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ll SHRI GANESHAY NMAHA ll 1
Speaker:
Mr. Chougule Girish R.
Date: 03.03.2012 Time: 15.30 hr
2
Rice is the staple food crop grown in an area of 45.54 m. ha.
with a production of 99.18 m.t. in 2008 (anon., 2011). The country
witnessed an impressive growth in rice production in the post-
independence era due to the adoption of semi dwarf high yielding
varieties coupled with the adoption of intensive input based
management practices. Rice production was increased four times,
productivity three times while the area increase was only one and
half times during this period. In order to keep pace with the growing
population, the estimated rice requirement by 2025 is about 130 m.t.
Plateuing trend in the yield of HYV’s, declining and degrading
natural resources like land and water and acute shortage of labour
make the task of increasing rice production quite challenging.
INTRODUCTION
3
Year
Area (Million
Hectares)
Production (Million
Tonnes)
Productivity
(Kg./hectare)
1994-95 42.81 81.81 1911
1995-96 42.84 76.98 1797
1996-97 43.43 81.74 1882
1997-98 43.45 82.53 1900
1998-99 44.80 86.08 1921
1999-00 45.16 89.68 1986
2000-01 44.71 84.98 1901
2001-02 44.90 93.34 2079
2002-03 41.18 71.82 1744
2003-04 42.59 88.53 2077
2004-05 41.91 83.13 1984
2005-06 43.66 91.79 2102
2006-07 43.81 93.36 2131
2007-08 43.91 96.69 2202
2008-09 45.54 99.18 2178
2009-10 41.92 89.09 2125
2010-11 42.56 95.33 2240
2011-12 39.47 87.10 2207Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011.
Table 1: Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India
4
The current situation necessitates looking for some innovative technologies to
boost rice production. The visionary approach of the policy makers, generous funding
from the donors and effective implementation of the multi-disciplinary program in a
mission mode by the project personnel, helped India to become the second country in the
world after China to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. Hybrid rice technology is
likely to play a key role in increasing the rice production. During the year 2010, hybrid
rice was planted in an area of 2.0 m.ha. and an additional rice production of 3.0 m.t.
(Viraktamath,2011)a was added to our food basket through this technology. As a result of
concerted efforts for over two decades, totally 46 hybrids have been released for
commercial cultivation in the country.
Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)
1995 195 200
1996 1075 1200
1997 1485 1800
1998 1630 2200
1999 1660 2500
2000 1630 2700
2001 1625 290
2002 1635 3100
Year Area
(ha)
Seed
Production (t)
2003 2865 4000
2004 4350 8600
2005 6800 12500
2006 12000 18000
2007 13000 19500
2008 14000 21000
2009 18000 27000
2010 20000 30000
Table 2: Area and seed production of hybrid rice in India
5
In the past, adoption of hybrid technology in rice
was considered impractical because of the strict self-
pollinating nature of the crop. Fortunately, rice breeders
have overcome these hurdles by developing a usable
system of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility and
packages for efficient and economic seed production.
More than 50% of the total rice area in China is planted
to hybrid rice, and many countries outside China are
developing and exploiting hybrid rice technology.
6
Hybrid seed production in India.
Public
3.4
Private
96.6
Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009
7
Present National Hybrid Rice
Research Network
DRR,
Hyderabad
SRC & CC
Delhi,
Faizabad
Cuttack,
Raipur,
Jabalpur
Mandya,
Maruteru,
Coimbatore
Karjat,
Nawagam
8
Hybrid Seed Market Share
Bayer
39%
Pioneer
11%
JK
9%
Advanta
5%Mahyco
1%
Syngenta
1%
Nath
5%
Dhaanya
3%
Manisha
4%
Others
22%
Market Share(%)
Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009.
9
Brief history of hybrid rice
1926 - Heterosis in rice reported.
1964 - China started hybrid rice research.
1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid
rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive ).
1973 - PTGMS rice was found in China.
1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China.
1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China.
1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice.
1981 - PTGMS rice genetics and application was confirmed.
1982- Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed
(IRRI).
1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI.
1991 - More than 50% of China’s rice land planted to hybrids.
1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China.
1994 -1998 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines
Vietnam.
10
Cytoplasm diversity in Hybrids
Kalinga
2%
Dissi
15%
Gambiaca
15%
Mutagenized
IR62829B
8%
ARC
8%
WA
52%
Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009
11
12
The breeders nominate their best hybrids
The test hybrids are pooled together and evaluated in Initial Hybrid Rice Trials (IHRT).
Based on duration of the hybrid entries three groups of trials
Test hybrids which record more than 5% yield advantage over the best hybrid check and
10% yield advantage over the best varietal check are promoted to next stage of testing.
The hybrids promoted from IHRT are included in AVT-1 and
subsequently promoted to AVT-2 if their performance is good in AVT-1.
The system of evaluation of rice hybrids
System of evaluation of rice hybrids in National
coordinated trials
13
Table 3: Hybrids currently available for
cultivation
Central releases State releases
Public
Sector
KRH 2, Pusa RH 10, DRRH 2,
Rajlaxmi, Sahyadri 4, DRRH 3, CRHR 32
PSD 3, Ajay, CoRH 3,
Indira Sona, JRH 8
Private
Sector
PHB 71, PA 6129, PA 6201, PA 6444,
JKRH 401, Suruchi, GK 5003, DRH 775,
HRI-157, PAC 835, PAC 837, US 312,
Indam 200 - 017, NK 5251, 27P11
14
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
15
Popularly cultivated rice hybrids under South
Gujarat condition
US-312 Gorakhnath
PA-6201 PA-6444
PA-5231 PA-6201
PHB-71 Suruchi
Table – 4: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than
for which they are released) based on MLT data-Phase I
16
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
Table – 5: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which
they are released) based on MLT data-Phase II
Sr. No. Hybrids Released for states Found suitable for other states based on
MLT performance (2006,07 & 08)
Early group
1 CORH-3 Tamilnadu New Delhi, Uttarkhand, Assam, Chattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal
2 DRRH -2 Haryana, Uttarkhand,
West Bengal and
Tamilnadu
New Delhi, Assam, Chattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.
Mid-Early Group
3 PSD -3 Uttarkhand Assam, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu
Medium group
4 CRHR-5 Orissa Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
5 JKRH-
2000
West Bengal, Bihar
and Orissa
Jharkhand
6 PA 6444 U.P, Tripura, Orissa,
A.P, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and
Uttarkhand
Jharkhand and Gujarat.
*States in bold font represent hybrids performed well in all three seasons
17Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
Improvement of parental lines
Components of hybrid rice breeding
18
1. Source Nursery (SN)
This nursery includes elite lines which have the potential to become parents of
commercial hybrids. The best available CMS and TGMS lines are also included in this
nursery.
2. CMS Line Maintenance and Evaluation Nursery (CMSN)
It is the breeding nursery in which the CMS lines, both developed locally and
those which are introduced from outside, are maintained and evaluated.
3. Testcross Nursery (TN)
It is the breeding nursery wherein F1s of cytoplasmic male sterile lines and test
varieties from the source nursery are screened for pollen sterility/fertility, spikelet fertility,
and other agronomic traits to identify the potential maintainers and restorers and heterotic
hybrids.
4. Restorer Purification Nursery (RPN)
This breeding nursery comprises the progenies of the CMS line and individual
plants of restorer lines which are selected for purification and seed multiplication purposes.
5. Backcross Nursery (BN)
It is a breeding nursery wherein the CMS system from the available CMS lines is
transferred into the genetic background of elite maintainer lines identified in the testcross
nursery by consecutive backcrossing.
6. Combining Ability Nursery (CAN)
A breeding nursery comprising a set of crosses derived from promising CMS and
restorer lines which are evaluated along with their parents to assess their combining ability
or their ability to produce superior progenies when crossed with another parent. 19
Seed production of parental lines and experimental hybrids
1. Nucleus and breeder seed production of parental lines
Nucleus and breeder seeds are the seeds of highest genetic
purity to be produced under the strict supervision of the
breeder/agency sponsoring a hybrid, which is further distributed to
produce foundation seed.
2. Seed production for evaluation of experimental hybrids
This involves the seed production plots for producing a small
quantity of seeds of a large number of experimental hybrids which
are to be tested in various yield trials.
20
Development and evaluation of CMS lines:
Development of commercially useable CMS lines with desirable traits is an important
activity of the hybrid rice network project in India. Work on development of region
specific CMS lines is actively done by many centers. Presently 48-50 promising
maintainers are at various stages of conversion program in the backcross nursery.
Table –6: Promising CMS lines developed
Centre Promising CMS lines developed
DRR, Hyderabad DRR 6A, 9A, 10A, 12A, 14A, 15A
IARI, New Delhi Pusa 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 11A
PAU, Ludhiana PMS 3A, 10A, 12A, 17A
RARS, Karjat KJTCMS 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A
ARS, Ratnagiri RTN 8A, 10A, 13A, 14A
APRRI, Maruteru APMS 6A, 8A, 9A
CRRI, Cuttack CRMS 32A, CRMS 31A
21
Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
Large Scale Seed Production
India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private.
More than 30 private seed companies are taking up large scale
seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R & D set
up.
 Large scale seed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal,
Nizamabad, Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra Pradesh,
Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka State and
Kolhapur district in Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar
districts of Tamil Nadu state.
 Seventy to eighty percent of the total hybrid rice seed is produced
in the northern Telangana region (Karimnagar, Warangal and
Nizamabad) of Andhra Pradesh state.
