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Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
1. Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations
and the demand on the grid
LIVE WEBINAR
21 January 2013
2. Command Center
45min Presentation
15min Q&A
Audio Options:
- Use headset
- Call: 1 (647) 497-9387
- Access #: 678-883-897
Poll Questions:
- Don’t close window = you’ll
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Technical Questions:
- Message Megan
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
4. Part 3 of our webinar series
EVs in Cold Weather EVs in Hot Weather
Free
recorded
webinars
Visit our free resource center online at:
www.fleetcarma.com/en/Resources
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
5. In 45 minutes you will know…
Prospective and Current EV Owners:
1. How are fleet plug-in vehicles being charged in real-world?
2. How many fleet applications have enough time to allow for EV
charging?
3. How do you decide when investing in faster charging equipment is
worth the additional costs?
Electrical Grid System Operators:
4. When are fleet plug-in vehicles charging?
5. What is the load on the grid?
The answer to all of these questions can be found in real-world data.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
6. Speakers – Who are we?
Megan Allen
Vehicle Technology Analyst, FleetCarma
Researched diesel emissions clean-up technology.
Expertise in electric vehicle modeling & simulation.
Bachelors in Chemical Engineering.
Eric Mallia
General Manager, FleetCarma
Helps fleet managers considering and using higher efficiency vehicles.
Masters in Environment Studies.
Bachelors in Business Administration.
Published author in energy management topics.
Matt Stevens
CEO, CrossChasm Technologies
Helping design hybrid and electric vehicles since 2004.
Helping fleets since 2007.
PhD in Chemical Engineering.
Chair of Electric Mobility Canada.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
7. What do we do?
Hybrid & Electric Vehicles: Decisions Destined for Success. Car-Buying, Based on You.
Faster, Better, Cheaper Save dollars, gallons, and tons. Save dollars, gallons, & tons.
Services & prototypes sold Products for vehicle selection and Dealership product for customer
to vehicle OEM/ monitoring: FleetCarma TCO/ROI engagement and conversion.
manufacturers. and Energy & Emissions. Decision-support for customers.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
8. How about you?
Let’s quickly understand a bit more about you.
We have three quick questions for you.
This will give us a bit of background on your interests and EV experience.
Please use the GoToWebinar controls to respond.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
9. Topics in this webinar
Q1: Which part of this webinar are you most interested in?
I want to learn more about:
A. How fleet operators can evaluate EVs for their fleets
B. Selecting the right charging equipment for fleet operations
C. Charging behavior and how it impacts fleet EV utilization
D. How fleet EV charging is affecting the electrical grid
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
10. EVs in your fleet?
Q2: Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Status
Which of the following best describes your status with plug-in vehicles?
A. EVs are at least 1 year away.
B. Within the next year we will have plug-in vehicles.
C. Have EVs operating – not data logging.
D. Have EVs operating – already data logging.
E. Cheering from the sidelines.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
11. Does faster charging result in higher EV utilization?
Q3: My hunch is…
Having a level 2 charger installed
A. Greatly increases an electric vehicle’s usage
B. Somewhat increases an electric vehicle’s usage
C. Has a negative effect on an electric vehicle’s usage
D. Has no effect on an electric vehicle usage
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
12. Webinar Agenda
Part 1 – EVSE basics
Part 2 – How can fleets determine if an EV will be charge
capable in their own duty cycles?
Part 3 – EV charging profiles and impact on fleet operations
Part 4 – Fleet EV load demand on the grid
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
14. Quick Overview of the EV Charging Landscape and Terms
14 global EVSE manufacturers
Source: Pike Research, 2012
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
15. Quick Overview of the EV Charging Landscape and Terms
Level 1 Level 2 DC Quick
Charging Charging Charging
110v 220v 440v
~ 1.3 kW ~ 3.3 – 6.6 kW ~ 50 kW
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
16. Quick Overview of the EV Charging Landscape and Terms
Connectors
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
17. Defining some key ‘EV charging’ terms
• Charging window
– The available time to charge a plug-in vehicle
• Bulk charging
– Charge events that occur at the end of the day
– After the last trip of the day and before the first trip of the next day
• Opportunity charging
– Charge events that occur throughout the day
– Charging in between trips
• Charge capable
– Occurs when there is sufficient time to fully charge the plug-in vehicle
before the first trip of the next day
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
19. Informing real important decisions with real-world data
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
20. Determining if an EV is charge capable in your fleet
Current fleet vehicle
Potential EV
Daily Utilization
EVs would not be charge
capable in this fleet
application
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
21. Determining if an EV is charge capable in your fleet
Current fleet vehicle
Potential EV
Daily Utilization
EVs would be charge
capable in this fleet
application
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
22. Determining if an EV will be charge capable
How often is a plug-in vehicle charge capable
in fleet applications?
