Dockers and Kubernetes
A way to build scalable and portable applications with Cloud
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore
Associate Professor, Dept of Computer Science and Engg

About Me • Associate Professor, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
• Masters & PhD from National University of Singapore (NUS)
• Several years in Industry/Academia
• Sasken Communications, NXP Semiconductors, Progress
Software, IIIT-HYD, NUS (Singapore)
• Architect, Manager, Technology Evangelist, Visiting Faculty
• Talks/workshops in USA, Europe, Australia, Asia
• Cloud/Edge Computing, IoT, Game Theory, Software QA
• Kathakali Artist, Composer, Speaker, Traveler, Photographer
GANESHNIYER http://ganeshniyer.com

Outline
• Dockers
• Need for Orchestration
• Kubernetes

How many worked on Kubernetes?
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 4

How many of you have worked on
Dockers?
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 5

How many of you have heard of dockers?

How many know what is Cloud Computing?

Dockers

Flashback –
Lets go back to pre-1960’s

Multiplicityof
Goods
Multiplicityof
methodsfor
transporting/storing
DoIworryabout
howgoodsinteract
(e.g.coffeebeans
nexttospices)
CanItransport
quicklyandsmoothly
(e.g.fromboatto
traintotruck)
Cargo Transport Pre-1960

? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Also an M x N Matrix

Multiplicityof
Goods
Multiplicityof
methodsfor
transporting/storing
DoIworryabout
howgoodsinteract
(e.g.coffeebeans
nexttospices)
CanItransport
quicklyand
smoothly
(e.g.fromboatto
traintotruck)
Solution: Intermodal Shipping Container
…in between, can be loaded and
unloaded, stacked, transported
efficiently over long distances,
and transferred from one mode
of transport to another
A standard container that is
loaded with virtually any
goods, and stays sealed until
it reaches final delivery.

This eliminated the M x N problem…

and spawned an Intermodal Shipping Container Ecosystem
• 90% of all cargo now shipped in a standard container
• Order of magnitude reduction in cost and time to load and unload ships
• Massive reduction in losses due to theft or damage
• Huge reduction in freight cost as percent of final goods (from >25% to <3%) massive globalizations
• 5000 ships deliver 200M containers per year

Static website
Web frontend
User DB
Queue Analytics DB
Background workers
API endpoint
nginx 1.5 + modsecurity + openssl + bootstrap 2
postgresql + pgv8 + v8
hadoop + hive + thrift + OpenJDK
Ruby + Rails + sass + Unicorn
Redis + redis-sentinel
Python 3.0 + celery + pyredis + libcurl + ffmpeg + libopencv + nodejs +
phantomjs
Python 2.7 + Flask + pyredis + celery + psycopg + postgresql-client
Development VM
QA server
Public Cloud
Disaster recovery
Contributor’s laptop
Production Servers
The Challenge
Multiplicityof
Stacks
Multiplicityof
hardware
environments
Production Cluster
Customer Data Center
Doservicesand
appsinteract
appropriately?
CanImigrate
smoothlyand
quickly?

Results in M x N compatibility nightmare
Static website
Web frontend
Background workers
User DB
Analytics DB
Queue
Development
VM
QA Server
Single Prod
Server
Onsite Cluster Public Cloud
Contributor’s
laptop
Customer
Servers
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Static website Web frontendUser DB Queue Analytics DB
Development
VM
QA server Public Cloud Contributor’s
laptop
Docker is a shipping container system for
code
Multiplicityof
Stacks
Multiplicityof
hardware
environments
Production Cluster
Customer Data
Center
Doservicesand
appsinteract
appropriately?
CanImigrate
smoothlyand
quickly
…that can be manipulated using
standard operations and run
consistently on virtually any
hardware platform
An engine that enables any
payload to be encapsulated
as a lightweight, portable,
self-sufficient container…

Static website Web frontendUser DB Queue Analytics DB
Development
VM
QA server Public Cloud Contributor’s
laptop
Or…put more simply
Multiplicityof
Stacks
Multiplicityof
hardware
environments
Production Cluster
Customer Data
Center
Doservicesand
appsinteract
appropriately?
CanImigrate
smoothlyand
quickly
Operator: Configure Once, Run
Anything
Developer: Build Once, Run
Anywhere (Finally)