22
23
Needs
Country Area (Mha) tons/ha
India 44.6 3.0
China 30.5 6.2
24
Importance of Hybrid rice:
25
Genetic enhancement for yield heterosis through exploitation of New Plant
Types (NPT):
Most of the commercial hybrids now in cultivation belong to intra sub specific group
(indica/indica or japonica/japonica).
The insufficient genetic diversity is recognized as a major cause for the yield ceiling in
hybrid rice that has appeared for nearly 20 years.
This strategy is based on the experience that the magnitude of heterosis is in the order
of indica/japonica>indica/javanica>japonica/javanica > indica/indica > japonica/japonica the
inter sub specific hybridization approaches utilizing tropical japonica lines such as Akihikari,
Koshihikari and wide compatibility indica donors like Dular and Nagina 22 and a number high
yielding indica rice varieties through a complex crosses, a series of NPT combining dark green
erect leaves, sturdy stem, moderate but synchronous tillering and grain number up to 250-
350/panicle were developed.
Indica x japonica
Indica x javanica
japonica x javanica
indica x indica
japonica x japonica
26
Table 7: Yield (t ha–1) of Japonica-Indica hybrid THR1.
Variety Type 1994 1995 1996 Av (%)
THR1
(P1/P2)
Hybrid 7.2 7.2 6.6 7.0 (137)
Habataki
(P2)
Indica 6.3 6.3 5.1 5.9 (115)
Nipponbare
(check)
Japonica 4.9 5.6 5.1 5.1 (100)
IRRI, Philippines Takita et al. (2003)
27
Table 8:- Promising hybrids for grain yield plant-1with standard
heterosis.
Sr.
No.
Hybrid
Grain yield
plant-1
(gm)
Standard heterosis (%)
SC-I (Jaya)
SC-II
(Sahyandri)
SC-III
(GR-11)
1. RTN-3A X BL-184AR 67.18 86.60** 58.03** 102.65**
2. RTN-2A X NVSR-20 63.17 75.48** 48.61** 90.57**
3. RTN-13A X GR-7 55.92 55.33** 31.54** 68.68**
4. RTN-3A X NVSR-20 55.79 54.98** 31.25** 68.30**
5.
RTN-13A X IR-63879-
195-195-2-2-3-2
52.62 46.15** 23.77** 58.72**
6. RTN-3A X GR-11 52.49 45.81** 23.48** 58.35**
7.
RTN-3A X PKV-
Ganesh
51.21 42.26** 20.47** 54.49**
NAU, Navsari Waghmode (2010a)
28
Male Sterility
29
About 95% of the area under cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) derived
hybrids are occupied from wild abortive (WA) cytosterility system (Yuan and
Virmani, 1988). Out side China, WA cytosterility system is mostly used to
develop suitable CMS lines. In India, 33 hybrids in rice based on WA
cytosterility have been developed by public (27 hybrids) and private sectors (5
hybrids) (Anon., 2009).
The differential response of the different CMS lines which have in
common only the same cytosterility system ‘WA’ could only be attributed to
genetic differences in their maternal nuclear component. Similarly, the same
CMS line responding variedly to different restorers would again imply the
differential genetic constitution of the latter in respect of restoration ability
(Siddiq,1989).
30
The CMS lines are classified as follows, based on the extent of pollen sterility:
Pollen sterility (%) Category
100 Completely sterile
91-100 Sterile
71-90 Partial sterile
31-70 Partial fertile
21-30 Fertile
0-20 Completely fertile
31
Completely Sterile Pollen Grains Partial Fertile Pollen Grains
Fertile Pollen Grains Completely fertile Pollen Grains
32
Male sterility systems
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
Environment-sensitive genetic male sterility
Chemically-induced male sterility
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility –
It is caused by an interaction between genetic factor(s) present in
cytoplasm and the nucleus. Absence of a sterility inducing factor either in the
cytoplasm or in the nucleus makes a line male fertile.
Presence of certain dominant restorer gene(s) in the nucleus makes a
line capable of restoring fertility in the hybrid derived from it and a CMS line.
1. A line(male sterile line)
2. B line(maintainer line)
3. R line(restorer line)
The ‘CMS’ line is multiplied by growing it along with its
corresponding ‘B’ line in isolation. The ‘A’ line seed thus obtained will be
grown along with ‘R’ line in isolation for the production of hybrid rice seed.
The three line system is by far the most stable and widely used system in the
world, although two line system is being used to a limited extend in China.
33
A x B=A ////// A x R=R
A line R line
male characters
were
suppressed
fertile
dwarf tall
34
Hybrid Rice Seed Production by using Three Line System
35
Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System
 A-line
 Stable Sterility
 Well developed floral traits for out-crossing
 Easily, wide-spectrum, & strongly to be restored
 B-line
 Well developed floral traits with large pollen load
 Good combining ability
 R-line
 Strong restore ability
 Good combining ability
 Taller than A-line
 Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing
36
37
Procedure of transferring a CMS system into an elite maintainer line.
38
Procedures for identifying a CMS source
CMS sources can be identified in
1. Inter-varietal reciprocal crosses
2. Inter-specific crosses
Identifying CMS sources in inter-varietal crosses
Example: Chinsurah Boro-ll source
39
Identifying CMS sources in inter-specific crosses
40
Advantages of the CMS system
Among all the male sterility systems, the CMS system is the most effective
and proven method of commercial hybrid rice production.
Disadvantages of the CMS system
Seed production is quite cumbersome as it is done in two steps, i.e., AxB
multiplication and AxR F1 production.
The choice of male parents is limited to only those genotypes which are identified as
restorers.
Sometimes the sterility-inducing cytoplasm exerts adverse negative effects on the
expression of agronomic traits.
A CMS system may cause a genetic vulnerability of the derived hybrids if this
system gets associated with susceptibility to a biotic stress.
41
Environment Sensitive Genic Male Sterility (EGMS)
This is a genetic male sterility system in which sterility expression is
conditioned by environmental factors.
• Types of EGMS
There are two types of EGMS which are currently being used in rice:
PGMS - Photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility
Genic male sterile lines which respond to the photoperiod or duration of day
length for expression of pollen sterility and fertility behavior. For example, most of the
PGMS lines remain male sterile under a long-day (>13.75h) conditions and revert back
to fertility under short-day (< 13.75h) conditions.
TGMS - Thermo sensitive Genic Male Sterility
Genic male sterile lines whose male sterility/fertility alteration is
conditioned by different temperature regimes. For example, most of the TGMS lines
remain male sterile at a high temperature (>30°C) and they revert back to partial
fertility at a lower temperature (<30°C). The critical sterility/fertility points vary from
genotype to genotype.
42
Some EGMS lines identified
In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar
has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the country
and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also
underway at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore in similar lines
EGMS Lines
PGMS TGMS
43
Two Line Commercial Systems for Hybrid Rice
44
Chemically induced male sterility
This non-genetic method of inducing male sterility involves the use of chemicals
called Chemical Hybridizing Agents (CHA) or gametocides. This method is very useful for
plants with bisexual flowers in which it is difficult to obtain genetic or cytoplasmic-genetic
male sterility.
• In this method of developing hybrids, male sterility is induced by spraying a
rice variety with chemical gametocide that can kill pollen grains of treated plants without
affecting the pistil. In hybrid seed production, two parents are planted in alternate strips.
One is sprayed with chemicals at appropriate growth stage, and the other is used as pollen
source to produce the hybrid seed.
• The ideal gametocides should
Selectively induce male sterility without adversely affecting the female fertility.
Have systemic effects so as to sterilize both early and late panicles.
Have a broad range of effectivity in order to withstand adverse environmental conditions.
Have minimum side effects on plant growth and panicle development.
•For developing hybrids by using gametocides:
- The female line should have a synchronous flowering habit
- The line should respond to chemical treatment
- The parents should possess good outcrossing traits
45
Important gametocides found useful in rice
Chemical Concentration Growth stage for
application
Ethrel 8000-10,000 ppm Pre-boot and boot stage
Monosodium Methyl
Arsenate (MGI)
0.02 % or 2000
ppm
Uni-nucleated pollen
stage
Sodium Methyl
Arsenate
0.02 % or 2000
ppm
5 days before heading
46
Panicle
developmental
stages
Maximum
temperature
Minimum
temperature
Mean
temperature
Relative
humidity
Sunshine
hours
S1 0.649** 0.278 0.624** -0.600** 0.386
S2 0.584** 0.570** 0.655** -0.535** 0.389
S3 0.593** 0.675** 0.730** -0.292 -0.037
S4 0.766** 0.424* 0.691** -0.403 0.333
S5 0.654** 0.487* 0.770** -0.236 0.091
S6 0.706** 0.597** 0.742** -0.382 0.233
S7 0.671** 0.546** 0.727** -0.232 0.322
S8 0.639** 0.403 0.514* -0.251 0.095
Overall Mean 0.597** 0.456* 0.568** -0.375 0.378
*,** Significant at P=0.05 & P=0.01, respectively.
Table 9: Correlation coefficient of pollen sterility
with weather parameters at different stages
of Panicle development in TS6
TNAU, Coimbatore Latha et al., 2004
47
Table 10:- Evaluation of twenty two rice CMS lines for pollen sterility and other floral traits.