Step 1 Step 2
Data log all types of vehicles Data log real-world fleet EV usage
How much time do What is the average
fleet vehicles spend ending day battery
resting at night? state of charge (SOC)?
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
23. Step 1 - Collect data for all fleet applications
How much time do fleet vehicles rest at night?
450
400
Average = 14.5 hours
350 Time between last
300 trip of one day
and first trip of next
# of occurrences
250
day
200
150
100
50
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Available Time to Charge (hours)
Sample size = 3,703
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
24. How often would a Nissan Leaf be charge capable?
Level 1 charging 500
68% of the time
# of occurrences
400
at 1.3 kW 300
200
End of day SOC: 20% 100
Time to full charge: ~13 hours 0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
81% of the time
# of occurrences
400
300
End of day SOC: 40% 200
100
Time to full charge: ~5 hours 0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
90% of the time
# of occurrences 400
300
End of day SOC: 60% 200
Time to full charge: ~ 6 hours 100
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Sample size = 3,703 Available Time to Charge (hours)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
25. How often would a Nissan Leaf be charge capable?
Level 2 charging 500 92% of the time
# of occurrences
400
at 3.3 kW 300
200
End of day SOC: 20% 100
0
Time to full charge: ~5 hours 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
96% of the time
# of occurrences
400
300
200
End of day SOC: 40% 100
Time to full charge: ~4 hours 0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
100% of the time
# of occurrences 400
300
End of day SOC: 60% 200
100
Time to full charge: ~ 2 hours 0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Time Available to Charge (hours)
Sample size = 3,703
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
26. How often would a Chevrolet Volt be charge capable?
Level 1 charging
500
87% of the time
# of occurrences
400
at 1.3 kW 300
200
End of day SOC: 0% 100
0
Time to full charge: ~ 8 hours 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
90% of the time
# of occurrences
400
300
End of day SOC: 20% 200
Time to full charge: ~ 6 hours 100
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
500
# of occurrences
400
92% of the time
300
End of day SOC: 40% 200
Time to full charge: ~ 5 hours 100
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Sample size = 3,703 Available Time to Charge (hours)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
27. How often would a Chevrolet Volt be charge capable?
Level 2 charging 500 100% of the time
# of occurrences
400
at 3.3 kW 300
200
End of day SOC: 0% 100
0
Time to full charge: ~ 3 hours 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
500 100% of the time
# of occurrences
400
300
End of day SOC: 20% 200
100
Time to full charge: ~ 2.5 hours 0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28
# of occurrences 500 100% of the time
400
300
End of day SOC: 40% 200
100
Time to full charge: ~ 2 hours 0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Sample size = 3,703 Time Available to Charge (hours)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
28. Step 2 – What is the average ending day battery SOC?
Nissan LEAF Chevrolet Volt
Avg. End of Day SOC: 56% Avg. End of Day SOC: 24%
Level 1 Charge capable Charge capable
charging 88% 90%
at 1.3 kW of the time of the time
Level 2 Charge capable Charge capable
charging 100% 100%
at 3.3 kW of the time of the time
Sample size = 3,703
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
30. Example 1 – After-Work Alfie at the City of Toronto
Real-World Results:
• 91 MPGe (2.6 L / 100kmeq)
• 45 miles (73 km) / working day
• 24% of driving time at idle
• 97% of charging on Level 2
• Cost per 100 km: $2.75
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
31. Example 2 – Night-Time Nick at the Globe & Mail
Real-World Results:
• 138 MPGe (1.7 L / 100kmeq)
• 23 miles (37 km) / working day
• 37% of driving time at idle
• 99% of charging on Level 2
• Cost per 100 km: $1.70
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
32. Example 3 – Day-time David at the NYPD
Real-World Results:
• 57 MPGe
• 41 miles (66 km) per working day
• 49% of miles driven on electric power
• 25% of driving time at idle
• 100% of charging on Level 2
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
33. Example 3 – Day-time David at the NYPD
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
34. How else can fleet operators increase electric utilization?
Supervisor vehicle
• Fairly good ‘eco-driving’
• Lots of ‘opportunity’ charging
o Done at the office during
the day
• Vehicle goes home with driver
• Not much ‘overnight’ charging
• Reimburse electricity from home
charging… How do you track it?