Static website
Web frontend
Background workers
User DB
Analytics DB
Queue
Development
VM
QA Server
Single Prod
Server
Onsite Cluster Public Cloud
Contributor’s
laptop
Customer
Servers
Docker solves the M x N problem

Docker containers
• Wrap up a piece of software in a
complete file system that contains
everything it needs to run:
– Code, runtime, system tools, system
libraries
– Anything you can install on a server
• This guarantees that it will always
run the same, regardless of the
environment it is running in

Why containers matter
Physical Containers Docker
Content Agnostic The same container can hold almost
any type of cargo
Can encapsulate any payload and its
dependencies
Hardware Agnostic Standard shape and interface allow
same container to move from ship to
train to semi-truck to warehouse to
crane without being modified or
opened
Using operating system primitives (e.g.
LXC) can run consistently on virtually
any hardware—VMs, bare metal,
openstack, public IAAS, etc.—without
modification
Content Isolation and
Interaction
No worry about anvils crushing
bananas. Containers can be stacked
and shipped together
Resource, network, and content
isolation. Avoids dependency hell
Automation Standard interfaces make it easy to
automate loading, unloading, moving,
etc.
Standard operations to run, start, stop,
commit, search, etc. Perfect for devops:
CI, CD, autoscaling, hybrid clouds
Highly efficient No opening or modification, quick to
move between waypoints
Lightweight, virtually no perf or start-up
penalty, quick to move and manipulate
Separation of duties Shipper worries about inside of box,
carrier worries about outside of box
Developer worries about code. Ops
worries about infrastructure.

Docker containers
Lightweight
• Containers running on
one machine all share
the same OS kernel
• They start instantly
and make more
efficient use of RAM
• Images are
constructed from
layered file systems
• They can share
common files, making
disk usage and image
downloads much
more efficient
Open
• Based on open
standards
• Allowing containers to
run on all major Linux
distributions and
Microsoft OS with
support for every
infrastructure
Secure
• Containers isolate
applications from
each other and the
underlying
infrastructure while
providing an added
layer of protection for
the application

Docker / Containers vs. Virtual Machine
https://www.docker.com/whatisdocker/
Containers have similar resource
isolation and allocation benefits as
VMs but a different architectural
approach allows them to be much
more portable and efficient

Virtual Machines
Virtual machines run guest operating systems—note the OS
layer in each box. This is resource intensive, and the
resulting disk image and application state is an entanglement
of OS settings, system-installed dependencies, OS security
patches, and other easy-to-lose, hard-to-replicate ephemera
Containers vs Virtual Machines
Containers
Containers can share a single kernel, and the only
information that needs to be in a container image is the
executable and its package dependencies, which never need
to be installed on the host system. These processes run like
native processes, and you can manage them individually

Why are Docker containers lightweight?
Bins/
Libs
App
A
Original App
(No OS to take
up space, resources,
or require restart)
AppΔ
Bins
/
App
A
Bins/
Libs
App
A’
Gues
t
OS
Bins/
Libs
Modified App
Union file system allows
us to only save the diffs
Between container A
and container
A’
VMs
Every app, every copy of an
app, and every slight modification
of the app requires a new virtual server
App
A
Guest
OS
Bins/
Libs
Copy of
App
No OS. Can
Share bins/libs
App
A
Guest
OS
Guest
OS
VMs Containers

What are the basics of the Docker system?
Source
Code
Repository
Dockerfile
For
A
Docker Engine
Docker
Container
Image
Registry
Build
Docker Engine
Host 2 OS 2 (Windows / Linux)
Container
A
Container
B
Container
C
ContainerA
Push
Search
Pull
Run
Host 1 OS (Linux)

Changes and Updates
Docker Engine
Docker
Container
Image
Registry
Docker Engine
Push
Update
Bins/
Libs
App
A
AppΔ
Bins
/
Base
Container
Image
Host is now running A’’
Container
Mod A’’
AppΔ
Bins
/
Bins/
Libs
App
A
Bins
/
Bins/
Libs
App
A’’
Host running A wants to upgrade to A’’.
Requests update. Gets only diffs
Container
Mod A’