Sr. No. Entries Days to 50 % flowering Panicle exertion % Stigma exertion Pollen Sterility
1 COMS 11 97.00 81.12 26.51 (T.S.) 99.43
2 COMS 12 95.50 81.39 35.98 (T.S.) 99.39
3 COMS 13 99.50 87.63 41.85 (O.S) 100.00
4 COMS 14 95.00 74.67 38.89 (O.S) 99.59
5 COMS 15 99.00 81.25 41.95 (O.S) 100.00
6 COMS 19 98.00 81.61 37.09 (O.S) 99.95
7 IR - 68275 99.50 81.28 31.15 (O.S) 100.00
8 IR - 68280 102.00 80.95 31.48 (O.S) 98.81
9 IR - 68281 107.50 89.68 41.09 (T.S.) 99.94
10 IR - 68285 109.00 79.90 41.20 (T.S.) 99.06
11 IR - 68890 102.50 83.75 35.20 (O.S) 98.28
12 IR - 68892 105.50 81.38 37.89 (T.S.) 99.19
13 IR - 69626 102.50 83.97 41.87 (T.S.) 99.92
14 IR - 71321 107.50 88.48 47.06 (T.S.) 98.64
15 DRR-7 90.00 88.81 41.36 (T.S.) 99.93
16 RTN-6 96.50 82.14 42.11 (T.S.) 99.97
17 RTN-13 111.00 81.25 41.59 (T.S.) 100.00
18 PMS-17 104.00 82.84 45.04 (T.S.) 99.95
19 KJT-6 113.50 69.75 29.21 (O.S) 99.60
20 DMS-3 86.50 79.69 35.54 (O.S) 99.73
21 Zhen shan-97 86.50 76.75 10.08 (O.S) 98.86
22 CMS-39 107.50 81.95 41.56 (T.S.) 100.00
TS – Two side exsertion OS – One side exsertion
TNAU, Coimbatore Umadevi et al. (2010)48
Table 11:- Stability performance of floral traits of CMS lines in rice.
CMS lines Length of
filament (mm)
Pollen sterility
(%)
Angle of floret
opening (0)
Stigma
exsertion (%)
Panicle
exsertion (%)
KJT 1A 5.22 100 28.52 46.17 80.41
KJT 2A 6.59 100 31.66 44.15 80.44
KJT 3A 5.63 100 28.03 42.50 81.36
KJT 4A 5.30 100 28.66 47.70 81.96
KJT 5A 6.32 100 29.22 44.44 82.09
KJT 6A 5.73 100 27.16 46.43 80.91
KJT 7A 6.41 100 27.91 45.89 80.64
IR-58025A 7.89 100 26.62 43.99 78.34
Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli Pardhe et al. (2011)
49
Fertility Restoration
50
Fertility percentage of cross(%) Score of corresponding restorer
> 80 1
75-79.9 2
70-74.9 3
65-69.9 4
<64.9 5
Table 12: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of
hybrids & restorers.
IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005
51
CMS line
CMS
source
Restorer
PRR 72 IR 73885 IR 71604-4-1 IR 71604-4-4 IR 65514
Pusa 3A WA 75.54(2) 68.24(4) 76.12(2) 85.48(1) 71.19(3)
Pusa 5A WA 88.04(1) 66.61(4) 81.79(1) 66.37(4) 60.93(5)
IR 58025A WA 82.43(1) 73.13(3) 79.28(2) 83.3(1) 64.49(5)
IR 68273A ARC 73.96(3) 70.28(3) 84.63(1) 77.02(2) 67.14(4)
IR 73328A
IR62829B
mutant
76.71(2) 81.06(1) 81.6(1) 80.24(1) 72.84(3)
APMS 2A ARC 74.79(3) 77.21(2) 68.76(4) 86.86(1) 75.29(2)
CRMS 32A Kalinga I 76.94(2) 77.31(2) 70.22(3) 79.59(2) 71.66(3)
Mean
(hybrids)
78.34 73.4 77.49 79.84 69.08
Mean
(Restorer)
86.76 82.74 87.49 82.12 76.97
Total Score (14) (19) (14) (12) (25)
Rank II III II I IV
Table 13: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of
hybrids & restorers.
IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005
52
Table 14:- Pollen viability, spikelet fertility and restoration behavior of pollen parents with
CMS lines NMS 4A and IR-58025A
Sr.
No.
NMS 4A IR-58025A
Pollen
fertility
Spikelet
fertility
Restoration
behaviour
Pollen
fertility
Spikelet
fertility
Restoratio
n
behaviour
1 IR-70023-4B-R-12-3-
1-1-B
77.37 71.59 PR 70.46 57.90 PR
2 NDRK 5095 58.30 36.91 PR 73.00 69.09 PR
3 NDRK 5086 53.53 50.39 PR 65.28 50.90 PR
4 NDRK 5013 34.04 33.04 PR 72.00 67.85 PR
5 CSRC(S) 14-1-4-0 76.33 62.90 PR 76.00 66.10 PR
6 92-H 51-4 43.33 32.75 PR 37.91 25.78 PR
7 PNL 1-8-5-17-2 92.05 90.56 R 94.90 92.33 R
8 NDR 9830148 90.22 85.32 R 93.01 91.14 R
9 IR 72048-B-R-2-2-2-
1-B
83.72 82.58 R 93.11 92.74 R
10 IR 71829-3R-73-1-2-
B
94.88 85.72 R 95.05 92.79 R
11 NDRK 5094 88.73 81.78 R 94.21 92.01 R
12 Narendra Usar 3 91.00 90.11 R 92.12 90.70 R
Pollen parents
CMS Lines
Kumarganj, Faizabad Kumar et al. (2010)
53
Table 15 : Fertility reaction of test crosses involving five CMS lines of five different cytoplasmic sources
(kharif-2008)
Sr.
No.
Female KJTCMS-6A RTN-2A RTN-3A RTN-13A RTN-17A
Male PF% SF% FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR
1 IR-8866 86.50 79.96 R 90.53 84.77 R 86.70 80.96 R 84.38 76.65 R 87.49 81.07 R
2 IR-22273 83.49 77.82 R 86.91 81.33 R 87.67 82.27 R 70.56 67.19 PR 86.22 81.21 R
3 IR-28 36.70 31.14 PM 83.77 78.22 R 73.29 67.74 PR 80.57 75.01 R 83.34 77.79 R
4 GR-4 83.54 77.98 R 61.11 55.55 PR 8.34 2.01 PM 81.62 76.07 R 0.00 0.00 M
5 PR-115 82.40 77.63 R 88.12 82.99 R 94.43 87.29 R 85.94 79.67 R 85.37 82.18 R
6
PKV-
Makarand
88.47 83.43 R 83.93 77.74 R 85.89 80.50 R 86.07 80.24 R 82.22 79.71 R
7 GR-3 77.20 71.48 PR 87.17 81.14 R 87.88 81.55 R 86.78 81.54 R 80.34 76.79 R
8 GR-7 91.43 87.01 R 82.92 77.53 R 89.28 86.68 R 87.57 81.57 R 88.84 83.88 R
9
Pusa
Sugandh-5
82.93 77.35 R 87.13 81.50 R 84.71 80.31 R 82.03 77.04 R 85.81 80.37 R
10 Gurjari 31.45 25.89
P
M
75.38 69.83 PR 87.72 82.16 R 4.84 0.26
P
M
1.25 0.00 M
11 NVSR-20 90.03 84.56 R 84.12 78.72 R 88.10 84.11 R 79.42 74.79
P
R
85.35 79.50 R
12 Dandi 83.98 78.81 R 87.29 81.72 R 82.81 77.20 R 87.26 82.12 R 77.73 72.51 PR
13 GR-11 89.21 84.34 R 80.32 75.51 R 83.51 77.98 R 82.34 77.52 R 88.08 82.94 R
14 GR-5 49.68 44.12
P
M
23.93 18.37
P
M
0.00 0.00 M 0.00 0.00 M 7.41 1.58
P
M
NAU.Navsari Waghmode (2010b)54
Seed Production
55
Table 16: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
Activity Requirement
Seed rate 12-15 kg/ha
Seed density (in nursery) 25-30 g/m2
Spacing 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm
Seeding/hill One or two
Nitrogen level 120-150 kg / ha to be give in three splits
Phosphorus and Potassium 60 : 60 kg / ha Potash to be given in two splits
Plant protection Need based
Row ratio
2B:10A,for CMS multiplication
2R:12A, for hybrid seed production
Spacing
B/R to B/R – 30cm
B/R to A – 20 cm
A to A – 15 cm
GA3 application 45 g/ha at 5% heading in two split doses on consecutive days
Supplementary pollination
Twice a day at peak anthesis during flowering phase
Roguing Twice during vegetative phase based on morphological
characters and twice during and after flowering based on floral
characters sterility etc.
56
Treatment
V20A IR62829A
Filled
grains/Panicle
Outcrossing
rate(%)
Seed
Yield(Kg/ha)
Filled
grains/Panicle
Out crossing
rate(%)
Seed Yield
(Kg/ha)
Control 6 6.7 306 18 17 982
F 8 8.4 377 27 27.6 1551
R 9 10.9 481 30 28.9 1643
F+R 10 13.1 598 29 29.8 1626
G 8 11.4 477 28 27 1554
G+F 13 15.6 685* 36 37.3 1906*
G+R 11 13.8 607 32 31.7 1862
G+F+R 13 15.9 710* 35 33.7 1927*
U1 9 10.6 470 27 25.5 1455
U1+F 12 16.2 687* 33 32.3 1845*
U1+R 10 13.6 603 33 32 1818
U1+F+R 11 15 653* 35 32.8 1859*
G+U1 8 10.2 461 28 27.9 1577
G+U1+F 11 15.3 657* 35 32.8 1856*
G+U1+R 12 14.5 641 33 32.1 1811
G+U1+F+R 11 15.2 662* 34 33.1 1904*
CD at 5% 2 2.4 104 6 2.7 140
IARI, New Delhi Bong et al., 1994
Table 17: Outcrossing rate & hybrid seed yield in V20A and IR62829A.
