LIGHTING

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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVES & AIM
1.2. SITE STUDY
1.2.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2.2. SITE SELECTION REASONS
1.2.3. MEASURED DRAWINGS
2. PRECEDENT STUDY
2.1. CASE STUDY OF A FINISH RESEARCH UNIT
2.2. CONCLUSION OF THE CASE STUDY
3. LITERATURE REVIEW & METHODOLOGY
3.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1.1. WHAT IS LIGHT?
3.1.2. LUMEN
3.1.3. ILLUMINANCE
3.1.4. BRIGHTNESS & LUMINANCE
3.1.5. DAYLIGHTING & ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
3.1.6. SECTION ASPECT RATIO (SAR)
3.1.7. DAYLIGHT FACTOR
3.1.8. LUMEN METHOD
3.1.9. LIGHTING STANDARDS
3.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.2.1. LIGHTING ANALYSIS
3.2.2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
3.2.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
3.2.4. PROCEDURE
4. CASE STUDY
4.1. LIGHTING_PHYSIOLOGICAL ROOM
4.1.1. SITE STUDY & ZONING
4.1.2. TABULATION & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1.3. LIGHTING FIXTURES & SPRECIFICATIONS
4.1.4. DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS
4.1.5. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS
4.1.6. ANALYSIS & EVALUATION
4.2. LIGHTING_GYMNASIUM

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4.2.1. SITE STUDY & ZONING
4.2.2. TABULATION & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.2.3. LIGHTING FIXTURES & SPECIFICATIONS
4.2.4. DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS
4.2.5. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS
4.2.6. ANALYSIS & EVALUATION
5. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
This report consists of the study of lighting performance of an environment
that is conducted at SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca. In order to carry out the
performance evaluation, we’ve requested the proper floor plans from the facilities
management that govern the site buildings, and also produced elevations and
sections for the ease of data collection. Collection of lighting performance data is
carried out at the functioning hour of the building to quantify and qualify the existing
condition of the site. All the data and drawings collected were then further used to
carry out an analysis to study the performance of the building. All analysis is
supported by technical input such as formulas and equations to calculate luminance
of the environment. A list of figures and tables are used as well. A list of references is
provided at the end of the report for the ease of navigation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Day lighting or natural lighting is the origin light source. Almost every building
must design a space for that to receive natural light. For lighting design, the enclosed
spaces, colors, solid volumes and the texture can only be appreciated fully when they
are imaginatively lit. Light is always design at the place where people gather around.
Especially at night, light is very crucial as it can lead people to places they wanted to
go.
In short, this project is design to expose and introduce us today lighting and
lighting requirement in a suggested space. In a group of 7, we have chosen SOSCO
Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca, as our site study. We have conducted several site
visits to ensure the success of the project outcome. Measurement and calculations of
the lighting readings and site measurement are done during the visits and after the
visit respectively. Lastly, we concluded the analysis based on the results of our
findings and observations.

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1.1Objectives & Aim
1. To understand the characteristics of day-lighting and artificial lighting.
2. To understand the lighting requirement in a suggested place.
3. To determine the characteristics and function of day lighting and artificial
lighting within the intended space.
4. To critically report and analyze the space and suggest methods to improvise
the lighting qualities within the space for intended uses.
5. To understand the impact of building construction technology and building
materials on lighting.
6. To determine the lighting requirements based on lighting inadequacy.
7. To determine the different types of lighting throughout the project.
The primary objective of this project is to impart the understanding of the
lighting and characteristic and requirement in a suggested space, thereby determine
their functions and various factors affecting it. With the data collected and the
relevant knowledge, an analysis is to perform to evaluate the suggested space with a
critical mindset. Besides that, understanding the lighting layout and arrangement
helps in determining the lighting requirements based on lighting inadequacy that is
reflected in the data collection by using certain methods or calculations. Backed up
with precedent studies, drawing comparison with the site study, our precedent
studies will aid in achieving all the objectives above.

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1.2Site Study
Case Study: SOCSO Rehabilitation Center, Melacca.
Identification of space: Gymnasium rehabilitation space and physiotherapy room.
Address: Pusat Rehabilitasi Perkeso
Lot PT 7263 [H.S (D) 18923]
Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya,
Melaka, 75450, Malaysia.

