Chapter 13: The Bureaucracy

Tonight’s Class
 Review schedule
 Politics in the news
 The Presidency

Schedule
Ch 12
4/21 The Presidency
Ch 13
4/28 The Bureaucracy
Ch 14
5/5 The Judiciary
5/12 •Foreign policy Ch 16
•Wars in Iraq &
Afghanistan
5/19 •Global warming
•Review for the final
5/26 Final exam

Final exam
 50 multiple choice questions from ch. 7-14
 Two essays selected from:
 The current economic crisis
 Foreign policy
 Global warming

The Bureaucracy: The Power of
Rule-Making
5
Click the icon to open the movie
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Questions
6
 Why does Congress allow for bureaucratic
rulemaking?
 What are the potential conflicts in a system that
allows bureaucratic rulemaking?
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Bureaucracies
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 Bureaucracies are often handy political targets to
blame for society’s ills.
 Yet, the same bureaucrats who are blamed for red
tape have also accomplished some remarkable tasks:
 NASA
 TVA
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Bureaucracies (cont.)
8
 Americans tend to be against “Big Government” in
the abstract, but they also demand all kinds of
government services.
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© 2003 AP/Wide World Photos 2002 AP/ Wide World Photos
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Bureaucracy and the Policy Process
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 Client Groups
 Congress
 Triangles and Subgovernments
 Issue Networks
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The Veterans Affairs “Triangle”
11
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The Politics of Bureaucracy
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 Bureaucracy and Public Opinion
 Bureaucracy and the President
 Bureaucracy and Policymaking
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Models of Bureaucracy
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 Weberian Model
 Hierarchy
 Specialization
 Rules and regulations
 Neutrality
 Acquisitive Model
 Monopolistic Model
 Bureaucracies Compared
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The Size of the Bureaucracy
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Today there are about 2.7
million civilian
employees of the federal
government.
(UPI Photo/Bill Greenblatt/Landov)
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A Profile of Bureaucracy: Government Employment—
Federal, State, and Local
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© Bob Daemmrich /Stock, Boston /PictureQuest
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Federal Agencies
and Their Employees
17
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18
Government
Employment at the
Federal, State, and
Local Levels
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The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
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 Cabinet Departments
 Independent Executive Agencies
 Independent Regulatory Agencies
 The Purpose and Nature of Regulatory Agencies
 Agency Capture
 Deregulation and Reregulation
 Government Corporations
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Major Regulatory Agencies
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 The Federal Trade Commission (1914)
 The Federal Communications Commission (1934)
 The Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)
 The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (1978)
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Deregulation
22
 The government regulation of industry, which
increased during the New Deal administration of
FDR, had by the 1970s, become a target of criticism.
 In the 1970s, President Carter called for deregulation
of airlines, banking, trucking, railroads, and
telecommunications.
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The Growth of Social Regulation
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 Although considerable deregulation of
transportation, communications, and financial
industries took place, social regulation increased
during the 1970s and 1980s.
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Staffing the Bureaucracy
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 Political Appointees
 The aristocracy of the federal government
 The difficulty of firing civil servants
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Modern Attempts at
Bureaucratic Reform
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 Sunshine Laws
 The 1966 Freedom of Information Act
 Changes after 9/11
 Sunset Laws require congressional review of existing
programs to determine their effectiveness. If
Congress does not explicitly reauthorize a program,
it expires.
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The Civil Service
26
 The Spoils System
 The Road to Reform
 1850s
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The Carter Reforms
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 The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
 Whistle-blowers
 The Senior Executive Service
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“I’m sorry, dear, but you knew I was a
bureaucrat when you married me.”
The New Yorker Collection 1980. Robert Weber from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved.
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Modern Attempts at
Bureaucratic Reform (cont.)
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 Privatization
 Incentives for Efficiency and Productivity
 The Government Performance and Results Act
of 1997
 Saving Costs through E-Government
 Helping Out the Whistle Blowers
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Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policy-Makers
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 The Rulemaking
Environment
 Waiting periods and court
challenges
 Negotiated Rulemaking
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Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy
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 The ultimate control is in the hands of Congress
because Congress controls the
purse strings.
 Congressional control of the bureaucracy includes
the establishment of agencies and departments, the
budget process, and oversight conducted through
investigations, hearings, and review.
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Questions for
Critical Thinking
32
 What could be done to eliminate iron triangles?
 In modern times, we tend to equate the term
“bureaucracy” with “red tape” or inefficiency. How
does the goal of neutrality and the need for
specialization help reinforce those images?
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Web Links
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 US Office of Personnel Management
 The Project on Government Oversight
 USA Jobs
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Web Links (cont.)
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 GAO—U.S. Government Accountability Office
 FAS—Federation of American Scientists
 OMB Watch
 Openthegovernment.org
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