F = Flag leaf clipping, R = Rope pulling, G = GA3 (60 ppm) spray, U1 = Urea (1%) spray
57
Treatment Plant height Panicle
length
Panicle
exsertion
Seed set
(%)
Seed yield
(g m-2)
WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS
Control 67.6 70.7 20.3 22.7 70.1 74.0 17.5 21.4 72.9 94.5
GA3 (30ppm + 30 ppm) 79.3 88.3 22.6 25.2 78.5 83.3 26.4 33.2 115.1 141.5
Spent wash (20ml lit-1) 70.2 78.6 20.8 23.3 71.9 76.5 18.8 23.1 81.3 103.3
Brassinolides (0.3ppm) 68.3 81.3 20.5 24.1 73.0 76.1 20.3 29.0 92.7 139.4
Brassinolides (0.3ppm) +
GA3 (30ppm)
71.3 84.2 21.5 24.5 77.2 81.9 23.4 30.6 101.2 140.0
KH2PO4 (500 g ha-1) 71.2 80.1 20.7 23.2 71.9 75.8 17.7 23.1 84.7 109.6
KH2PO4 (500 g ha-1) +
GA3 (30ppm)
69.8 82.9 20.8 23.8 75.4 79.6 20.2 25.4 90.9 137.5
DAP (2%) + KCL (1%) +
ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Boric acid
(0.2%)
69.5 76.7 21.4 23.3 74.5 77.4 19.2 26.4 86.0 123.5
Table 18:- Effect of different chemical on plant height, panicle length, panicle
exsertion, seed set and seed yield in IR 62829A.
CRRI, Cuttack Swain and Rao (2009) 58
CONSTRAINTS IN THE
COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE
HYBRID RICE
59
 Level of heterosis is not attractive ( < 20 % ).
 Grain quality very poor; low HRR and stickiness .
 Susceptibility to major diseases and insect pests.
 Non synchronization of parental lines, particularly in large-scale
hybrid rice seed production plots at new locations.
 Higher seed cost. Production of pure hybrid seed highly skill
oriented (self pollinated crop) : Needs optimization of several
components viz. planting time, planting geometry, row ratio, GA3
application and supplementary pollination.
 Lower market price and inadequate profitability.
 Yield advantage in some cases are marginal, inconsistent across
locations.
 Wide gap between technology generation and technology transfer.
Cost effective seed production technology required.
 Cultivation and seed production technology need standardization.
 Lack of free exchange of promising germplasm between public
research institutions and the private seed sector.
60
Seed Production
61
AreaConstraints of suitable area:
At present rice hybrid seed production is concentrated in Karim
Nagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh. More than 90 % of hybrid
rice seed is produced in this region. Therefore, there is an urgent need to
identify new areas in other states for large scale hybrid seed production.
However, the beginning has been made to produce hybrid seed in other
States.
Seed produced Region Wise
AP,
Karimnagar &
Warangal
80%
Karnataka
8%
Maharashtra
8%
Others
4%
Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009 62
63
64
Grain Quality
65
Improve hybrid rice grain quality
Rice grain quality of inbreds and hybrids*
Trait Inbred Hybrid
Total Milling (%) 69.1 68.2
Whole Milling (%) 48.7 45.4
Chalk (%) 13.5 20.6
Amylose (% 19.8 20.6
GT 4.3 5.5
Length 6.9 7.1
L/W 3.2 3.3
Data from National Cooperative Testing (NCT), Philippines, 2004-2005
66
Anonymous, (1997) Chinese scientist reported
that with every 1% decrease in purity of the
hybrid seed, the eventual yield loss in hybrid
would be about 100 kg/ha.
Purity of Seed, Untimely
Availability of seed
and Weed Infestation
67
Table 19:- Effect of weed management on total weed count
and yield of hybrid rice ADTRH-1
Treatment Total weed number m-2 Grain yield (t ha-1)
Dry Wet Dry Wet
W1-Weedy check 81.35 85.56 3.80 3.71
W2-Weed free 3.72 3.61 6.24 6.17
W3-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai ha-1
at 3 DAT
46.02 49.00 4.55 4.38
W4-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai
ha-1 at 3 DAT + hand
weeding at 40 DAT
26.47 28.83 5.78 5.63
W5- hand weeding at 20
DAT
47.89 50.97 4.35 4.20
W6-hand weeding at 20 and
40 DAT
27.29 30.47 5.62 5.50
Annamali Nagar Srinivasan et al. (2008)
68
Table 20:- Technological constraints in hybrid rice cultivation
Sr.
No
.
Constraint Most
important
(%)
important
(%)
Not
important
Mean score Average
Khurda Bargarh
1. No
Choiceable
variety
48.56 38.46 12.98 2.33 2.38 2.36
2. More disease
and pest
attack
38.94 44.23 16.83 2.17 2.27 2.22
3. Severe weed
infestation
20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79
4. Timely
operation
42.31 47.12 10.57 2.31 2.33 2.32
5. More skill to
manage
25.00 25.48 49.52 1.77 1.74 1.75
OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010a) 69
Table 21:- Constraints in supply of inputs
Sr.
No.
Constraint Most
important
(%)
important
(%)
Not
important
Mean score Average
Khurda Bargarh
1. Poor quality
seed
48.56 42.31 9.13 2.38 2.40 2.39
2. Untimely
available of seed
48.08 41.83 7.69 2.38 2.32 2.35
3. Unreasonable
seed price
28.37 30.29 41.34 1.65 2.09 1.87
4. Unavailability
of other inputs
20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79
5. Unavailability
of implements
on hire basis
22.60 27.40 50.00 1.58 1.88 1.73
OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010b)
70
Disease and Pest Infestation
71
Table 22:- Pest and Disease reaction of released hybrids
Sr..
No.
Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF
1 APRH-1 MR MR
2 APRH-2 MR
3 CORH-1 R R MR MR MR MR
4 KRH-1 T T
5 CNRH-3
6 DRRH-1 R
7 KRH-2 R T R
8 Pant Sankar Dhan-1 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
9 PBH-71 T T T T
10 CORH-2 MR MR MR
11 ADTRH-1 MR R
12 Sanhyadri MR R
13 Narendra Sankar
Dhan -2
R R R R R
14 PA-6201 MR MR MR
15 PA-6444 MR MR MR MR R MR
16 Pusa RH-10 MR MR MR MR
17 PRH-11 (Ganga) R MR MR MR MR MR MR
18 RH-204 R T T R
19 Suruchi R MR
20 Pant Sankar Dhan-3 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
21 Naredra Usar Sankar
Dhan-3
R MR MR MR MR
Continue….
Sr. No. Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF
22 DRRH-2 R R MR MR
23 Rajalakshmi MR MR MR MR
24 Ajay MR MR MR MR MR MR
25 Sahyadri-2 MR R MR
26 Sahyadri-3 R MR MR MR MR MR MR R
27 HKRH-1 R MR MR
28 JKRH-401 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
29 CORH-3 T T T T T
30 Indira Sona MR MR R
31 JRH-4 R T T R T
32 JRH-5 R T T T
33 PA-6129 R MR MR R
34 GK-5003 R R MR MR MR
35 Sahyadri-4 MR MR T T T T
36 JRH-8
37 DRH-775 MR MR
38 HRI-157 MR MR
39 PAC-835 R MR MR
40 PAC-837 R MR MR MR
41 DRRH-3 MR MR T
42 US-312 R MR MR MR R
43 Indam 200-017 MR MR MR MR
44 CRHR-32 MR MR
45 NK-5251
DRR, Hyderabad Viraktamath (2011b)
BL: Blast, BLB: Bacterial Leaf Blight, RTV: Rice Tungro virus, ShBl: Sheath Blight, BS: Brown Spot, GLH: Green Leaf Hopper,
SB: Stem Borer, BPH: Brown Plant hopper, WBPH : White Backed Plan thopper, GM: Gall Midge, LF: Leaf folder, R-Resistant,
T-Tolerant and MR-Moderately resistant
73
Hybrid Rice Seed Production
In Asia In United Sates
74
 Hybrid rice is a proven and successful technology for rice production,
having contributed significantly toward improving food security, raising rice
productivity, farmers’ income and providing more employment opportunities
over the past three decades.
 The use of a male sterility system is a prerequisite for commercial
exploitation of heterosis in rice.
 Perfect synchrony between the parental lines, suitable GA3 dose and
favourable outcrossing traits of CMS lines are the bottleneck of successful
commercial cultivation of developed hybrid rice.
 Hybrid rice technology has two major components—research and seed
production.
 Both components must be strong to ensure an appropriate impact of this
technology at the farm level.
 Hybrid rice seed production and cultivation is beneficial than the HYVs.
Conclusion
75
A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the
country. Though the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian
agriculture, the successful large scale adoption of this innovative technology, in
future, primarily depends upon the economic attractiveness of this technology.
Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of heterosis coupled with better grain,
cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major pests and diseases
are being developed.
Aggressive efforts are needed to bring more area under hybrid rice by
involving all the stakeholders.
