introduction to neurology (nervous system, areas, motor and sensory systems)
Gender Inequality and its Impact on Women's Risk of HIV and Access to HIV Services
1. Gender inequality and its impact on women’s risk of HIV and access to HIV services Dr Jantine Jacobi Team Leader, Women, Girls and Gender Equality Director, Global Coalition on Women and AIDS UNAIDS [email_address]
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3. Young women are particular vulnerable to HIV infection young women are particular vulnerable to HIV infection HIV infection rates, by age group in selected countries Women 15-19 (%) Men 15-19 (%) Women 20-24 (%) Men 20-24 (%) Botswana 5.0 2.4 16.0 7.4 Kenya 3.5 1.0 7.4 1.9 South Africa 6.7 2.5 21.1 5.1 HIV infection rates, by age group in selected countries Women 15-19 (%) Men 15-19 (%) Women 20-24 (%) Men 20-24 (%) Botswana 5.0 2.4 16.0 7.4 Kenya 3.5 1.0 7.4 1.9 South Africa 6.7 2.5 21.1 5.1 Source : Global Report, 2008, UNAIDS 5.1 21.1 2.5 6.7 South Africa 1.9 7.4 1.0 3.5 Kenya 7.4 16.0 2.4 5.0 Botswana Men 20-24 (%) Women 20-24 (%) Men 15-19 (%) Women 15-19 (%) HIV infection rates, by age group in selected countries
4. HIV infections detected in Papua New Guinea, by age, 1987 – 2006 Source : Papua New Guinea National AIDS Council and Department of Health. Figure 29 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 Over 60 Unknown Male Female Sex not Stated Number Age group
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12. PMTCT increase: 43% in 2008 from 15% in 2005 However, in 2008, only 24% women testing positive for HIV at ante-natal clinics were assessed for their own eligibility for ARVs. Source : UNAIDS, UNICEF & WHO, 2008; data provided by countries. 4.13
13. Source : UNGASS Country Progress Reports 2008. 83% of countries report having women included as a specific “sector“ in their multisectoral strategic framework Only 53% report having a budget attached to programmes which address women’s issues Caribbean (12) East Asia (3) Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16) Latin America (19) Middle East (4) North America (1) Oceania (7) South and South- East Asia (13) Sub- Saharan Africa (41) Western and Central Europe (14) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of countries (%) Women are addressed as a specific component of multisectoral HIV strategy (Number of countries reporting) Women are addressed as a specific component of multisectoral HIV strategy with a budget
This presentation will provide an overview of the evidence of gender inequality and its impact on women’s increased vulnerability to HIV and uptake of HIV prevention, testing, care and treatment services.
This is the definition of gender from the WHO.
This is the definition of gender from the WHO.
These are some of the links between gender inequality and women’s risk of HIV infection
The results of the WHO Multi-Country study suggest evidence that gender-based violence is prevalent all over the world and has detrimental impacts on women’s health, including increasing women’s risk of HIV.
Evidence suggests that levels of GBV increase during pregnancy when women are physiologically more vulnerable to HIV.
Evidence suggests that levels of GBV increase during pregnancy when women are physiologically more vulnerable to HIV.
This is some of the research pertaining to gender inequality and its impact on women’s uptake of HIV testing
This is some of the research pertaining to gender inequality and its impact on women’s uptake of ARV prophylaxis, ART and Adherence
In 2008, 45% of HIV-positive pregnant women received antiretrovirals for PMTCT, up from 33% in 2007 and 14% in 2004. However 2008 data indicates that only 24% women testing positive for HIV at ANC were assessed (by CD4 cell counts) for their own eligibility for ARVs. Although 24% is low, it actually represents a big increase from 2007, where only 12% of women were assessed by CD4 count. PMTCT programmes must do better in assessing women’s needs for treatment beyond prevention of vertical transmission
But to what extent are women-sensitive programmes actually being implemented? While 83% of responding countries report having women included as a specific “sector“ in their multi-sectoral strategic framework, only slightly more than half of countries (53%) report having a budget attached to programmes which address women’s issues. Those countries which have provided specific, budgeted support for such programmes are mostly in North America, Asia, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. (NOTE NORTH AMERICAN CASE)
-A tool for the UN system, CSOs (women's organizations), and governments to mobilize country action for making the AIDS response better meet the needs and rights of women and girls -Outline the principles of the OP: participation, evidence-informed responses, engagement of men, leadership, multisectorality, accountability