Compact data logger plugs into OBD-II port
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
35. Exportable to Excel – Charging Log and Trip Logs
• Log the time
of charge
events
• Track the
costs and
savings
• Analyze
individual trip
details
Easily track and expense charging at home to increase electric
utilization of plug-in hybrids
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
36. Example 4 – Opportunistic Oscar at DHSE
Real-World Results:
• 137 MPGe (1.7 L / 100kmeq)
• 39 miles (63 km) / day
• 14% of driving at idle
• 97% of charging at Level 2
• Cost per 100 km: $2.73
Engineering firm in Nova Scotia, Canada
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
37. Example 4 – Opportunistic Oscar at DHSE
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
38. Example 4 - Opportunistic Oscar at DHSE
Day-by-Day Reporting on:
• Electric driving range
• Potential distance
• Actually driven
• Benefit of opportunity charging
throughout the day (light blue) 176km
• Impact of weather change
245km
• Impact of HVAC loads
• Impact of eco-driving
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
39. Exportable to Excel – Charging Log and Trip Logs
• Log the time
of charge
events
• Track the
costs and
savings
• Analyze
individual trip
details
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
40. Is there a relationship between L2 charging and vehicle utilization?
Utilization of Plug-in Vehicles with more Level 2 Charging
160
140
120
Daily Distance (km)
100
80
60
40
20
0
50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%
Proportion of Total Charge Events on Level 2
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
41. Is there a relationship between L2 charging and vehicle utilization?
160
BEV Potential Utilization vs. Actual Distance Traveled
140
120
Daily Distance (km)
100 Potential electric
daily utilization
80 Actual electric
daily utilization
60
40
20
0
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Proportion of Total Charge Events on Level 2
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
42. Is there a relationship between L2 charging and vehicle utilization?
160
PHEV Potential Utilization vs. Actual Distance Traveled
140
120
Daily Distance (km)
100
Potential electric
daily utilization
80
Actual electric
daily utilization
60
40
20
0
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Proportion of Total Charge Events on Level 2
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
43. Does Level 2 charging increase fleet electric utilization?
• Although the vast majority of fleet charging occurs at Level 2, there is
not a strong positive trend to suggest that it increases electric drive
utilization.
• Fleets seem to be getting similar electric utilization per day from
BEVs (all-electric) as they are from PHEVs (plug-in hybrids).
• There is often a large gap between potential electric driving range each
day and actual electric driving traveled, particularly more so with the
BEVs than the PHEVs.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
44. Part 4
When are fleet EVs charging during
the day and what is the load demand
on the electrical grid?
45. Fleet EV grid demand profile – distribution of events
Fleet EV Charge Events – All Levels of Charging
1400
1200
1000
# of occurrences
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time of Day
Sample size = 2,653
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
46. Fleet EV grid demand profile – by charge level
Level 1 Charge Events
• Level 1 charging in fleet 1000
900
operations occur more 800
# of occurrences
700
often during the day 600
500
400
time, however, the 300
200
distribution is relatively flat. 100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hour)
Level 2 Charge Events
• Level 2 charging in fleet 1000
900
operations occur much 800
# of occurrences
700
more often between 3pm
600
500
400
and 6pm. 300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Sample size = 2,653 Time (hour)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
47. Fleet EV grid demand profile – power load
Time of Use Rates in Ontario
Weekday Summer Schedule
3500
9.9 cents/kWh 11.8 cents/kWh
3000 6.3 cents/kWh 6.3 cents/kWh
2500
Power (kW)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time of Day
Off-Peak Mid-Peak On-Peak
Only 27% of charging events would occur ‘off-peak’
Sample size = 2,653
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
48. Fleet EV grid demand profile – power load
Time of Use Rates in California
Weekday Summer Low Emissions Vehicle Schedule
3500 31.1 cents/kWh
10.2 cents/kWh 10.2 cents/kWh
3000 3.9 cents/kWh
2500
Power (kW)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time of Day
Off-Peak Part-Peak Peak
Only 8% of charging events would occur ‘off-peak’
Sample size = 2,653
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
49. Conclusions
1. Fleets are more ‘charge capable’ than they think they
are.