It is expected that by the year 2012 hybrids will be cultivated in India, in 3
million hectares and by 2015 hybrids are expected to cover at least 5 million
hectares of the rice area in the country, thereby contributing significantly
towards national food security.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
76
77

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Hybrid Rice - Prospectus and Challenges

  • 1. ll SHRI GANESHAY NMAHA ll 1
  • 2. Speaker: Mr. Chougule Girish R. Date: 03.03.2012 Time: 15.30 hr 2
  • 3. Rice is the staple food crop grown in an area of 45.54 m. ha. with a production of 99.18 m.t. in 2008 (anon., 2011). The country witnessed an impressive growth in rice production in the post- independence era due to the adoption of semi dwarf high yielding varieties coupled with the adoption of intensive input based management practices. Rice production was increased four times, productivity three times while the area increase was only one and half times during this period. In order to keep pace with the growing population, the estimated rice requirement by 2025 is about 130 m.t. Plateuing trend in the yield of HYV’s, declining and degrading natural resources like land and water and acute shortage of labour make the task of increasing rice production quite challenging. INTRODUCTION 3
  • 4. Year Area (Million Hectares) Production (Million Tonnes) Productivity (Kg./hectare) 1994-95 42.81 81.81 1911 1995-96 42.84 76.98 1797 1996-97 43.43 81.74 1882 1997-98 43.45 82.53 1900 1998-99 44.80 86.08 1921 1999-00 45.16 89.68 1986 2000-01 44.71 84.98 1901 2001-02 44.90 93.34 2079 2002-03 41.18 71.82 1744 2003-04 42.59 88.53 2077 2004-05 41.91 83.13 1984 2005-06 43.66 91.79 2102 2006-07 43.81 93.36 2131 2007-08 43.91 96.69 2202 2008-09 45.54 99.18 2178 2009-10 41.92 89.09 2125 2010-11 42.56 95.33 2240 2011-12 39.47 87.10 2207Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011. Table 1: Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India 4
  • 5. The current situation necessitates looking for some innovative technologies to boost rice production. The visionary approach of the policy makers, generous funding from the donors and effective implementation of the multi-disciplinary program in a mission mode by the project personnel, helped India to become the second country in the world after China to develop and commercialize hybrid rice. Hybrid rice technology is likely to play a key role in increasing the rice production. During the year 2010, hybrid rice was planted in an area of 2.0 m.ha. and an additional rice production of 3.0 m.t. (Viraktamath,2011)a was added to our food basket through this technology. As a result of concerted efforts for over two decades, totally 46 hybrids have been released for commercial cultivation in the country. Year Area (ha) Seed Production (t) 1995 195 200 1996 1075 1200 1997 1485 1800 1998 1630 2200 1999 1660 2500 2000 1630 2700 2001 1625 290 2002 1635 3100 Year Area (ha) Seed Production (t) 2003 2865 4000 2004 4350 8600 2005 6800 12500 2006 12000 18000 2007 13000 19500 2008 14000 21000 2009 18000 27000 2010 20000 30000 Table 2: Area and seed production of hybrid rice in India 5
  • 6. In the past, adoption of hybrid technology in rice was considered impractical because of the strict self- pollinating nature of the crop. Fortunately, rice breeders have overcome these hurdles by developing a usable system of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility and packages for efficient and economic seed production. More than 50% of the total rice area in China is planted to hybrid rice, and many countries outside China are developing and exploiting hybrid rice technology. 6
  • 7. Hybrid seed production in India. Public 3.4 Private 96.6 Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009 7
  • 8. Present National Hybrid Rice Research Network DRR, Hyderabad SRC & CC Delhi, Faizabad Cuttack, Raipur, Jabalpur Mandya, Maruteru, Coimbatore Karjat, Nawagam 8
  • 9. Hybrid Seed Market Share Bayer 39% Pioneer 11% JK 9% Advanta 5%Mahyco 1% Syngenta 1% Nath 5% Dhaanya 3% Manisha 4% Others 22% Market Share(%) Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009. 9
  • 10. Brief history of hybrid rice 1926 - Heterosis in rice reported. 1964 - China started hybrid rice research. 1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive ). 1973 - PTGMS rice was found in China. 1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China. 1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China. 1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice. 1981 - PTGMS rice genetics and application was confirmed. 1982- Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed (IRRI). 1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI. 1991 - More than 50% of China’s rice land planted to hybrids. 1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China. 1994 -1998 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines Vietnam. 10
  • 11. Cytoplasm diversity in Hybrids Kalinga 2% Dissi 15% Gambiaca 15% Mutagenized IR62829B 8% ARC 8% WA 52% Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009 11
  • 12. 12 The breeders nominate their best hybrids The test hybrids are pooled together and evaluated in Initial Hybrid Rice Trials (IHRT). Based on duration of the hybrid entries three groups of trials Test hybrids which record more than 5% yield advantage over the best hybrid check and 10% yield advantage over the best varietal check are promoted to next stage of testing. The hybrids promoted from IHRT are included in AVT-1 and subsequently promoted to AVT-2 if their performance is good in AVT-1. The system of evaluation of rice hybrids
  • 13. System of evaluation of rice hybrids in National coordinated trials 13
  • 14. Table 3: Hybrids currently available for cultivation Central releases State releases Public Sector KRH 2, Pusa RH 10, DRRH 2, Rajlaxmi, Sahyadri 4, DRRH 3, CRHR 32 PSD 3, Ajay, CoRH 3, Indira Sona, JRH 8 Private Sector PHB 71, PA 6129, PA 6201, PA 6444, JKRH 401, Suruchi, GK 5003, DRH 775, HRI-157, PAC 835, PAC 837, US 312, Indam 200 - 017, NK 5251, 27P11 14 Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
  • 15. 15 Popularly cultivated rice hybrids under South Gujarat condition US-312 Gorakhnath PA-6201 PA-6444 PA-5231 PA-6201 PHB-71 Suruchi
  • 16. Table – 4: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which they are released) based on MLT data-Phase I 16 Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
  • 17. Table – 5: Hybrids found suitable for other states (other than for which they are released) based on MLT data-Phase II Sr. No. Hybrids Released for states Found suitable for other states based on MLT performance (2006,07 & 08) Early group 1 CORH-3 Tamilnadu New Delhi, Uttarkhand, Assam, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal 2 DRRH -2 Haryana, Uttarkhand, West Bengal and Tamilnadu New Delhi, Assam, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Mid-Early Group 3 PSD -3 Uttarkhand Assam, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu Medium group 4 CRHR-5 Orissa Bihar and Andhra Pradesh 5 JKRH- 2000 West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa Jharkhand 6 PA 6444 U.P, Tripura, Orissa, A.P, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttarkhand Jharkhand and Gujarat. *States in bold font represent hybrids performed well in all three seasons 17Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
  • 18. Improvement of parental lines Components of hybrid rice breeding 18
  • 19. 1. Source Nursery (SN) This nursery includes elite lines which have the potential to become parents of commercial hybrids. The best available CMS and TGMS lines are also included in this nursery. 2. CMS Line Maintenance and Evaluation Nursery (CMSN) It is the breeding nursery in which the CMS lines, both developed locally and those which are introduced from outside, are maintained and evaluated. 3. Testcross Nursery (TN) It is the breeding nursery wherein F1s of cytoplasmic male sterile lines and test varieties from the source nursery are screened for pollen sterility/fertility, spikelet fertility, and other agronomic traits to identify the potential maintainers and restorers and heterotic hybrids. 4. Restorer Purification Nursery (RPN) This breeding nursery comprises the progenies of the CMS line and individual plants of restorer lines which are selected for purification and seed multiplication purposes. 5. Backcross Nursery (BN) It is a breeding nursery wherein the CMS system from the available CMS lines is transferred into the genetic background of elite maintainer lines identified in the testcross nursery by consecutive backcrossing. 6. Combining Ability Nursery (CAN) A breeding nursery comprising a set of crosses derived from promising CMS and restorer lines which are evaluated along with their parents to assess their combining ability or their ability to produce superior progenies when crossed with another parent. 19
