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- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                               job.no. TE-00-101 -




                                       Earth Fault Detection
                                         Basics in Theory




                                               Author:

                                        Dipl.-Ing. Ingo Kühnen

                                     ___________________________




                                      Woodward Power Solutions
                                          Krefelder Weg 47
                                       47906 Kempen, Germany




                                                           Kempen, 16.04.2010




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                   page 1
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                         job.no. TE-00-101 -


1.     Star Point Treatment of Generators

       Due to the fact that the outgoing utility transformers of power stations are delta connected,
       i.e. separated from the neutral earthing system of medium voltage side, the rating of earth
       fault currents of the MV - System only depends on the star point treatment of the generators.

       The following star point treatments of generators are feasible:
       1. isolated, i.e. unearthed star point
       2. compensated star point, i.e. star point earthed via Peterson earth fault neutralizer
       3. indirectly earthed star point, i.e.
           a.) earthed via reactor or transformer or
           b.) earthed via resistor
       4. directly, i.e. solidly earthed star point.
       This document is to compare the different methods of treating generator star points taking
       into account the requirements and conditions of the majority of power stations.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                               page 2
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                           job.no. TE-00-101 -


1.1.   Isolated Star Point

       The rating of the earth fault currents at isolated star points is mainly depending on the cable
       capacities of the network system, because of the fact that the earth fault circuit is only closed
       via cable capacities and earth fault location. Consequently, this method is only feasible,
       provided that the cable capacities within the network are relatively high and do not vary,
       which may particularly apply to cable network systems that are strongly intermeshed and
       quite complex. In most of the power stations, however, these conditions are not prevailing
       since the various existing operating modes and switching states on their own will result in
       very different network cable capacities. In case of an earth fault of one conductor, the system
       voltage of the remaining two healthy conductors against earth will increase by the factor √3,
       thus achieving the line-to-line voltage. The following shall apply:

                            IE = 3 ⋅ I0 ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ω ⋅ CE
                            U     ,healthy conductor   ≈ 3 ⋅ U = UΔ

                   with     IE:       earth fault current at earth fault location
                            CE:       earthing capacitance = zero-capacitance of the network
                            ω:        2πf = angular frequency



1.2.   Compensated Star Point

       In this case, cable capacities of the entire network system are largely compensated through
       the inductance of a Petersen earth fault neutralizer. In case of an earth fault, the residual
       currents still available then, are very low. These currents are frequently detected by means of
       watt hour metering. This method of star point treatment is even more dependent on the cable
       capacities of the network system though the rating of cable capacities will additionally
       determine the rating of the Petersen earth fault neutralizer.

       Consequently, this method of star point treatment is inapplicable, as well.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                page 3
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                          job.no. TE-00-101 -


1.3.   Indirectly Earthed Star Point

1.3.1. Earthed via Reactor or Transformer

       By earthing the generator star point via reactor, it is possible to determine the value for the
       earth fault current. When this method is applied, the earth fault current will only depend on
       the network system’s cable capacity as shown hereafter:
                                                 ⎛             1 ⎞
                            IE ≈     3 ⋅ UΔ j ⋅ ⎜ ωC E −           ⎟
                                                 ⎝           3ωL D ⎠
                                           ⎛         1 ⎞
       ⇒                    IE ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ⎜ ωCE −       ⎟
                                           ⎝       3ωL D ⎠
                            U     ,healthy conductor   ≤ 14 ⋅ U
                                                          .

               with         IE:       earth fault current at earth fault location
                            LD        inductance of reactor or transformer
                            CE:       earthing capacitance of the network
                            ω:        2πf = angular frequency

       In case of an one phase earth fault the system voltage of the remaining two healthy
       conductors against earth will increase by approximation of a max. factor 1.4 due to earth fault
       factor fE. It is also possible to connect a reactor or a transformer with the generator bus bar
       and operate the generator star points separately. The reactor (or the transformer) will then be
       acting as a so-called star point creator. In this case, it is necessary to determine a defined
       load for the reactor (or transformer).