Easily Share and Collaborate on Applications
• Distribute and share content
– Store, distribute and manage your Docker images in your Docker
Hub with your team
– Image updates, changes and history are automatically shared
across your organization.
• Simply share your application with others
– Ship your containers to others without worrying about different
environment dependencies creating issues with your application.
– Other teams can easily link to or test against your app without
having to learn or worry about how it works.
Docker creates a common framework for developers and sysadmins to work together on distributed
applications

Get Started with Docker
• Install Docker
• Run a software image in a container
• Browse for an image on Docker Hub
• Create your own image and run it in a
container
• Create a Docker Hub account and an
image repository
• Create an image of your own
• Push your image to Docker Hub for
others to use
https://www.docker.com/products/docker
https://www.docker.com/products/docker-toolbox

Docker Container as a Service (CaaS)
Deliver an IT secured and managed application environment for developers to build and deploy
applications in a self service manner

Typical Use cases

App Modernization

Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI / CD)

Microservices
https://mesosphere.com/blog/networking-docker-containers-part-ii-service-discovery-traditional-apps-microservices/

Hybrid Cloud
https://boxboat.com/2016/10/21/maintaining-docker-portability-multi-cloud-world/

How does this help you build better software?
• Stop wasting hours trying to setup developer environments
• Spin up new instances and make copies of production code to run locally
• With Docker, you can easily take copies of your live environment and run on any new
endpoint running Docker.
Accelerate Developer Onboarding
• The isolation capabilities of Docker containers free developers from the worries of using
“approved” language stacks and tooling
• Developers can use the best language and tools for their application service without
worrying about causing conflict issues
Empower Developer Creativity
• By packaging up the application with its configs and dependencies together and shipping
as a container, the application will always work as designed locally, on another machine,
in test or production
• No more worries about having to install the same configs into a different environment
Eliminate Environment Inconsistencies

First Hand Experience

Setting up
• Before we get started, make sure your system has the latest version of
Docker installed.
• Docker is available in two editions: Community Edition
(CE) and Enterprise Edition (EE).
• Docker Community Edition (CE) is ideal for developers and small teams
looking to get started with Docker and experimenting with container-based
apps. Docker CE has two update channels, stable and edge:
– Stable gives you reliable updates every quarter
– Edge gives you new features every month
• Docker Enterprise Edition (EE) is designed for enterprise development
and IT teams who build, ship, and run business critical applications in
production at scale.

Supported Platforms
https://docs.docker.com/install/

In this session, I use Docker for Windows Desktop

Docker for
Windows

If your windows is not in latest version…
https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/release-notes/#docker-community-edition-17062-ce-win27-2017-09-06-stable

Docker for Windows
When the whale in the status
bar stays steady, Docker is
up-and-running, and
accessible from any terminal
window.

Hello-world
• Open command prompt / windows power shell and run
docker run hello-world
▪ Now would also be a good time to make sure you are using
version 1.13 or higher. Run docker --version to check it out.

Building an app the Docker way
• In the past, if you were to start writing a Python app, your first order
of business was to install a Python runtime onto your machine
• But, that creates a situation where the environment on your machine
has to be just so in order for your app to run as expected; ditto for
the server that runs your app
• With Docker, you can just grab a portable Python runtime as an
image, no installation necessary
• Then, your build can include the base Python image right alongside
your app code, ensuring that your app, its dependencies, and the
runtime, all travel together
• These portable images are defined by something called a Dockerfile

Define a container with a Dockerfile
• Dockerfile will define what goes on in the environment
inside your container
• Access to resources like networking interfaces and disk
drives is virtualized inside this environment, which is
isolated from the rest of your system, so you have to map
ports to the outside world, and be specific about what files
you want to “copy in” to that environment
• However, after doing that, you can expect that the build of
your app defined in this Dockerfile will behave exactly
the same wherever it runs

Dockerfile
• Create an empty directory
• Change directories (cd) into the new directory, create a
file called Dockerfile

Dockerfile
• In windows, open notepad, copy the content below, click on Save as, type “Dockerfile”
This Dockerfile refers to a couple of files we
haven’t created yet, namely app.py and
requirements.txt. Let’s create those next.