  • 20. Seed production of parental lines and experimental hybrids 1. Nucleus and breeder seed production of parental lines Nucleus and breeder seeds are the seeds of highest genetic purity to be produced under the strict supervision of the breeder/agency sponsoring a hybrid, which is further distributed to produce foundation seed. 2. Seed production for evaluation of experimental hybrids This involves the seed production plots for producing a small quantity of seeds of a large number of experimental hybrids which are to be tested in various yield trials. 20
  • 21. Development and evaluation of CMS lines: Development of commercially useable CMS lines with desirable traits is an important activity of the hybrid rice network project in India. Work on development of region specific CMS lines is actively done by many centers. Presently 48-50 promising maintainers are at various stages of conversion program in the backcross nursery. Table –6: Promising CMS lines developed Centre Promising CMS lines developed DRR, Hyderabad DRR 6A, 9A, 10A, 12A, 14A, 15A IARI, New Delhi Pusa 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 10A, 11A PAU, Ludhiana PMS 3A, 10A, 12A, 17A RARS, Karjat KJTCMS 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A ARS, Ratnagiri RTN 8A, 10A, 13A, 14A APRRI, Maruteru APMS 6A, 8A, 9A CRRI, Cuttack CRMS 32A, CRMS 31A 21 Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad. 2011
  • 22. Large Scale Seed Production India has got a strong seed sector both in public and private. More than 30 private seed companies are taking up large scale seed production and about 10 of them possess their own R & D set up.  Large scale seed production is taken up in Karimnagar, Warangal, Nizamabad, Kurnool and Nandyal districts of Andhra Pradesh, Tumkur, Mandya and Mysore districts of Karnataka State and Kolhapur district in Maharashtra and Erode and Bhavanisagar districts of Tamil Nadu state.  Seventy to eighty percent of the total hybrid rice seed is produced in the northern Telangana region (Karimnagar, Warangal and Nizamabad) of Andhra Pradesh state. 22
  • 23. 23
  • 24. Needs Country Area (Mha) tons/ha India 44.6 3.0 China 30.5 6.2 24
  • 26. Genetic enhancement for yield heterosis through exploitation of New Plant Types (NPT): Most of the commercial hybrids now in cultivation belong to intra sub specific group (indica/indica or japonica/japonica). The insufficient genetic diversity is recognized as a major cause for the yield ceiling in hybrid rice that has appeared for nearly 20 years. This strategy is based on the experience that the magnitude of heterosis is in the order of indica/japonica>indica/javanica>japonica/javanica > indica/indica > japonica/japonica the inter sub specific hybridization approaches utilizing tropical japonica lines such as Akihikari, Koshihikari and wide compatibility indica donors like Dular and Nagina 22 and a number high yielding indica rice varieties through a complex crosses, a series of NPT combining dark green erect leaves, sturdy stem, moderate but synchronous tillering and grain number up to 250- 350/panicle were developed. Indica x japonica Indica x javanica japonica x javanica indica x indica japonica x japonica 26
  • 27. Table 7: Yield (t ha–1) of Japonica-Indica hybrid THR1. Variety Type 1994 1995 1996 Av (%) THR1 (P1/P2) Hybrid 7.2 7.2 6.6 7.0 (137) Habataki (P2) Indica 6.3 6.3 5.1 5.9 (115) Nipponbare (check) Japonica 4.9 5.6 5.1 5.1 (100) IRRI, Philippines Takita et al. (2003) 27
  • 28. Table 8:- Promising hybrids for grain yield plant-1with standard heterosis. Sr. No. Hybrid Grain yield plant-1 (gm) Standard heterosis (%) SC-I (Jaya) SC-II (Sahyandri) SC-III (GR-11) 1. RTN-3A X BL-184AR 67.18 86.60** 58.03** 102.65** 2. RTN-2A X NVSR-20 63.17 75.48** 48.61** 90.57** 3. RTN-13A X GR-7 55.92 55.33** 31.54** 68.68** 4. RTN-3A X NVSR-20 55.79 54.98** 31.25** 68.30** 5. RTN-13A X IR-63879- 195-195-2-2-3-2 52.62 46.15** 23.77** 58.72** 6. RTN-3A X GR-11 52.49 45.81** 23.48** 58.35** 7. RTN-3A X PKV- Ganesh 51.21 42.26** 20.47** 54.49** NAU, Navsari Waghmode (2010a) 28
  • 30. About 95% of the area under cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) derived hybrids are occupied from wild abortive (WA) cytosterility system (Yuan and Virmani, 1988). Out side China, WA cytosterility system is mostly used to develop suitable CMS lines. In India, 33 hybrids in rice based on WA cytosterility have been developed by public (27 hybrids) and private sectors (5 hybrids) (Anon., 2009). The differential response of the different CMS lines which have in common only the same cytosterility system ‘WA’ could only be attributed to genetic differences in their maternal nuclear component. Similarly, the same CMS line responding variedly to different restorers would again imply the differential genetic constitution of the latter in respect of restoration ability (Siddiq,1989). 30
  • 31. The CMS lines are classified as follows, based on the extent of pollen sterility: Pollen sterility (%) Category 100 Completely sterile 91-100 Sterile 71-90 Partial sterile 31-70 Partial fertile 21-30 Fertile 0-20 Completely fertile 31
  • 32. Completely Sterile Pollen Grains Partial Fertile Pollen Grains Fertile Pollen Grains Completely fertile Pollen Grains 32
  • 33. Male sterility systems Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility Environment-sensitive genetic male sterility Chemically-induced male sterility Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility – It is caused by an interaction between genetic factor(s) present in cytoplasm and the nucleus. Absence of a sterility inducing factor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus makes a line male fertile. Presence of certain dominant restorer gene(s) in the nucleus makes a line capable of restoring fertility in the hybrid derived from it and a CMS line. 1. A line(male sterile line) 2. B line(maintainer line) 3. R line(restorer line) The ‘CMS’ line is multiplied by growing it along with its corresponding ‘B’ line in isolation. The ‘A’ line seed thus obtained will be grown along with ‘R’ line in isolation for the production of hybrid rice seed. The three line system is by far the most stable and widely used system in the world, although two line system is being used to a limited extend in China. 33
  • 34. A x B=A ////// A x R=R A line R line male characters were suppressed fertile dwarf tall 34
  • 35. Hybrid Rice Seed Production by using Three Line System 35
  • 36. Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System  A-line  Stable Sterility  Well developed floral traits for out-crossing  Easily, wide-spectrum, & strongly to be restored  B-line  Well developed floral traits with large pollen load  Good combining ability  R-line  Strong restore ability  Good combining ability  Taller than A-line  Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing 36
  • 37. 37
  • 38. Procedure of transferring a CMS system into an elite maintainer line. 38
  • 39. Procedures for identifying a CMS source CMS sources can be identified in 1. Inter-varietal reciprocal crosses 2. Inter-specific crosses Identifying CMS sources in inter-varietal crosses Example: Chinsurah Boro-ll source 39
  • 40. Identifying CMS sources in inter-specific crosses 40
  • 41. Advantages of the CMS system Among all the male sterility systems, the CMS system is the most effective and proven method of commercial hybrid rice production. Disadvantages of the CMS system Seed production is quite cumbersome as it is done in two steps, i.e., AxB multiplication and AxR F1 production. The choice of male parents is limited to only those genotypes which are identified as restorers. Sometimes the sterility-inducing cytoplasm exerts adverse negative effects on the expression of agronomic traits. A CMS system may cause a genetic vulnerability of the derived hybrids if this system gets associated with susceptibility to a biotic stress. 41
  • 42. Environment Sensitive Genic Male Sterility (EGMS) This is a genetic male sterility system in which sterility expression is conditioned by environmental factors. • Types of EGMS There are two types of EGMS which are currently being used in rice: PGMS - Photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility Genic male sterile lines which respond to the photoperiod or duration of day length for expression of pollen sterility and fertility behavior. For example, most of the PGMS lines remain male sterile under a long-day (>13.75h) conditions and revert back to fertility under short-day (< 13.75h) conditions. TGMS - Thermo sensitive Genic Male Sterility Genic male sterile lines whose male sterility/fertility alteration is conditioned by different temperature regimes. For example, most of the TGMS lines remain male sterile at a high temperature (>30°C) and they revert back to partial fertility at a lower temperature (<30°C). The critical sterility/fertility points vary from genotype to genotype. 42
  • 43. Some EGMS lines identified In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the country and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also underway at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore in similar lines EGMS Lines PGMS TGMS 43
  • 44. Two Line Commercial Systems for Hybrid Rice 44