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1.2.1 Introduction
SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is located at Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya,
Melacca. It is a rehabilitation centre that consists of an administration block and 5
extended wings. Namely, The Gymnasium, Vocational, Physiotherapy, Hydrotherapy
and The Speech and Audio therapy.
Under SOCSO’s "Return to Work" program, disabled patients undergo physical
and vocational rehabilitation in order to rejoin the workforce. The architect, Anuar
Aziz Architect, called this process the "Journey to Healing," where the patients will
heal physically and mentally, and lead a normal working life after the rehabilitation
process.
The allied health institute will provide the skilled personnel. This green certified
complex was designed with ‘nature’ and ‘spirituality’ integral to the healing process. A
universal access-for-all concept and Malaysian Standard for disabled access is applied
throughout.
The concept of the building is each building is given a different identity
according to functions and ease of way finding. Calming and soft colors are utilized
throughout the complex.
1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons
Based on observation, the building provides sufficient functional spaces to
conduct out an analysis on lighting conditions. The gymnasium space and the
physiological therapy space with specific function would help us develop an

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understanding on how to manage a lighting level to achieve comfort for users based
on different programs and functions.
In terms of lighting properties, the gymnasium space and the physiological
therapy space can be categorized into semi enclosed space. Array of natural day
lighting can be found are design in both spaces, the spaces also aids with a series of
artificial lighting. As for the choices of materials, the spaces uses materials that is
visually and psychologically comfortable for users in order to allow the patient to feel
calmer in a sense. The choices of finishes found are in a calmer tone.
1.2.3 Measured Drawings

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Figure 1: Floor Plan of Physiotherapy Room

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Figure 2: Floor plan of Gymnasium Room

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2. PRECEDENT STUDY
2.1 Case study of a finish research unit
Place: Finland (Helsinki)
Building type: Office Building
Figure 3: Page 1 of 9 of the case study.

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2.2 Conclusion of the case study:
Based on the case study of the Finnish office, it can be seen that the site of the
case study are quite similar to our site as it is an semi enclosed space that has a row
of day lighting source on a side of the space.
The research team had documented the positions of the lighting fixtures in
that spaces as well as the types of fixtures used. The measurement they did included
measuring the illuminance as well as comparing them to the power consumption of
the space used thoroughly during the day and during the whole week.
At the end of the study, the team had concluded their finding to see if the
finding regarding the power consumptions of the building is the average power
consumptions in Finland’s, this would be benchmarking so that would further
understand the performance of the building.
Reflecting on the study, we could enhance our own study and research by
conducting an analysis and benchmark our findings to the standards of the
requirement, this would let us understand how is our building performing in term of
lighting.

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Literature Review
3.1.1 What is Light?
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which
is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.
The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. The primary properties of visible
light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum,
and polarization, while its speed in a vacuum, 299,792,458 meters per second, is one
of the fundamental constants of nature.
Lighting in Architecture
“Architecture is the skillful, accurate and magnificent plays of volumes seen in
light.” -Le Corbusier In architectural competitions, light has often been a mentioned
term in the jury’s comments; even if it has not been a criterion of the program.
Light is the most important factor in the appreciation and understanding of
Architecture. The relationship between light and architecture is grounded in the
principles of physics; it is about energy and matter but in this particular case it also
implies an emotional effect on people. Generally in form of daylight, the generous
use of both sunlight and skylight in the spaces is considered positive; adding
tremendous value to the architectural object. The dynamic daylight and the
controlled artificial lighting are able to affect not only distinct physical measurable
conditions in a space, but also to instigate and provoke different visual experiences
and moods.
3.1.2 Lumen
Lumen The lumen (lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the
total “amount” of visible light emitted by a source. Luminous flux differs from power
(radiant flux) in that luminous flux measurements reflect the varying sensitivity of the
human eye to different wavelengths of light, while radiant flux measurements indicate
the total power of all electromagnetic waves emitted, independent of the eye’s ability
to perceive it. Thus the amount of light emits in all direction is determined by its
lumen value.

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3.1.3 Illuminance
The lux (lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance measuring
luminous flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square meter. In photometry,
this is used as a measure of intensity as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits
or passes through a surface
3.1.4 Brightness & Luminance
Brightness and luminance are two closely related terms. The brightness of an
object refers to the subjective perception of an individual; luminance of an object is
usually subject to the objective measurements of a lux meter. (Lechner, 2009)
3.1.5 Daylighting & Artificial Lighting
Daylighting is usually utilized as a design features in building to create a more
aesthetically pleasing and interesting atmosphere for the users within, it usually
provides a link upwards or sideward to the outdoor environment while distributing a
dynamic share of natural light. (Ander, 2003) Although the result of daylighting is
always visually rich, it is hard to ignore the fact that natural daylighting may bring in
an excessive amount of heat in the process. Besides, it is almost impossible for
architects to design without taking artificial lighting into consideration as a building is
compulsory to be able to function day and night.
It is more than adding skylights and large perforation to building envelope to
succeed in daylighting design, it involves thoughtful integrations of design strategies
in which heat gain, glare, variation of light availability and direct light penetration are
taken into account. (Ander, 2003) It is essential in the art and science of daylighting to
provide enough daylighting without its possible undesirable effects.
Artificial lighting on the other hand is usually employed in specific spaces as it
is best used to create a constant ambience when daylight is absent. It is essential for
architects to consider the brightness of artificial lighting as it is a major factor which
influences the quality of space illumination greatly.