Depending on the type of vehicle and charger level, 68-100% of vehicles in
fleet applications have been charge capable when ending the day with
20% battery SOC.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
50. Conclusions
2. With today’s utilization of electric vehicles in fleet
applications, we do not see Level 2 charging
increasing electric distance traveled.
160
140
Daily Distance (km)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Level 2
Electric vehicles are not being used to a point where an investment in a
level 2 charger is required.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
51. Conclusions
3. Fleets are exhibiting 4 common charging profiles
After-Work Alfie Night-Time Nick Day-Time David Opportunistic Oscar
Fleet operators should set EV charging targets relating to time of
charging and average electric daily distance traveled.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
52. Conclusions
4. Fleets can optimize the time they charge to save
money and meet environmental mandates.
California Summer Rate Schedule
Fleet operators have not yet been charging very much
during off-peak hours.
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
53. Conclusions
With EVs, monitoring the vehicle is as important as monitoring
its charging
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
54. FleetCarma C5 data logger – data access options
Customized Reports
Manual
USB upload
(released: March 2012)
Cellular
automatic upload
(released: Dec 2012)
Wi-Fi
automatic upload
(releasing: Jan 2013)
Bluetooth to
smartphone or EVSE
(in development)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
55. Our fleet partners use FleetCarma systems to:
Measure Vehicle Metrics to Choose the Best Fit Vehicle for Each
Improve Fleet Performance Job in the Fleet Portfolio
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
56. Thank you to our clients and partners
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
57. FleetCarma’s EV Champion Challenge
Participant
Blog
www.fleetcarma.com/Programs/ev-challenge
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
58. Part 3 of our webinar series
EVs in Cold Weather EVs in Hot Weather Charging Behavior
Free
recorded
webinars
Light-duty vehicles Heavy-duty vehicles Simulation for Fleets
Free
eBooks
on these
topics
Visit our free resource center online at:
www.fleetcarma.com/en/Resources
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
59. Matt Stevens
The Vehicle Nerds
mstevens@fleetcarma.com Megan Allen
mallen@fleetcarma.com
Eric Mallia
emallia@fleetcarma.com
www.fleetcarma.com
Thank You! Q&A 519.342.7385 (office)
800.975.2434 (toll-free)
Plugging in Fleet Vehicles
How charging behavior is impacting fleet operations and the demand on the grid
Editor's Notes
J15 – Update to reflect what is covered in this webinar
Update to american ones, university of colaroda.
Cut = general
In order to collect this data we use ourdatalogger called the C5The C5 plugs into a vehicle’s OBD port and ‘listens in” to collect signals from the vehicleThe interesting thing about electric vehicle’s is that this data is hard to get, the C5 can unlock these signals to help you understand your vehicle
The first time most fleet managers consider the issue of charging altogether is when they are considering purchasing an EV. That is where we come in. With FleetCarma’s TCO we can predict if a vehicle is charge capable based on its duty cycle and usage.We look at the distance each vehicle is driven each day and the subsequent affect that that would have on the battery’s state of charge, and then the time afterwards in which the vehicle could be charging.
We looked through all of our data on fleet vehicle’s and found the distribution of night-time charge windows. We chose the night because this is a time when most fleets aren’t using their vehicles.To answer this question for the webinar we had to look at the worst case scenario.
Some fleets will use night-timecharging if the vehicle is being utilized often throughout the dayThis vehicle travels around to different places within a metropolitan area. Does not have the opportunity to charge during the day.Example of Primarily Bulk After-Work Charging
Day-time DavidCharges during the dayChargers between trips for utilization around the clock
Day-time DavidCharges during the dayChargers between trips for utilization around the clock
MAKE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHARGING THAT IS LEVEL 2State a hypothesisState sample size (n) took a ‘subset of vehicles in fleet applications a mix of ____, Leaf, (just on the days that the vehicle was used)Animate or add slides that show our expected hypothesis(perhaps take out Volts to make it straightforward)
MAKE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CHARGING THAT IS LEVEL 2State a hypothesisState sample size (n) took a ‘subset of vehicles in fleet applications a mix of ____, Leaf, (just on the days that the vehicle was used)Animate or add slides that show our expected hypothesis(perhaps take out Volts to make it straightforward)
In order to collect this data we use ourdatalogger called the C5The C5 plugs into a vehicle’s OBD port and ‘listens in” to collect signals from the vehicleThe interesting thing about electric vehicle’s is that this data is hard to get, the C5 can unlock these signals to help you understand your vehicle