       This method of star point earthing via reactor or transformer is thus applicable for most of the
       power plant network systems.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                               page 4
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                             job.no. TE-00-101 -


1.3.2. Earthed via Resistor RE

       By earthing the generator star point via a resistor, it is possible to control the attitude of the
       protection system in comparison to the isolated star point method. The resistor defines the
       amount of the earth fault current and is only slightly dependent on the network system’s
       cable capacities. The mostly low resistances RN of a less extensive unmeshed network are
       usually negligible. The following shall apply:
                                              ⎛ 1               ⎞
                            IE ≈     3 ⋅ UΔ ⎜        + jω ⋅ C E ⎟
                                              ⎝ 3R E            ⎠
                                                             2
                                            ⎛ 1 ⎞
                                                   ⎟ + (ω ⋅ C E )
                                                                  2
       ⇒                     IE ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ⎜
                                            ⎝ 3R E ⎠
                            U     ,healthy conductor   ≤ 14 ⋅ U
                                                          .

               with         IE:       earth fault current at earth fault location
                            RE        earthing resistance
                            CE:       earthing capacitance of the network
                            ω:        2πf = angular frequency

       In that case, too, if there is an earth fault of one phase conductor the system voltage of the
       two healthy conductors against earth will increase by approximation of a max. factor 1.4 due
       to earth fault factor fE. Proportionate to this, the load affecting the insulation of these
       conductors as well as connected voltage transformers etc. will increase accordingly.
       Therefore this method of star point treatment is also applicable.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                   page 5
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                          job.no. TE-00-101 -


1.4. Directly Earthed Star Point

       By means of this star point treatment, in the event of external earth faults, high one phase
       short-circuit currents result, which might be a multiple of the generator’s nominal current.
       These voltages are too high for the generator windings. The following shall apply:
                              "       "          3
                             IK,1P ≈ IK,3P ⋅
                                                  X
                                               2+ 0
                                                  X1
                       X0
       at a ratio of      ≤ 5.2 for the effectively earthed network.
                       X1




1.5.   Summary

       After consideration of the different star point treatments of the generators, for the most power
       stations only the indirect methods turn out to be practicable such as
       − earthing of the generator star point via an neutral earthing resistor RE
       − earthing of the generator star point via a neutral earthing reactor or neutral earthing
           transformer with a defined load
       − earthing of the busbar of the generators via neutral earthing transformers as a star point
           creator with a defined load.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                 page 6
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                                  job.no. TE-00-101 -


2.     Star Point Treatment via Neutral Earthing Resistor RE

       When comparing the various possibilities of generator star point treatment dealt with in
       chapter 1, the way of earthing generator star points via a neutral earthing resistor seems to
       be the most practicable one since this method offers economic advantages and can
       normally rather easily be retrofitted and it is more independent with regard to subsequent
       system extensions or modifications.

       In the figure 2-1 below, the star point treatment of the generator by means of a neutral
       earthing resistor RE is illustrated in a diagram.


                                       T2                                   T2



                                  G     G1                             G      G2
                                  3∼                                   3∼

                                        star point                            star point
                                       T1                                   T1



                                       QE                                   QE




                                                 ϑ>       RE

                                                          TE



       Figure 2-1     Diagram of the generator star point treatment via neutral earthing resistor RE

                            with:           RE earthing resistance with temperature supervision ϑ>
                                            RE ≈ 318 Ω, IRE(10s) = 20A rated for a period of 10s
                                            and I RE(cont.) = 15A continuously, URE = 11kV/√3
                            QE:             single-phase vacuum contactor of the series 12, 400A,
                                            with very short switching times
                            TE:             cable type current transformer for backup earth fault detection
                                            at neutral earthing resistor RE
                                            50/1A with 2.5VA, for max. 120min. at 10% IN
                            T1,T2: cable type current transformers for earth fault detection within
                                            the generators (restricted earth fault: 64REF), data as TE




