AxR F1 production.
The choice of male parents is limited to only those genotypes which are identified as
restorers.
Sometimes the sterility-inducing cytoplasm exerts adverse negative effects on the
expression of agronomic traits.
A CMS system may cause a genetic vulnerability of the derived hybrids if this
system gets associated with susceptibility to a biotic stress.
41
42. Environment Sensitive Genic Male Sterility (EGMS)
This is a genetic male sterility system in which sterility expression is
conditioned by environmental factors.
• Types of EGMS
There are two types of EGMS which are currently being used in rice:
PGMS - Photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility
Genic male sterile lines which respond to the photoperiod or duration of day
length for expression of pollen sterility and fertility behavior. For example, most of the
PGMS lines remain male sterile under a long-day (>13.75h) conditions and revert back
to fertility under short-day (< 13.75h) conditions.
TGMS - Thermo sensitive Genic Male Sterility
Genic male sterile lines whose male sterility/fertility alteration is
conditioned by different temperature regimes. For example, most of the TGMS lines
remain male sterile at a high temperature (>30°C) and they revert back to partial
fertility at a lower temperature (<30°C). The critical sterility/fertility points vary from
genotype to genotype.
42
43. Some EGMS lines identified
In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar
has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the country
and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also
underway at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore in similar lines
EGMS Lines
PGMS TGMS
43
45. Chemically induced male sterility
This non-genetic method of inducing male sterility involves the use of chemicals
called Chemical Hybridizing Agents (CHA) or gametocides. This method is very useful for
plants with bisexual flowers in which it is difficult to obtain genetic or cytoplasmic-genetic
male sterility.
• In this method of developing hybrids, male sterility is induced by spraying a
rice variety with chemical gametocide that can kill pollen grains of treated plants without
affecting the pistil. In hybrid seed production, two parents are planted in alternate strips.
One is sprayed with chemicals at appropriate growth stage, and the other is used as pollen
source to produce the hybrid seed.
• The ideal gametocides should
Selectively induce male sterility without adversely affecting the female fertility.
Have systemic effects so as to sterilize both early and late panicles.
Have a broad range of effectivity in order to withstand adverse environmental conditions.
Have minimum side effects on plant growth and panicle development.
•For developing hybrids by using gametocides:
- The female line should have a synchronous flowering habit
- The line should respond to chemical treatment
- The parents should possess good outcrossing traits
45
46. Important gametocides found useful in rice
Chemical Concentration Growth stage for
application
Ethrel 8000-10,000 ppm Pre-boot and boot stage
Monosodium Methyl
Arsenate (MGI)
0.02 % or 2000
ppm
Uni-nucleated pollen
stage
Sodium Methyl
Arsenate
0.02 % or 2000
ppm
5 days before heading
46
47. Panicle
developmental
stages
Maximum
temperature
Minimum
temperature
Mean
temperature
Relative
humidity
Sunshine
hours
S1 0.649** 0.278 0.624** -0.600** 0.386
S2 0.584** 0.570** 0.655** -0.535** 0.389
S3 0.593** 0.675** 0.730** -0.292 -0.037
S4 0.766** 0.424* 0.691** -0.403 0.333
S5 0.654** 0.487* 0.770** -0.236 0.091
S6 0.706** 0.597** 0.742** -0.382 0.233
S7 0.671** 0.546** 0.727** -0.232 0.322
S8 0.639** 0.403 0.514* -0.251 0.095
Overall Mean 0.597** 0.456* 0.568** -0.375 0.378
*,** Significant at P=0.05 & P=0.01, respectively.
Table 9: Correlation coefficient of pollen sterility
with weather parameters at different stages
of Panicle development in TS6
TNAU, Coimbatore Latha et al., 2004
47
51. Fertility percentage of cross(%) Score of corresponding restorer
> 80 1
75-79.9 2
70-74.9 3
65-69.9 4
<64.9 5
Table 12: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of
hybrids & restorers.
IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005
51
52. CMS line
CMS
source
Restorer
PRR 72 IR 73885 IR 71604-4-1 IR 71604-4-4 IR 65514
Pusa 3A WA 75.54(2) 68.24(4) 76.12(2) 85.48(1) 71.19(3)
Pusa 5A WA 88.04(1) 66.61(4) 81.79(1) 66.37(4) 60.93(5)
IR 58025A WA 82.43(1) 73.13(3) 79.28(2) 83.3(1) 64.49(5)
IR 68273A ARC 73.96(3) 70.28(3) 84.63(1) 77.02(2) 67.14(4)
IR 73328A
IR62829B
mutant
76.71(2) 81.06(1) 81.6(1) 80.24(1) 72.84(3)
APMS 2A ARC 74.79(3) 77.21(2) 68.76(4) 86.86(1) 75.29(2)
CRMS 32A Kalinga I 76.94(2) 77.31(2) 70.22(3) 79.59(2) 71.66(3)
Mean
(hybrids)
78.34 73.4 77.49 79.84 69.08
Mean
(Restorer)
86.76 82.74 87.49 82.12 76.97
Total Score (14) (19) (14) (12) (25)
Rank II III II I IV
Table 13: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of
hybrids & restorers.
IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005
52
53. Table 14:- Pollen viability, spikelet fertility and restoration behavior of pollen parents with
CMS lines NMS 4A and IR-58025A
Sr.
No.
NMS 4A IR-58025A
Pollen
fertility
Spikelet
fertility
Restoration
behaviour
Pollen
fertility
Spikelet
fertility
Restoratio
n
behaviour
1 IR-70023-4B-R-12-3-
1-1-B
77.37 71.59 PR 70.46 57.90 PR
2 NDRK 5095 58.30 36.91 PR 73.00 69.09 PR
3 NDRK 5086 53.53 50.39 PR 65.28 50.90 PR
4 NDRK 5013 34.04 33.04 PR 72.00 67.85 PR
5 CSRC(S) 14-1-4-0 76.33 62.90 PR 76.00 66.10 PR
6 92-H 51-4 43.33 32.75 PR 37.91 25.78 PR
7 PNL 1-8-5-17-2 92.05 90.56 R 94.90 92.33 R
8 NDR 9830148 90.22 85.32 R 93.01 91.14 R
9 IR 72048-B-R-2-2-2-
1-B
83.72 82.58 R 93.11 92.74 R
10 IR 71829-3R-73-1-2-
B
94.88 85.72 R 95.05 92.79 R
11 NDRK 5094 88.73 81.78 R 94.21 92.01 R
12 Narendra Usar 3 91.00 90.11 R 92.12 90.70 R
Pollen parents
CMS Lines
Kumarganj, Faizabad Kumar et al. (2010)
53
54. Table 15 : Fertility reaction of test crosses involving five CMS lines of five different cytoplasmic sources
(kharif-2008)
Sr.
No.
Female KJTCMS-6A RTN-2A RTN-3A RTN-13A RTN-17A
Male PF% SF% FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR
1 IR-8866 86.50 79.96 R 90.53 84.77 R 86.70 80.96 R 84.38 76.65 R 87.49 81.07 R
2 IR-22273 83.49 77.82 R 86.91 81.33 R 87.67 82.27 R 70.56 67.19 PR 86.22 81.21 R
3 IR-28 36.70 31.14 PM 83.77 78.22 R 73.29 67.74 PR 80.57 75.01 R 83.34 77.79 R
4 GR-4 83.54 77.98 R 61.11 55.55 PR 8.34 2.01 PM 81.62 76.07 R 0.00 0.00 M
5 PR-115 82.40 77.63 R 88.12 82.99 R 94.43 87.29 R 85.94 79.67 R 85.37 82.18 R
6
PKV-
Makarand
88.47 83.43 R 83.93 77.74 R 85.89 80.50 R 86.07 80.24 R 82.22 79.71 R
7 GR-3 77.20 71.48 PR 87.17 81.14 R 87.88 81.55 R 86.78 81.54 R 80.34 76.79 R
8 GR-7 91.43 87.01 R 82.92 77.53 R 89.28 86.68 R 87.57 81.57 R 88.84 83.88 R
9
Pusa
Sugandh-5
82.93 77.35 R 87.13 81.50 R 84.71 80.31 R 82.03 77.04 R 85.81 80.37 R
10 Gurjari 31.45 25.89
P
M
75.38 69.83 PR 87.72 82.16 R 4.84 0.26
P
M
1.25 0.00 M
11 NVSR-20 90.03 84.56 R 84.12 78.72 R 88.10 84.11 R 79.42 74.79
P
R
85.35 79.50 R
12 Dandi 83.98 78.81 R 87.29 81.72 R 82.81 77.20 R 87.26 82.12 R 77.73 72.51 PR
13 GR-11 89.21 84.34 R 80.32 75.51 R 83.51 77.98 R 82.34 77.52 R 88.08 82.94 R
14 GR-5 49.68 44.12
P
M
23.93 18.37
P
M
0.00 0.00 M 0.00 0.00 M 7.41 1.58
P
M
NAU.Navsari Waghmode (2010b)54
56. Table 16: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
Activity Requirement
Seed rate 12-15 kg/ha
Seed density (in nursery) 25-30 g/m2
Spacing 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm
Seeding/hill One or two
Nitrogen level 120-150 kg / ha to be give in three splits
Phosphorus and Potassium 60 : 60 kg / ha Potash to be given in two splits
Plant protection Need based
Row ratio
2B:10A,for CMS multiplication
2R:12A, for hybrid seed production
Spacing
B/R to B/R – 30cm
B/R to A – 20 cm
A to A – 15 cm
GA3 application 45 g/ha at 5% heading in two split doses on consecutive days
Supplementary pollination
Twice a day at peak anthesis during flowering phase
Roguing Twice during vegetative phase based on morphological
characters and twice during and after flowering based on floral
characters sterility etc.