The app itself
• Create two more files,
requirements.txt and app.py, and
put them in the same folder with the
Dockerfile
• This completes our app, which as you
can see is quite simple
• When the above Dockerfile is built
into an image, app.py and
requirements.txt will be present
because of that Dockerfile’s ADD
command, and the output from app.py
will be accessible over HTTP thanks to
the EXPOSE command.

The App itself
Requirements.txt
app.py
That’s it! You don’t need Python
or anything in
requirements.txt on your
system, nor will building or
running this image install them
on your system. It doesn’t seem
like you’ve really set up an
environment with Python and
Flask, but you have.

Building the app
• We are ready to build the app. Make sure you are still at the
top level of your new directory. Here’s what ls should show
• Now run the build command. This creates a Docker image,
which we’re going to tag using -t so it has a friendly name.

Building the app
• docker build -t friendlyhello .

Where is your built images?
• docker images

Run the app
• Run the app, mapping your machine’s port 4000 to the container’s published port 80
using –p
• docker run -p 4000:80 friendlyhello
• You should see a notice that Python is serving your app at http://0.0.0.0:80.
But that message is coming from inside the container, which doesn’t know you
mapped port 80 of that container to 4000, making the correct URL
http://localhost:4000
• Go to that URL in a web browser to see the display content served up on a web
page, including “Hello World” text, the container ID, and the Redis error message

End the process
• Hit CTRL+C in your terminal to quit
• Now use docker stop to end the process, using the
CONTAINER ID, like so

• Now let’s run the app in the background, in detached mode:
• docker run -d -p 4000:80 friendlyhello
• You get the long container ID for your app and then are kicked back
to your terminal. Your container is running in the background. You
can also see the abbreviated container ID with docker container ls
(and both work interchangeably when running commands):
• docker container ls

Share image
• To demonstrate the portability of what we just created, let’s
upload our built image and run it somewhere else
• After all, you’ll need to learn how to push to registries when you
want to deploy containers to production
• A registry is a collection of repositories, and a repository is a
collection of images—sort of like a GitHub repository, except the
code is already built. An account on a registry can create many
repositories. The docker CLI uses Docker’s public registry by
default
• If you don’t have a Docker account, sign up for one at
cloud.docker.com. Make note of your username.

Login with your docker id
• Log in to the Docker public registry on your local machine.
• docker login

Tag the image
• The notation for associating a local image with a repository on a
registry is username/repository:tag. The tag is optional, but
recommended, since it is the mechanism that registries use to give
Docker images a version. Give the repository and tag meaningful
names for the context, such as get-started:part1. This will put
the image in the get-started repository and tag it as part1.
• Now, put it all together to tag the image. Run docker tag image
with your username, repository, and tag names so that the image will
upload to your desired destination. The syntax of the command is:

Tag the image

Publish the image
• Upload your tagged image to the repository
• docker push username/repository:tag
• Once complete, the results of this upload are publicly available. If you log
in to Docker Hub, you will see the new image there, with its pull
command

Publish the image
• Upload your tagged image to the repository
• docker push username/repository:tag
• Once complete, the results of this upload are publicly available. If
you log in to Docker Hub, you will see the new image there, with its
pull command

Pull and run the image from the remote
repository
• From now on, you can use docker run and run your app on any
machine with this command:
• docker run -p 4000:80 username/repository:tag
• If the image isn’t available locally on the machine, Docker will pull it
from the repository.
• If you don’t specify the :tag portion of these commands, the tag of
:latest will be assumed, both when you build and when you run
images. Docker will use the last version of the image that ran without
a tag specified (not necessarily the most recent image).
No matter where executes, it pulls your image, along with Python and all the dependencies
from , and runs your code. It all travels together in a neat little package, and the host machine
doesn’t have to install anything but Docker to run it.