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                       page 7
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                           job.no. TE-00-101 -


       In general, only one generator star point connected to the bus bar is grounded via the neutral
       earthing resistor. This applies to each MV busbar section.
       With the aid of the appropriate single-phase vacuum contactor QE, the star point of the
       generator that was connected first to the MV switchgear, is switched to the neutral earthing
       resistor RE. During this, only the star point of the generator that was initially connected will
       be earthed via the neutral earthing resistor RE. In case that the generator circuit breaker of
       the generator whose star point was connected with, the neutral earthing resistor is switched
       off by the corresponding star point contactor and the neutral earthing resistor will be switched
       over to the contactor of that generator in operation, whose circuit breaker will be closed next.

       As regards circuitry, it has to be ensured, that not more than only one generator star point
       will be earthed via the neutral earthing resistor since otherwise it might happen that transient
       currents of the third harmonic would flow between the generator star points.

       To protect the system against ferroresonance (these are oscillations in electric circuits
       provoked by capacities and inductance in the iron core, whereby there is not always a stable
       operating point produced in the power voltage diagram, as the inductance depends on the
       current and therefore modifies the inherent frequency of the oscillating circuit!) in case of
       ungrounded generators (floating), the tertiary windings(open delta / e-n winding) of the
       voltage transformers are switched in an open triangle and are burdened with a resistor.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                 page 8
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                            job.no. TE-00-101 -


       Protection in case of external earth faults
       In the event of a station earth fault beyond the generator protection range, the earth fault
       current IE that is primary determined by the dimension of the neutral earthing resistance (and
       only secondary by the cable capacities of the network) will be flowing through the earth fault
       source. In case of selectivity, it is possible to separate the faulty segment by means of
       staggering and IDMT earth fault relays.

       Protection in case of internal earth faults
       In case of an internal earth fault, the stator earth fault relay of the defective generator will
       disconnect the defective generator only.
       The cable type current transformers T1 and T2 are applied to detect earth faults within the
       generator’s protection range, in particular for the detection of stator earth faults (ANSI -
       Code: 64REF).
       These cable type current transformers must have the same transmission ratio and shall be
       connected anti-parallel, as shown in figure 2-2.

                                                                   MRI
                                           S1   T2 S2              B2    B1



                                           S2   T1 S1




       Figure 2-2     Diagram illustrating the wiring of stator earth fault protection devices

       During faultless condition and in case of an earth fault occurring outside of the protection
       range of current transformers T1 and T2, the current rating is approximately the same. Anti-
       parallel connection of the transformers leads to the neutralization of the currents.
       Earth faults within the protection range of both current transformers T1 and T2 result in the
       addition of the currents. For this purpose, the earth fault relays are adjusted as to disconnect
       the generator circuit breaker after maximum 10 sec. at detected currents of more than 5A or
       soonest possible at an earth fault current of more than 15A.

       In case of a stator earth fault on an ungrounded generator the earth current limited by the
       resistor will flow to the grounded generator in operation. By interconnecting the ring core
       current transformer on the main connectors (L1, L2, L3) and the ring core current transformer
       on the star point side, only the earth current of the defective generator will be detected by its
       own earth fault relay.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                  page 9
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                              job.no. TE-00-101 -


       The current on the earth fault relay of the non-defective but grounded generator is zero due
       to the anti-parallel connection of the ring core circuit transformers and does therefore not
       cause a fault.