  • 45. Chemically induced male sterility This non-genetic method of inducing male sterility involves the use of chemicals called Chemical Hybridizing Agents (CHA) or gametocides. This method is very useful for plants with bisexual flowers in which it is difficult to obtain genetic or cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility. • In this method of developing hybrids, male sterility is induced by spraying a rice variety with chemical gametocide that can kill pollen grains of treated plants without affecting the pistil. In hybrid seed production, two parents are planted in alternate strips. One is sprayed with chemicals at appropriate growth stage, and the other is used as pollen source to produce the hybrid seed. • The ideal gametocides should Selectively induce male sterility without adversely affecting the female fertility. Have systemic effects so as to sterilize both early and late panicles. Have a broad range of effectivity in order to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Have minimum side effects on plant growth and panicle development. •For developing hybrids by using gametocides: - The female line should have a synchronous flowering habit - The line should respond to chemical treatment - The parents should possess good outcrossing traits 45
  • 46. Important gametocides found useful in rice Chemical Concentration Growth stage for application Ethrel 8000-10,000 ppm Pre-boot and boot stage Monosodium Methyl Arsenate (MGI) 0.02 % or 2000 ppm Uni-nucleated pollen stage Sodium Methyl Arsenate 0.02 % or 2000 ppm 5 days before heading 46
  • 47. Panicle developmental stages Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Mean temperature Relative humidity Sunshine hours S1 0.649** 0.278 0.624** -0.600** 0.386 S2 0.584** 0.570** 0.655** -0.535** 0.389 S3 0.593** 0.675** 0.730** -0.292 -0.037 S4 0.766** 0.424* 0.691** -0.403 0.333 S5 0.654** 0.487* 0.770** -0.236 0.091 S6 0.706** 0.597** 0.742** -0.382 0.233 S7 0.671** 0.546** 0.727** -0.232 0.322 S8 0.639** 0.403 0.514* -0.251 0.095 Overall Mean 0.597** 0.456* 0.568** -0.375 0.378 *,** Significant at P=0.05 & P=0.01, respectively. Table 9: Correlation coefficient of pollen sterility with weather parameters at different stages of Panicle development in TS6 TNAU, Coimbatore Latha et al., 2004 47
  • 48. Table 10:- Evaluation of twenty two rice CMS lines for pollen sterility and other floral traits. Sr. No. Entries Days to 50 % flowering Panicle exertion % Stigma exertion Pollen Sterility 1 COMS 11 97.00 81.12 26.51 (T.S.) 99.43 2 COMS 12 95.50 81.39 35.98 (T.S.) 99.39 3 COMS 13 99.50 87.63 41.85 (O.S) 100.00 4 COMS 14 95.00 74.67 38.89 (O.S) 99.59 5 COMS 15 99.00 81.25 41.95 (O.S) 100.00 6 COMS 19 98.00 81.61 37.09 (O.S) 99.95 7 IR - 68275 99.50 81.28 31.15 (O.S) 100.00 8 IR - 68280 102.00 80.95 31.48 (O.S) 98.81 9 IR - 68281 107.50 89.68 41.09 (T.S.) 99.94 10 IR - 68285 109.00 79.90 41.20 (T.S.) 99.06 11 IR - 68890 102.50 83.75 35.20 (O.S) 98.28 12 IR - 68892 105.50 81.38 37.89 (T.S.) 99.19 13 IR - 69626 102.50 83.97 41.87 (T.S.) 99.92 14 IR - 71321 107.50 88.48 47.06 (T.S.) 98.64 15 DRR-7 90.00 88.81 41.36 (T.S.) 99.93 16 RTN-6 96.50 82.14 42.11 (T.S.) 99.97 17 RTN-13 111.00 81.25 41.59 (T.S.) 100.00 18 PMS-17 104.00 82.84 45.04 (T.S.) 99.95 19 KJT-6 113.50 69.75 29.21 (O.S) 99.60 20 DMS-3 86.50 79.69 35.54 (O.S) 99.73 21 Zhen shan-97 86.50 76.75 10.08 (O.S) 98.86 22 CMS-39 107.50 81.95 41.56 (T.S.) 100.00 TS – Two side exsertion OS – One side exsertion TNAU, Coimbatore Umadevi et al. (2010)48
  • 49. Table 11:- Stability performance of floral traits of CMS lines in rice. CMS lines Length of filament (mm) Pollen sterility (%) Angle of floret opening (0) Stigma exsertion (%) Panicle exsertion (%) KJT 1A 5.22 100 28.52 46.17 80.41 KJT 2A 6.59 100 31.66 44.15 80.44 KJT 3A 5.63 100 28.03 42.50 81.36 KJT 4A 5.30 100 28.66 47.70 81.96 KJT 5A 6.32 100 29.22 44.44 82.09 KJT 6A 5.73 100 27.16 46.43 80.91 KJT 7A 6.41 100 27.91 45.89 80.64 IR-58025A 7.89 100 26.62 43.99 78.34 Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli Pardhe et al. (2011) 49
  • 51. Fertility percentage of cross(%) Score of corresponding restorer > 80 1 75-79.9 2 70-74.9 3 65-69.9 4 <64.9 5 Table 12: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of hybrids & restorers. IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005 51
  • 52. CMS line CMS source Restorer PRR 72 IR 73885 IR 71604-4-1 IR 71604-4-4 IR 65514 Pusa 3A WA 75.54(2) 68.24(4) 76.12(2) 85.48(1) 71.19(3) Pusa 5A WA 88.04(1) 66.61(4) 81.79(1) 66.37(4) 60.93(5) IR 58025A WA 82.43(1) 73.13(3) 79.28(2) 83.3(1) 64.49(5) IR 68273A ARC 73.96(3) 70.28(3) 84.63(1) 77.02(2) 67.14(4) IR 73328A IR62829B mutant 76.71(2) 81.06(1) 81.6(1) 80.24(1) 72.84(3) APMS 2A ARC 74.79(3) 77.21(2) 68.76(4) 86.86(1) 75.29(2) CRMS 32A Kalinga I 76.94(2) 77.31(2) 70.22(3) 79.59(2) 71.66(3) Mean (hybrids) 78.34 73.4 77.49 79.84 69.08 Mean (Restorer) 86.76 82.74 87.49 82.12 76.97 Total Score (14) (19) (14) (12) (25) Rank II III II I IV Table 13: Mean spikelet fertility percentage of hybrids & restorers. IARI, New Delhi Hariprasanna et al., 2005 52
  • 53. Table 14:- Pollen viability, spikelet fertility and restoration behavior of pollen parents with CMS lines NMS 4A and IR-58025A Sr. No. NMS 4A IR-58025A Pollen fertility Spikelet fertility Restoration behaviour Pollen fertility Spikelet fertility Restoratio n behaviour 1 IR-70023-4B-R-12-3- 1-1-B 77.37 71.59 PR 70.46 57.90 PR 2 NDRK 5095 58.30 36.91 PR 73.00 69.09 PR 3 NDRK 5086 53.53 50.39 PR 65.28 50.90 PR 4 NDRK 5013 34.04 33.04 PR 72.00 67.85 PR 5 CSRC(S) 14-1-4-0 76.33 62.90 PR 76.00 66.10 PR 6 92-H 51-4 43.33 32.75 PR 37.91 25.78 PR 7 PNL 1-8-5-17-2 92.05 90.56 R 94.90 92.33 R 8 NDR 9830148 90.22 85.32 R 93.01 91.14 R 9 IR 72048-B-R-2-2-2- 1-B 83.72 82.58 R 93.11 92.74 R 10 IR 71829-3R-73-1-2- B 94.88 85.72 R 95.05 92.79 R 11 NDRK 5094 88.73 81.78 R 94.21 92.01 R 12 Narendra Usar 3 91.00 90.11 R 92.12 90.70 R Pollen parents CMS Lines Kumarganj, Faizabad Kumar et al. (2010) 53
  • 54. Table 15 : Fertility reaction of test crosses involving five CMS lines of five different cytoplasmic sources (kharif-2008) Sr. No. Female KJTCMS-6A RTN-2A RTN-3A RTN-13A RTN-17A Male PF% SF% FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR PF SF FR 1 IR-8866 86.50 79.96 R 90.53 84.77 R 86.70 80.96 R 84.38 76.65 R 87.49 81.07 R 2 IR-22273 83.49 77.82 R 86.91 81.33 R 87.67 82.27 R 70.56 67.19 PR 86.22 81.21 R 3 IR-28 36.70 31.14 PM 83.77 78.22 R 73.29 67.74 PR 80.57 75.01 R 83.34 77.79 R 4 GR-4 83.54 77.98 R 61.11 55.55 PR 8.34 2.01 PM 81.62 76.07 R 0.00 0.00 M 5 PR-115 82.40 77.63 R 88.12 82.99 R 94.43 87.29 R 85.94 79.67 R 85.37 82.18 R 6 PKV- Makarand 88.47 83.43 R 83.93 77.74 R 85.89 80.50 R 86.07 80.24 R 82.22 79.71 R 7 GR-3 77.20 71.48 PR 87.17 81.14 R 87.88 81.55 R 86.78 81.54 R 80.34 76.79 R 8 GR-7 91.43 87.01 R 82.92 77.53 R 89.28 86.68 R 87.57 81.57 R 88.84 83.88 R 9 Pusa Sugandh-5 82.93 77.35 R 87.13 81.50 R 84.71 80.31 R 82.03 77.04 R 85.81 80.37 R 10 Gurjari 31.45 25.89 P M 75.38 69.83 PR 87.72 82.16 R 4.84 0.26 P M 1.25 0.00 M 11 NVSR-20 90.03 84.56 R 84.12 78.72 R 88.10 84.11 R 79.42 74.79 P R 85.35 79.50 R 12 Dandi 83.98 78.81 R 87.29 81.72 R 82.81 77.20 R 87.26 82.12 R 77.73 72.51 PR 13 GR-11 89.21 84.34 R 80.32 75.51 R 83.51 77.98 R 82.34 77.52 R 88.08 82.94 R 14 GR-5 49.68 44.12 P M 23.93 18.37 P M 0.00 0.00 M 0.00 0.00 M 7.41 1.58 P M NAU.Navsari Waghmode (2010b)54
  • 56. Table 16: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice Activity Requirement Seed rate 12-15 kg/ha Seed density (in nursery) 25-30 g/m2 Spacing 15 x 15 or 20 x 15 cm Seeding/hill One or two Nitrogen level 120-150 kg / ha to be give in three splits Phosphorus and Potassium 60 : 60 kg / ha Potash to be given in two splits Plant protection Need based Row ratio 2B:10A,for CMS multiplication 2R:12A, for hybrid seed production Spacing B/R to B/R – 30cm B/R to A – 20 cm A to A – 15 cm GA3 application 45 g/ha at 5% heading in two split doses on consecutive days Supplementary pollination Twice a day at peak anthesis during flowering phase Roguing Twice during vegetative phase based on morphological characters and twice during and after flowering based on floral characters sterility etc. 56
  • 57. Treatment V20A IR62829A Filled grains/Panicle Outcrossing rate(%) Seed Yield(Kg/ha) Filled grains/Panicle Out crossing rate(%) Seed Yield (Kg/ha) Control 6 6.7 306 18 17 982 F 8 8.4 377 27 27.6 1551 R 9 10.9 481 30 28.9 1643 F+R 10 13.1 598 29 29.8 1626 G 8 11.4 477 28 27 1554 G+F 13 15.6 685* 36 37.3 1906* G+R 11 13.8 607 32 31.7 1862 G+F+R 13 15.9 710* 35 33.7 1927* U1 9 10.6 470 27 25.5 1455 U1+F 12 16.2 687* 33 32.3 1845* U1+R 10 13.6 603 33 32 1818 U1+F+R 11 15 653* 35 32.8 1859* G+U1 8 10.2 461 28 27.9 1577 G+U1+F 11 15.3 657* 35 32.8 1856* G+U1+R 12 14.5 641 33 32.1 1811 G+U1+F+R 11 15.2 662* 34 33.1 1904* CD at 5% 2 2.4 104 6 2.7 140 IARI, New Delhi Bong et al., 1994 Table 17: Outcrossing rate & hybrid seed yield in V20A and IR62829A. F = Flag leaf clipping, R = Rope pulling, G = GA3 (60 ppm) spray, U1 = Urea (1%) spray 57