What have you seen so far?
• Basics of Docker
• How to create your first app in the Docker way
• Building the app
• Run the app
• Sharing and Publishing images
• Pull and run images

The Need for
Orchestration
Systems

The Need for Orchestration Systems
• While Docker provided an open standard for packaging
and distributing containerized applications, there arose a
new problem
– How would all of these containers be coordinated and
scheduled?
– How do all the different containers in your application
communicate with each other?
– How can container instances be scaled?
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 72

Solution
Container Orchestration Systems
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 73

From Containers to Kubernetes
VM
Host OS
Container
Runtime
Benefits
Isolation
Immutable infrastructure
Portability
Faster deployments
Versioning
Ease of sharing
Challenges
Networking
Deployments
Service Discovery
Auto Scaling
Persisting Data
Logging, Monitoring
Access Control
Kubernetes
Orchestration of cluster of containers
across multiple hosts
• Automatic placements, networking,
deployments, scaling, roll-out/-back, A/B
testing
Docker
Workload Portability
• Abstract from cloud provider specifics
• Multiple container runtimes
Declarative – not procedural
• Declare target state, reconcile to desired state
• Self-healing
Container Scheduler
Container

Kubernetes
• Kubernetes is an open-source container cluster manager
– originally developed by Google, donated to the Cloud Native Computing
Foundation
– schedules & deploys containers onto a cluster of machines
• e.g. ensure that a specified number of instances of an application are running
– provides service discovery, distribution of configuration & secrets, ...
– provides access to persistent storage
• Pod
– smallest deployable unit of compute
– consists of one or more containers that are always co-located, co-
scheduled & run in a shared context
5

Why Kubernetes?
• It can be run anywhere
– on-premises
• bare metal, OpenStack, ...
– public clouds
• Google, Azure, AWS, ...
• Aim is to use Kubernetes as an abstraction layer
– migrate to containerised applications managed by Kubernetes & use only the
Kubernetes API
– can then run out-of-the-box on any Kubernetes cluster
• Avoid vendor lock-in as much as possible by not using any vendor specific APIs
or services
– except where Kubernetes provides an abstraction
• e.g. storage, load balancers
7

Kubernetes Architecture
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 77https://www.slideshare.net/janakiramm/kubernetes-architecture

Kubernetes Master
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 78https://www.slideshare.net/janakiramm/kubernetes-architecture

kube-apiserver
• The apiserver provides a forward facing REST interface
into the kubernetes control plane and datastore
• All clients, including nodes, users and other applications
interact with kubernetes strictly through the API Server
• It is the true core of Kubernetes acting as the gatekeeper
to the cluster by handling authentication and
authorization, request validation, mutation, and admission
control in addition to being the front-end to the backing
datastore
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 79

etcd
• Etcd acts as the cluster datastore
• Providing a strong, consistent and highly available key-
value store used for persisting cluster state
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 80

kube-controller-manager
• The controller-manager is the primary daemon that manages all core
component control loops
• It monitors the cluster state via the apiserver and steers the cluster
towards the desired state
• These controllers include:
– Node Controller: Responsible for noticing and responding when nodes go
down.
– Replication Controller: Responsible for maintaining the correct number of
pods for every replication controller object in the system.
– Endpoints Controller: Populates the Endpoints object (that is, joins
Services & Pods).
– Service Account & Token Controllers: Create default accounts and API
access tokens for new namespaces
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 81

cloud-controller-manager
• cloud-controller-manager runs controllers that interact
with the underlying cloud providers
• cloud-controller-manager allows cloud vendors code and
the Kubernetes code to evolve independent of each other
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 82

kube-scheduler
• Kube-scheduler is a verbose policy-rich engine that
evaluates workload requirements and attempts to place it
on a matching resource
• These requirements can include such things as general
hardware reqs, affinity, anti-affinity, and other custom
resource requirements
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 83

Kubernetes Node
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 84https://www.slideshare.net/janakiramm/kubernetes-architecture