       Protection of the Neutral Earthing Resistor RE
       The cable type current transformer TE is used to detect residual currents in the current path
       of the resistor. Should the preceding earth fault relays of the station not pick-up in case of an
       external fault, an appropriate earth fault relay has to be provided in order to prevent the
       neutral earthing resistor’s overload. According to the rating of the neutral earthing resistor,
       this earth fault relay will be adjusted as to pick-up after 10s at the latest.
       To protect the resistor from overheating, the neutral earthing resistor is furthermore equipped
       with an overtemperature detection facility. This element is another back-up protection that
       may only lead to tripping if no other earth fault relay picks-up.
       A prerequisite for both, tripping of the back-up overload protection and tripping of the back-up
       overtemperature protection is the separation of the generator’s star point from the neutral
       earthing resistor. In that case, the system earth fault protection should operate for a certain
       maximum time. After expiry of this time the generators should be isolated from the grid since
       earth fault protection can no longer be ensured.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                 page 10
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                           job.no. TE-00-101 -


       Prerequisites for the use of star point treatment via Neutral Earthing Resistor RE
       − The generator star points have to be lead out and accessible.
       − It is only permitted to earth that generator via neutral earthing resistor RE which is
           connected first to the power station. It is never permitted to earth more than one generator
           star points via the earthing resistor RE since this might lead to undesirable transient
           currents between the generator star points related hereto. Therefore the neutral earthing
           vacuum contactors have to be interlocked.
       − All relevant network elements as insulation of conductors, voltage transformers etc. must
           be capable of withstanding the increased voltage generated between the healthy phases
           and earth during an earth fault.




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                                page 11
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                           job.no. TE-00-101 -


3.     Dimensioning of the Neutral Earthing Resistor RE

       The earth fault current which is defined by the neutral earthing resistor RE is limited by the
       following circumstances:
       − On one hand, the earth fault current within the total direct-connected network has to be at
           least high enough to energize the selective earth fault relays and the back-up protection
           relays.
       − On the other hand, the earth fault current should be maintained low enough to avoid
           further damages resulting from the earth fault current.

       This means that the rating of the neutral earthing resistance results from the current’s pick-up
       values of the earth fault relay, taking into account the fact that earth fault currents must not
       become too high to maintain damages that might occur as slight as possible.

       After due consideration on principles for the adjustment of these pick-up values there should
       be a minimal earth fault current of 80A. The earthing resistor has to be dimensiond for this
       earh fault current rating. The following shall apply:
                                       UΔ
                            RE ≤
                                      3 ⋅ IEmin
       ⇒                     RE = 318Ω dimensioned for IE ≈ 20A at 10sec. (15A continuously)

                     with   RE:      rating of the neutral earthing resistance
                            IE, min: minimum defined earth fault current
                            UΔ:      11kV



       If vacuum contactors with low switching times far below 1s are selected for switching off the
       neutral earthing resistor, the resistor can be dimensioned for a load time of 10s (having
       regard to maximal staggering times of approximately 3sec.).




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                               page 12
- Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory                                     job.no. TE-00-101 -



This information undergoes continuous further development and is subject to changes without prior
notice. If you need any further information please contact:




                          Woodward Power Solutions GmbH
                          Krefelder Weg 47 ⋅ D - 47906 Kempen (Germany)
                          Phone: +49 (0) 21 52 145 1

                          Internet homepage http://www.woodward-seg.com




Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc                                                        page 13

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Earth fault detection_20100416