56
60. Level of heterosis is not attractive ( < 20 % ).
Grain quality very poor; low HRR and stickiness .
Susceptibility to major diseases and insect pests.
Non synchronization of parental lines, particularly in large-scale
hybrid rice seed production plots at new locations.
Higher seed cost. Production of pure hybrid seed highly skill
oriented (self pollinated crop) : Needs optimization of several
components viz. planting time, planting geometry, row ratio, GA3
application and supplementary pollination.
Lower market price and inadequate profitability.
Yield advantage in some cases are marginal, inconsistent across
locations.
Wide gap between technology generation and technology transfer.
Cost effective seed production technology required.
Cultivation and seed production technology need standardization.
Lack of free exchange of promising germplasm between public
research institutions and the private seed sector.
60
62. AreaConstraints of suitable area:
At present rice hybrid seed production is concentrated in Karim
Nagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh. More than 90 % of hybrid
rice seed is produced in this region. Therefore, there is an urgent need to
identify new areas in other states for large scale hybrid seed production.
However, the beginning has been made to produce hybrid seed in other
States.
Seed produced Region Wise
AP,
Karimnagar &
Warangal
80%
Karnataka
8%
Maharashtra
8%
Others
4%
Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009 62
66. Improve hybrid rice grain quality
Rice grain quality of inbreds and hybrids*
Trait Inbred Hybrid
Total Milling (%) 69.1 68.2
Whole Milling (%) 48.7 45.4
Chalk (%) 13.5 20.6
Amylose (% 19.8 20.6
GT 4.3 5.5
Length 6.9 7.1
L/W 3.2 3.3
Data from National Cooperative Testing (NCT), Philippines, 2004-2005
66
67. Anonymous, (1997) Chinese scientist reported
that with every 1% decrease in purity of the
hybrid seed, the eventual yield loss in hybrid
would be about 100 kg/ha.
Purity of Seed, Untimely
Availability of seed
and Weed Infestation
67
68. Table 19:- Effect of weed management on total weed count
and yield of hybrid rice ADTRH-1
Treatment Total weed number m-2 Grain yield (t ha-1)
Dry Wet Dry Wet
W1-Weedy check 81.35 85.56 3.80 3.71
W2-Weed free 3.72 3.61 6.24 6.17
W3-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai ha-1
at 3 DAT
46.02 49.00 4.55 4.38
W4-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai
ha-1 at 3 DAT + hand
weeding at 40 DAT
26.47 28.83 5.78 5.63
W5- hand weeding at 20
DAT
47.89 50.97 4.35 4.20
W6-hand weeding at 20 and
40 DAT
27.29 30.47 5.62 5.50
Annamali Nagar Srinivasan et al. (2008)
68
69. Table 20:- Technological constraints in hybrid rice cultivation
Sr.
No
.
Constraint Most
important
(%)
important
(%)
Not
important
Mean score Average
Khurda Bargarh
1. No
Choiceable
variety
48.56 38.46 12.98 2.33 2.38 2.36
2. More disease
and pest
attack
38.94 44.23 16.83 2.17 2.27 2.22
3. Severe weed
infestation
20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79
4. Timely
operation
42.31 47.12 10.57 2.31 2.33 2.32
5. More skill to
manage
25.00 25.48 49.52 1.77 1.74 1.75
OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010a) 69
70. Table 21:- Constraints in supply of inputs
Sr.
No.