Pod
• A Pod is the basic building block of Kubernetes–the smallest and
simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or
deploy
• A Pod represents a running process on your cluster
• A Pod encapsulates an application container (or, in some cases,
multiple containers), storage resources, a unique network IP, and
options that govern how the container(s) should run
• A Pod represents a unit of deployment: a single instance of an
application in Kubernetes, which might consist of either a single
container or a small number of containers that are tightly coupled
and that share resources
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 85

kubelet
• An agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It makes
sure that containers are running in a pod.
• The kubelet takes a set of PodSpecs that are provided
through various mechanisms and ensures that the
containers described in those PodSpecs are running and
healthy. The kubelet doesn’t manage containers which
were not created by Kubernetes
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 86

kube-proxy
• Enables the Kubernetes service abstraction by
maintaining network rules on the host and performing
connection forwarding
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 87

Container Runtime
• The container runtime is the software that is responsible
for running containers
• Kubernetes supports several runtimes
– Docker, rkt, runc and any OCI runtime-spec implementation
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 88

Kubernetes Cluster
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 89
• Kubernetes coordinates
a highly available cluster
of computers that are
connected to work as a
single unit
• Kubernetes automates
the distribution and
scheduling of application
containers across a
cluster in a more
efficient way

Running Kubernetes Locally via Minikube
• Minikube is a tool that makes it easy to run Kubernetes
locally
• Minikube runs a single-node Kubernetes cluster inside a
VM on your laptop for users looking to try out Kubernetes
or develop with it day-to-day
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 90

Hello Minikube

Hello Minicube
• This tutorial provides a container image built from the following files
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 92

Create a minikube cluster
• minikube version
• minikube start
• minikube dashboard
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 93

Create a Deployment
• A Kubernetes Pod is a group of one or more Containers,
tied together for the purposes of administration and
networking
• The Pod in this tutorial has only one Container
• A Kubernetes Deployment checks on the health of your
Pod and restarts the Pod’s Container if it terminates
• Deployments are the recommended way to manage the
creation and scaling of Pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 94

Create a Deployment
• Use the kubectl create command to create a
Deployment that manages a Pod
• The Pod runs a Container based on the provided Docker
image
kubectl create deployment hello-node --image=
gcr.io/hello-minikube-zero-install/hello-node
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 95

Create a Deployment
View the deployment
kubectl get deployments
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 96

Create a Deployment
• View the Pod
kubectl get pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 97

Create a deployment
• View cluster events
kubectl get events
• View the kubectl configuration
kubectl config view
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 98

Create s Service
• By default, the Pod is only accessible by its internal IP
address within the Kubernetes cluster
• To make the hello-node Container accessible from outside
the Kubernetes virtual network, you have to expose the
Pod as a Kubernetes Service
• Expose the Pod to the public internet using the kubectl
expose command
kubectl expose deployment hello-node --type=LoadBalancer --port=8080
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 99

Create a Service
• View the Service you just created
kubectl get services
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 100

Run a Service
• Run the following command
minikube service hello-node
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 101

Bigger Experiment with Kubernetes

Deploying PHP Guestbook application with Redis

Deploying PHP Guestbook application with
Redis
• This tutorial shows you how to build and deploy a simple,
multi-tier web application using Kubernetes and Docker
• This example consists of the following components:
– A single-instance Redis master to store guestbook entries
– Multiple replicated Redis instances to serve reads
– Multiple web frontend instances
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 104

Objectives
• Start up a Redis master
• Start up Redis slaves
• Start up the guestbook frontend
• Expose and view the Frontend Service
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 105

Start up the Redis Master
• The guestbook application uses Redis to store its data
• It writes its data to a Redis master instance and reads
data from multiple Redis slave instances
• Creating the Redis Master Deployment
• Copy the folder here to your system
https://tinyurl.com/anokadockers
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 106

*.yaml file
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 107

Start up the Redis Master
• Launch a terminal window in the directory you
downloaded the manifest files
• Apply the Redis Master Deployment from the redis-
master-deployment.yaml file
kubectl apply -f redis-master-deployment.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 108

Start up the Redis Master
• Query the list of Pods to verify that the Redis Master Pod
is running:
kubectl get pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 109

Run the following command to view the logs
from the Redis Master Pod
kubectl logs -f POD-NAME
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 110
Replace POD-NAME with the
name of your Pod