  • 1. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - Earth Fault Detection Basics in Theory Author: Dipl.-Ing. Ingo Kühnen ___________________________ Woodward Power Solutions Krefelder Weg 47 47906 Kempen, Germany Kempen, 16.04.2010 Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 1
  • 2. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 1. Star Point Treatment of Generators Due to the fact that the outgoing utility transformers of power stations are delta connected, i.e. separated from the neutral earthing system of medium voltage side, the rating of earth fault currents of the MV - System only depends on the star point treatment of the generators. The following star point treatments of generators are feasible: 1. isolated, i.e. unearthed star point 2. compensated star point, i.e. star point earthed via Peterson earth fault neutralizer 3. indirectly earthed star point, i.e. a.) earthed via reactor or transformer or b.) earthed via resistor 4. directly, i.e. solidly earthed star point. This document is to compare the different methods of treating generator star points taking into account the requirements and conditions of the majority of power stations. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 2
  • 3. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 1.1. Isolated Star Point The rating of the earth fault currents at isolated star points is mainly depending on the cable capacities of the network system, because of the fact that the earth fault circuit is only closed via cable capacities and earth fault location. Consequently, this method is only feasible, provided that the cable capacities within the network are relatively high and do not vary, which may particularly apply to cable network systems that are strongly intermeshed and quite complex. In most of the power stations, however, these conditions are not prevailing since the various existing operating modes and switching states on their own will result in very different network cable capacities. In case of an earth fault of one conductor, the system voltage of the remaining two healthy conductors against earth will increase by the factor √3, thus achieving the line-to-line voltage. The following shall apply: IE = 3 ⋅ I0 ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ω ⋅ CE U ,healthy conductor ≈ 3 ⋅ U = UΔ with IE: earth fault current at earth fault location CE: earthing capacitance = zero-capacitance of the network ω: 2πf = angular frequency 1.2. Compensated Star Point In this case, cable capacities of the entire network system are largely compensated through the inductance of a Petersen earth fault neutralizer. In case of an earth fault, the residual currents still available then, are very low. These currents are frequently detected by means of watt hour metering. This method of star point treatment is even more dependent on the cable capacities of the network system though the rating of cable capacities will additionally determine the rating of the Petersen earth fault neutralizer. Consequently, this method of star point treatment is inapplicable, as well. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 3
  • 4. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 1.3. Indirectly Earthed Star Point 1.3.1. Earthed via Reactor or Transformer By earthing the generator star point via reactor, it is possible to determine the value for the earth fault current. When this method is applied, the earth fault current will only depend on the network system’s cable capacity as shown hereafter: ⎛ 1 ⎞ IE ≈ 3 ⋅ UΔ j ⋅ ⎜ ωC E − ⎟ ⎝ 3ωL D ⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⇒ IE ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ⎜ ωCE − ⎟ ⎝ 3ωL D ⎠ U ,healthy conductor ≤ 14 ⋅ U . with IE: earth fault current at earth fault location LD inductance of reactor or transformer CE: earthing capacitance of the network ω: 2πf = angular frequency In case of an one phase earth fault the system voltage of the remaining two healthy conductors against earth will increase by approximation of a max. factor 1.4 due to earth fault factor fE. It is also possible to connect a reactor or a transformer with the generator bus bar and operate the generator star points separately. The reactor (or the transformer) will then be acting as a so-called star point creator. In this case, it is necessary to determine a defined load for the reactor (or transformer). This method of star point earthing via reactor or transformer is thus applicable for most of the power plant network systems. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 4
  • 5. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 1.3.2. Earthed via Resistor RE By earthing the generator star point via a resistor, it is possible to control the attitude of the protection system in comparison to the isolated star point method. The resistor defines the amount of the earth fault current and is only slightly dependent on the network system’s cable capacities. The mostly low resistances RN of a less extensive unmeshed network are usually negligible. The following shall apply: ⎛ 1 ⎞ IE ≈ 3 ⋅ UΔ ⎜ + jω ⋅ C E ⎟ ⎝ 3R E ⎠ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎟ + (ω ⋅ C E ) 2 ⇒ IE ≈ 3 ⋅ U Δ ⋅ ⎜ ⎝ 3R E ⎠ U ,healthy conductor ≤ 14 ⋅ U . with IE: earth fault current at earth fault location RE earthing resistance CE: earthing capacitance of the network ω: 2πf = angular frequency In that case, too, if there is an earth fault of one phase conductor the system voltage of the two healthy conductors against earth will increase by approximation of a max. factor 1.4 due to earth fault factor fE. Proportionate to this, the load affecting the insulation of these conductors as well as connected voltage transformers etc. will increase accordingly. Therefore this method of star point treatment is also applicable. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 5