Constraint Most
important
(%)
important
(%)
Not
important
Mean score Average
Khurda Bargarh
1. Poor quality
seed
48.56 42.31 9.13 2.38 2.40 2.39
2. Untimely
available of seed
48.08 41.83 7.69 2.38 2.32 2.35
3. Unreasonable
seed price
28.37 30.29 41.34 1.65 2.09 1.87
4. Unavailability
of other inputs
20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79
5. Unavailability
of implements
on hire basis
22.60 27.40 50.00 1.58 1.88 1.73
OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010b)
70
72. Table 22:- Pest and Disease reaction of released hybrids
Sr..
No.
Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF
1 APRH-1 MR MR
2 APRH-2 MR
3 CORH-1 R R MR MR MR MR
4 KRH-1 T T
5 CNRH-3
6 DRRH-1 R
7 KRH-2 R T R
8 Pant Sankar Dhan-1 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
9 PBH-71 T T T T
10 CORH-2 MR MR MR
11 ADTRH-1 MR R
12 Sanhyadri MR R
13 Narendra Sankar
Dhan -2
R R R R R
14 PA-6201 MR MR MR
15 PA-6444 MR MR MR MR R MR
16 Pusa RH-10 MR MR MR MR
17 PRH-11 (Ganga) R MR MR MR MR MR MR
18 RH-204 R T T R
19 Suruchi R MR
20 Pant Sankar Dhan-3 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
21 Naredra Usar Sankar
Dhan-3
R MR MR MR MR
Continue….
73. Sr. No. Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF
22 DRRH-2 R R MR MR
23 Rajalakshmi MR MR MR MR
24 Ajay MR MR MR MR MR MR
25 Sahyadri-2 MR R MR
26 Sahyadri-3 R MR MR MR MR MR MR R
27 HKRH-1 R MR MR
28 JKRH-401 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
29 CORH-3 T T T T T
30 Indira Sona MR MR R
31 JRH-4 R T T R T
32 JRH-5 R T T T
33 PA-6129 R MR MR R
34 GK-5003 R R MR MR MR
35 Sahyadri-4 MR MR T T T T
36 JRH-8
37 DRH-775 MR MR
38 HRI-157 MR MR
39 PAC-835 R MR MR
40 PAC-837 R MR MR MR
41 DRRH-3 MR MR T
42 US-312 R MR MR MR R
43 Indam 200-017 MR MR MR MR
44 CRHR-32 MR MR
45 NK-5251
DRR, Hyderabad Viraktamath (2011b)
BL: Blast, BLB: Bacterial Leaf Blight, RTV: Rice Tungro virus, ShBl: Sheath Blight, BS: Brown Spot, GLH: Green Leaf Hopper,
SB: Stem Borer, BPH: Brown Plant hopper, WBPH : White Backed Plan thopper, GM: Gall Midge, LF: Leaf folder, R-Resistant,
T-Tolerant and MR-Moderately resistant
73
75. Hybrid rice is a proven and successful technology for rice production,
having contributed significantly toward improving food security, raising rice
productivity, farmers’ income and providing more employment opportunities
over the past three decades.
The use of a male sterility system is a prerequisite for commercial
exploitation of heterosis in rice.
Perfect synchrony between the parental lines, suitable GA3 dose and
favourable outcrossing traits of CMS lines are the bottleneck of successful
commercial cultivation of developed hybrid rice.
Hybrid rice technology has two major components—research and seed
production.
Both components must be strong to ensure an appropriate impact of this
technology at the farm level.
Hybrid rice seed production and cultivation is beneficial than the HYVs.
Conclusion
75
76. A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the
country. Though the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian
agriculture, the successful large scale adoption of this innovative technology, in
future, primarily depends upon the economic attractiveness of this technology.
Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of heterosis coupled with better grain,
cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major pests and diseases
are being developed.
Aggressive efforts are needed to bring more area under hybrid rice by
involving all the stakeholders.
It is expected that by the year 2012 hybrids will be cultivated in India, in 3
million hectares and by 2015 hybrids are expected to cover at least 5 million
hectares of the rice area in the country, thereby contributing significantly
towards national food security.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
76
Table 1: Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India
Table 2: Area and seed production of hybrid rice in India
Source :- RKMP, DRR, Hyderabad
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad.
Heterosis
Waghmode (2010)
Male Sterility
In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the country and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also underway at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore in similar lines
Coimbatore (2010) Umadevi et al.
Fertility Restoration
NAU.Navsari
Seed Production
Table: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
Table 16:
CONSTRAINTS IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE HYBRID RICE
Seed Production
Quality
Purity of Seed, Untimely Availability of seed, Weed Infestation