  • 58. Treatment Plant height Panicle length Panicle exsertion Seed set (%) Seed yield (g m-2) WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS Control 67.6 70.7 20.3 22.7 70.1 74.0 17.5 21.4 72.9 94.5 GA3 (30ppm + 30 ppm) 79.3 88.3 22.6 25.2 78.5 83.3 26.4 33.2 115.1 141.5 Spent wash (20ml lit-1) 70.2 78.6 20.8 23.3 71.9 76.5 18.8 23.1 81.3 103.3 Brassinolides (0.3ppm) 68.3 81.3 20.5 24.1 73.0 76.1 20.3 29.0 92.7 139.4 Brassinolides (0.3ppm) + GA3 (30ppm) 71.3 84.2 21.5 24.5 77.2 81.9 23.4 30.6 101.2 140.0 KH2PO4 (500 g ha-1) 71.2 80.1 20.7 23.2 71.9 75.8 17.7 23.1 84.7 109.6 KH2PO4 (500 g ha-1) + GA3 (30ppm) 69.8 82.9 20.8 23.8 75.4 79.6 20.2 25.4 90.9 137.5 DAP (2%) + KCL (1%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Boric acid (0.2%) 69.5 76.7 21.4 23.3 74.5 77.4 19.2 26.4 86.0 123.5 Table 18:- Effect of different chemical on plant height, panicle length, panicle exsertion, seed set and seed yield in IR 62829A. CRRI, Cuttack Swain and Rao (2009) 58
  • 59. CONSTRAINTS IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE HYBRID RICE 59
  • 60.  Level of heterosis is not attractive ( < 20 % ).  Grain quality very poor; low HRR and stickiness .  Susceptibility to major diseases and insect pests.  Non synchronization of parental lines, particularly in large-scale hybrid rice seed production plots at new locations.  Higher seed cost. Production of pure hybrid seed highly skill oriented (self pollinated crop) : Needs optimization of several components viz. planting time, planting geometry, row ratio, GA3 application and supplementary pollination.  Lower market price and inadequate profitability.  Yield advantage in some cases are marginal, inconsistent across locations.  Wide gap between technology generation and technology transfer. Cost effective seed production technology required.  Cultivation and seed production technology need standardization.  Lack of free exchange of promising germplasm between public research institutions and the private seed sector. 60
  • 62. AreaConstraints of suitable area: At present rice hybrid seed production is concentrated in Karim Nagar and Warangal districts of Andhra Pradesh. More than 90 % of hybrid rice seed is produced in this region. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new areas in other states for large scale hybrid seed production. However, the beginning has been made to produce hybrid seed in other States. Seed produced Region Wise AP, Karimnagar & Warangal 80% Karnataka 8% Maharashtra 8% Others 4% Source: DRR, Hyderabad, 2009 62
  • 63. 63
  • 64. 64
  • 66. Improve hybrid rice grain quality Rice grain quality of inbreds and hybrids* Trait Inbred Hybrid Total Milling (%) 69.1 68.2 Whole Milling (%) 48.7 45.4 Chalk (%) 13.5 20.6 Amylose (% 19.8 20.6 GT 4.3 5.5 Length 6.9 7.1 L/W 3.2 3.3 Data from National Cooperative Testing (NCT), Philippines, 2004-2005 66
  • 67. Anonymous, (1997) Chinese scientist reported that with every 1% decrease in purity of the hybrid seed, the eventual yield loss in hybrid would be about 100 kg/ha. Purity of Seed, Untimely Availability of seed and Weed Infestation 67
  • 68. Table 19:- Effect of weed management on total weed count and yield of hybrid rice ADTRH-1 Treatment Total weed number m-2 Grain yield (t ha-1) Dry Wet Dry Wet W1-Weedy check 81.35 85.56 3.80 3.71 W2-Weed free 3.72 3.61 6.24 6.17 W3-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai ha-1 at 3 DAT 46.02 49.00 4.55 4.38 W4-Butachlor 1.5 kg ai ha-1 at 3 DAT + hand weeding at 40 DAT 26.47 28.83 5.78 5.63 W5- hand weeding at 20 DAT 47.89 50.97 4.35 4.20 W6-hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT 27.29 30.47 5.62 5.50 Annamali Nagar Srinivasan et al. (2008) 68
  • 69. Table 20:- Technological constraints in hybrid rice cultivation Sr. No . Constraint Most important (%) important (%) Not important Mean score Average Khurda Bargarh 1. No Choiceable variety 48.56 38.46 12.98 2.33 2.38 2.36 2. More disease and pest attack 38.94 44.23 16.83 2.17 2.27 2.22 3. Severe weed infestation 20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79 4. Timely operation 42.31 47.12 10.57 2.31 2.33 2.32 5. More skill to manage 25.00 25.48 49.52 1.77 1.74 1.75 OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010a) 69
  • 70. Table 21:- Constraints in supply of inputs Sr. No. Constraint Most important (%) important (%) Not important Mean score Average Khurda Bargarh 1. Poor quality seed 48.56 42.31 9.13 2.38 2.40 2.39 2. Untimely available of seed 48.08 41.83 7.69 2.38 2.32 2.35 3. Unreasonable seed price 28.37 30.29 41.34 1.65 2.09 1.87 4. Unavailability of other inputs 20.19 38.46 41.35 1.77 1.81 1.79 5. Unavailability of implements on hire basis 22.60 27.40 50.00 1.58 1.88 1.73 OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010b) 70
  • 71. Disease and Pest Infestation 71
  • 72. Table 22:- Pest and Disease reaction of released hybrids Sr.. No. Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF 1 APRH-1 MR MR 2 APRH-2 MR 3 CORH-1 R R MR MR MR MR 4 KRH-1 T T 5 CNRH-3 6 DRRH-1 R 7 KRH-2 R T R 8 Pant Sankar Dhan-1 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR 9 PBH-71 T T T T 10 CORH-2 MR MR MR 11 ADTRH-1 MR R 12 Sanhyadri MR R 13 Narendra Sankar Dhan -2 R R R R R 14 PA-6201 MR MR MR 15 PA-6444 MR MR MR MR R MR 16 Pusa RH-10 MR MR MR MR 17 PRH-11 (Ganga) R MR MR MR MR MR MR 18 RH-204 R T T R 19 Suruchi R MR 20 Pant Sankar Dhan-3 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR 21 Naredra Usar Sankar Dhan-3 R MR MR MR MR Continue….
  • 73. Sr. No. Hybrid BL BLB RTV ShBL BS GLH SB BPH WBPH GM LF 22 DRRH-2 R R MR MR 23 Rajalakshmi MR MR MR MR 24 Ajay MR MR MR MR MR MR 25 Sahyadri-2 MR R MR 26 Sahyadri-3 R MR MR MR MR MR MR R 27 HKRH-1 R MR MR 28 JKRH-401 MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR 29 CORH-3 T T T T T 30 Indira Sona MR MR R 31 JRH-4 R T T R T 32 JRH-5 R T T T 33 PA-6129 R MR MR R 34 GK-5003 R R MR MR MR 35 Sahyadri-4 MR MR T T T T 36 JRH-8 37 DRH-775 MR MR 38 HRI-157 MR MR 39 PAC-835 R MR MR 40 PAC-837 R MR MR MR 41 DRRH-3 MR MR T 42 US-312 R MR MR MR R 43 Indam 200-017 MR MR MR MR 44 CRHR-32 MR MR 45 NK-5251 DRR, Hyderabad Viraktamath (2011b) BL: Blast, BLB: Bacterial Leaf Blight, RTV: Rice Tungro virus, ShBl: Sheath Blight, BS: Brown Spot, GLH: Green Leaf Hopper, SB: Stem Borer, BPH: Brown Plant hopper, WBPH : White Backed Plan thopper, GM: Gall Midge, LF: Leaf folder, R-Resistant, T-Tolerant and MR-Moderately resistant 73
  • 74. Hybrid Rice Seed Production In Asia In United Sates 74
  • 75.  Hybrid rice is a proven and successful technology for rice production, having contributed significantly toward improving food security, raising rice productivity, farmers’ income and providing more employment opportunities over the past three decades.  The use of a male sterility system is a prerequisite for commercial exploitation of heterosis in rice.  Perfect synchrony between the parental lines, suitable GA3 dose and favourable outcrossing traits of CMS lines are the bottleneck of successful commercial cultivation of developed hybrid rice.  Hybrid rice technology has two major components—research and seed production.  Both components must be strong to ensure an appropriate impact of this technology at the farm level.  Hybrid rice seed production and cultivation is beneficial than the HYVs. Conclusion 75
  • 76. A good beginning has been made by ushering in to an era of hybrid rice in the country. Though the hybrid rice technology has been introduced to Indian agriculture, the successful large scale adoption of this innovative technology, in future, primarily depends upon the economic attractiveness of this technology. Rice hybrids with still higher magnitude of heterosis coupled with better grain, cooking and eating quality and possessing resistance to major pests and diseases are being developed. Aggressive efforts are needed to bring more area under hybrid rice by involving all the stakeholders. It is expected that by the year 2012 hybrids will be cultivated in India, in 3 million hectares and by 2015 hybrids are expected to cover at least 5 million hectares of the rice area in the country, thereby contributing significantly towards national food security. FUTURE OUTLOOK 76
  • 77. 77

Editor's Notes

  1. Table 1: Area, Production and Productivity of rice in India
  2. Table 2: Area and seed production of hybrid rice in India
  3. Source :- RKMP, DRR, Hyderabad
  4. Source: Hybrid Rice in India, DRR, Hyderabad.
  5. Heterosis
  6. Waghmode (2010)
  7. Male Sterility
  8. In India, GB Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar has been the first institute to develop two line hybrid UPRTGH 332 in the country and entered in the national trial for multi location tests. Research work is also underway at DRR, Hyderabad and TNAU, Coimbatore in similar lines
  9. Coimbatore (2010) Umadevi et al.
  10. Fertility Restoration
  11. NAU.Navsari
  12. Seed Production
  13. Table: Package for cultivation of hybrid rice
  14. Table 16:
  15. CONSTRAINTS IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE HYBRID RICE
  16. Seed Production
  17. Quality
  18. Purity of Seed, Untimely Availability of seed, Weed Infestation
  19. OUAT, Bhubaneswar Raj et al. (2010)
  20. Continue….
  21. FUTURE OUTLOOK