  • 6. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 1.4. Directly Earthed Star Point By means of this star point treatment, in the event of external earth faults, high one phase short-circuit currents result, which might be a multiple of the generator’s nominal current. These voltages are too high for the generator windings. The following shall apply: " " 3 IK,1P ≈ IK,3P ⋅ X 2+ 0 X1 X0 at a ratio of ≤ 5.2 for the effectively earthed network. X1 1.5. Summary After consideration of the different star point treatments of the generators, for the most power stations only the indirect methods turn out to be practicable such as − earthing of the generator star point via an neutral earthing resistor RE − earthing of the generator star point via a neutral earthing reactor or neutral earthing transformer with a defined load − earthing of the busbar of the generators via neutral earthing transformers as a star point creator with a defined load. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 6
  • 7. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 2. Star Point Treatment via Neutral Earthing Resistor RE When comparing the various possibilities of generator star point treatment dealt with in chapter 1, the way of earthing generator star points via a neutral earthing resistor seems to be the most practicable one since this method offers economic advantages and can normally rather easily be retrofitted and it is more independent with regard to subsequent system extensions or modifications. In the figure 2-1 below, the star point treatment of the generator by means of a neutral earthing resistor RE is illustrated in a diagram. T2 T2 G G1 G G2 3∼ 3∼ star point star point T1 T1 QE QE ϑ> RE TE Figure 2-1 Diagram of the generator star point treatment via neutral earthing resistor RE with: RE earthing resistance with temperature supervision ϑ> RE ≈ 318 Ω, IRE(10s) = 20A rated for a period of 10s and I RE(cont.) = 15A continuously, URE = 11kV/√3 QE: single-phase vacuum contactor of the series 12, 400A, with very short switching times TE: cable type current transformer for backup earth fault detection at neutral earthing resistor RE 50/1A with 2.5VA, for max. 120min. at 10% IN T1,T2: cable type current transformers for earth fault detection within the generators (restricted earth fault: 64REF), data as TE Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 7
  • 8. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - In general, only one generator star point connected to the bus bar is grounded via the neutral earthing resistor. This applies to each MV busbar section. With the aid of the appropriate single-phase vacuum contactor QE, the star point of the generator that was connected first to the MV switchgear, is switched to the neutral earthing resistor RE. During this, only the star point of the generator that was initially connected will be earthed via the neutral earthing resistor RE. In case that the generator circuit breaker of the generator whose star point was connected with, the neutral earthing resistor is switched off by the corresponding star point contactor and the neutral earthing resistor will be switched over to the contactor of that generator in operation, whose circuit breaker will be closed next. As regards circuitry, it has to be ensured, that not more than only one generator star point will be earthed via the neutral earthing resistor since otherwise it might happen that transient currents of the third harmonic would flow between the generator star points. To protect the system against ferroresonance (these are oscillations in electric circuits provoked by capacities and inductance in the iron core, whereby there is not always a stable operating point produced in the power voltage diagram, as the inductance depends on the current and therefore modifies the inherent frequency of the oscillating circuit!) in case of ungrounded generators (floating), the tertiary windings(open delta / e-n winding) of the voltage transformers are switched in an open triangle and are burdened with a resistor. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 8
  • 9. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - Protection in case of external earth faults In the event of a station earth fault beyond the generator protection range, the earth fault current IE that is primary determined by the dimension of the neutral earthing resistance (and only secondary by the cable capacities of the network) will be flowing through the earth fault source. In case of selectivity, it is possible to separate the faulty segment by means of staggering and IDMT earth fault relays. Protection in case of internal earth faults In case of an internal earth fault, the stator earth fault relay of the defective generator will disconnect the defective generator only. The cable type current transformers T1 and T2 are applied to detect earth faults within the generator’s protection range, in particular for the detection of stator earth faults (ANSI - Code: 64REF). These cable type current transformers must have the same transmission ratio and shall be connected anti-parallel, as shown in figure 2-2. MRI S1 T2 S2 B2 B1 