Creating the Redis Master Service
• The guestbook applications needs to communicate to the Redis
master to write its data
• You need to apply a Service to proxy the traffic to the Redis master
Pod
• A Service defines a policy to access the Pods
• Launch a terminal window in the directory you downloaded the
manifest files
• Apply the Redis Master Service from the following redis-master-
service.yaml file
kubectl apply -f redis-master-service.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 111

Creating the Redis Master Service
• Query the list of Services to verify that the Redis Master
Service is running
• kubectl get service
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 112

Start up the Redis Slaves
• Although the Redis master is a single pod, you can make
it highly available to meet traffic demands by adding
replica Redis slaves
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 113

Creating the Redis Slave Deployment
• Deployments scale based off of the configurations set in
the manifest file. In this case, the Deployment object
specifies two replicas
• If there are not any replicas running, this Deployment
would start the two replicas on your container cluster
• Conversely, if there are more than two replicas are
running, it would scale down until two replicas are running
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 114

Creating the Redis Slave Deployment
• Apply the Redis Slave Deployment from the redis-slave-
deployment.yaml file
kubectl apply -f redis-slave-deployment.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 115

Creating the Redis Slave Deployment
• Query the list of Pods to verify that the Redis Slave Pods
are running:
kubectl get pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 116

Creating the Redis Slave Service
• The guestbook application needs to communicate to
Redis slaves to read data
• To make the Redis slaves discoverable, you need to set
up a Service
• A Service provides transparent load balancing to a set of
Pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 117

Creating the Redis Slave Service
• Apply the Redis Slave Service from the following redis-
slave-service.yaml file
kubectl apply -f redis-slave-service.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 118

Creating the Redis Slave Service
• Query the list of Services to verify that the Redis slave
service is running
kubectl get services
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 119

Set up and Expose the Guestbook Frontend
• The guestbook application has a web frontend serving the
HTTP requests written in PHP
• It is configured to connect to the redis-master Service for
write requests and the redis-slave service for Read
requests
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 120

Creating the Guestbook Frontend
Deployment
• Apply the frontend Deployment from the frontend-
deployment.yaml file
kubectl apply -f frontend-deployment.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 121

Creating the Guestbook Frontend
Deployment
• Query the list of Pods to verify that the three frontend
replicas are running
kubectl get pods -l app=guestbook -l
tier=frontend
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 122

Creating the frontend service
• The redis-slave and redis-master Services you applied are
only accessible within the container cluster because the
default type for a Service is ClusterIP
• ClusterIP provides a single IP address for the set of Pods the
Service is pointing to
• This IP address is accessible only within the cluster.
• If you want guests to be able to access your guestbook, you
must configure the frontend Service to be externally visible,
so a client can request the Service from outside the container
cluster
• Minikube can only expose Services through NodePort
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 123

Creating the frontend service
• Apply the frontend Service from the frontend-service.yaml
file
kubectl apply -f frontend-service.yaml
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 124

Creating the frontend service
• Query the list of Services to verify that the frontend
Service is running
kubectl get services
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 125

Viewing the Frontend Service via NodePort
• If you deployed this application to Minikube or a local
cluster, you need to find the IP address to view your
Guestbook
• Run the following command to get the IP address for the
frontend Service
minikube service frontend --url
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 126

Go to a browser and type that URL
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 127

Viewing the Frontend Service via
LoadBalancer
• If you deployed the frontend-service.yaml manifest with
type: LoadBalancer you need to find the IP address to
view your Guestbook
• Run the following command to get the IP address for the
frontend Service
kubectl get service frontend
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 128

Scale the Web Frontend
• Scaling up or down is easy because your servers are
defined as a Service that uses a Deployment controller
• Run the following command to scale up the number of
frontend Pods:
kubectl scale deployment frontend --replicas=5
• Query the list of Pods to verify the number of frontend
Pods running:
kubectl get pods
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 129

Summary
• Kubernetes can help you
– Create clusters
– Deploy applications
– Scale your business
Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer 130

Dr Ganesh Neelakanta Iyer
ni_amrita@cb.amrita.edu
ganesh.vigneswara@gmail.com
GANESHNIYER