S2 T1 S1 Figure 2-2 Diagram illustrating the wiring of stator earth fault protection devices During faultless condition and in case of an earth fault occurring outside of the protection range of current transformers T1 and T2, the current rating is approximately the same. Anti- parallel connection of the transformers leads to the neutralization of the currents. Earth faults within the protection range of both current transformers T1 and T2 result in the addition of the currents. For this purpose, the earth fault relays are adjusted as to disconnect the generator circuit breaker after maximum 10 sec. at detected currents of more than 5A or soonest possible at an earth fault current of more than 15A. In case of a stator earth fault on an ungrounded generator the earth current limited by the resistor will flow to the grounded generator in operation. By interconnecting the ring core current transformer on the main connectors (L1, L2, L3) and the ring core current transformer on the star point side, only the earth current of the defective generator will be detected by its own earth fault relay. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 9
  • 10. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - The current on the earth fault relay of the non-defective but grounded generator is zero due to the anti-parallel connection of the ring core circuit transformers and does therefore not cause a fault. Protection of the Neutral Earthing Resistor RE The cable type current transformer TE is used to detect residual currents in the current path of the resistor. Should the preceding earth fault relays of the station not pick-up in case of an external fault, an appropriate earth fault relay has to be provided in order to prevent the neutral earthing resistor’s overload. According to the rating of the neutral earthing resistor, this earth fault relay will be adjusted as to pick-up after 10s at the latest. To protect the resistor from overheating, the neutral earthing resistor is furthermore equipped with an overtemperature detection facility. This element is another back-up protection that may only lead to tripping if no other earth fault relay picks-up. A prerequisite for both, tripping of the back-up overload protection and tripping of the back-up overtemperature protection is the separation of the generator’s star point from the neutral earthing resistor. In that case, the system earth fault protection should operate for a certain maximum time. After expiry of this time the generators should be isolated from the grid since earth fault protection can no longer be ensured. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 10
  • 11. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - Prerequisites for the use of star point treatment via Neutral Earthing Resistor RE − The generator star points have to be lead out and accessible. − It is only permitted to earth that generator via neutral earthing resistor RE which is connected first to the power station. It is never permitted to earth more than one generator star points via the earthing resistor RE since this might lead to undesirable transient currents between the generator star points related hereto. Therefore the neutral earthing vacuum contactors have to be interlocked. − All relevant network elements as insulation of conductors, voltage transformers etc. must be capable of withstanding the increased voltage generated between the healthy phases and earth during an earth fault. Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 11
  • 12. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - 3. Dimensioning of the Neutral Earthing Resistor RE The earth fault current which is defined by the neutral earthing resistor RE is limited by the following circumstances: − On one hand, the earth fault current within the total direct-connected network has to be at least high enough to energize the selective earth fault relays and the back-up protection relays. − On the other hand, the earth fault current should be maintained low enough to avoid further damages resulting from the earth fault current. This means that the rating of the neutral earthing resistance results from the current’s pick-up values of the earth fault relay, taking into account the fact that earth fault currents must not become too high to maintain damages that might occur as slight as possible. After due consideration on principles for the adjustment of these pick-up values there should be a minimal earth fault current of 80A. The earthing resistor has to be dimensiond for this earh fault current rating. The following shall apply: UΔ RE ≤ 3 ⋅ IEmin ⇒ RE = 318Ω dimensioned for IE ≈ 20A at 10sec. (15A continuously) with RE: rating of the neutral earthing resistance IE, min: minimum defined earth fault current UΔ: 11kV If vacuum contactors with low switching times far below 1s are selected for switching off the neutral earthing resistor, the resistor can be dimensioned for a load time of 10s (having regard to maximal staggering times of approximately 3sec.). Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 12
  • 13. - Earth Fault Detection : Basics in Theory job.no. TE-00-101 - This information undergoes continuous further development and is subject to changes without prior notice. If you need any further information please contact: Woodward Power Solutions GmbH Krefelder Weg 47 ⋅ D - 47906 Kempen (Germany) Phone: +49 (0) 21 52 145 1 Internet homepage http://www.woodward-seg.com Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 13