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3.1.6 Section Aspect Ratio (SAR)
The section aspect ratio affects day lighting, passive heating and cooling
factors around the light well area in our site. According to Ander, a high SAR
effectively eliminates the amount of solar radiation that will reach the lower portions
of the space.
However in our case study, the height of the courtyard is not as tall as one in an
atrium, therefore its lower SAR is ideal for day lighting and radiative cooling.
3.1.7 Daylight Factor
The concept of Daylight Factor (DF) was developed in the United Kingdom in
the early 20th century. Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of
illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the
same time under overcast skies.
Figure 12: Daylight factor and distribution. (Source: MS1525, 2007)

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3.1.8 LUMEN METHOD
Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for
a given or particular room to achieve uniform light distribution. The number of lamps
is determined by the following formula.

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Figure 13: Typical lumen maintenance and lamp survival data. (Source: SSL code for
lighting, 2013)
Figure 14: Luminaire categories and a list of typical locations where the various
environmental conditions may be found (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

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Figure 15: Typical changes in light output from a luminaire caused by dirt deposition,
for a number of luminaire and environment categories. (Source: SSL code for lighting,
2013)

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Figure 16: Typical changes in the illuminance from an installation that occur with time
due to dirt deposition on the room surfaces. (Source: SSL code for lighting, 2013)

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3.1.9 Lighting standards
Lighting must proving a suitable visual environment within a particular space
conforming to the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Energy. Sufficient
and suitable lighting should be provided to a restaurant in order to achieve the

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desired atmosphere and appearance.
Figure 17: Recommended average luminance levels. (Source: MS1525, 2007)
3.2 Research Methodology
3.2.1 Light Analysis
The day lighting and artificial lighting in a space can be analyzed and studied to
create a space with good and comfortable lighting quality. With the data collected
from the site with specific equipment, the data is tabulated and translated into
analysis information.
3.2.2 Description of Equipment
(a) Light Measuring Equipment (Digital Lux Meter)
An electronic device which measures luminous flux per unit area and illuminance
level. The device picks up accurate reading as it is sensitive to illuminance.
FEATURES
Sensor with exclusive photo diode, multi-colour correction filters and spectrum
meeting C.I.E. standard
Sensor COS correction factor meets standard
Separate light sensor allows user to take measurements of an optimum position
Precise, easy read out and wide range
High accuracy in measuring
Figure 18: Electronic device for light measuring

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Built-in low battery indicator
LSI-circuit provides high reliability and durability
LCD display provides low power consumption
Compact, light-weight and excellent operation
LCD display can clearly read out even with high ambient light
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Display 13mm (0.5”) LCD
Ranges 0-50,000 Lux w/ 3 ranges
Zero Adjustment Internal adjustment
Over-input Indication of “1”
Sampling Time 0.4 second
Sensor Structure Exclusive photo diode and colour correction filter
Operating Temperature 0 to 50c (32 to 122 F)
Operating Humidity Less than 80% R.H.
Power Supply DC 9V battery. 006P MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent
Power Consumption Approximately DC 2 mA
Dimension Main Instrument : 108 x 73 x 23 mm
Sensor Probe : 82 x 55 x 7 mm
Weight 160g (0.36 LB) with batteries
Accessories 1 instruction manual and 1 carrying case
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Range Resolution Accuracy
2,000 Lux 1 Lux ± (5% + 2d)
20,000 Lux 10 Lux ± (5% + 2d)

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50,000 Lux 100 Lux ± (5% + 2d)
Note:
Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten of 2856k temperature
(b) Smartphone [OnePlus One]
An additional recording device is used as a result comparison with the digital Lux
meter. A median result is then obtained and will be averaged in the recordings table.
(b) Measuring Tape
The tape is used to measure a constant height of the position of the sound meter,
which is at 1m. The height is taken on one person as reference to obtain an accurate
reading.
(c) Camera [a7ii Sony]

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The camera is used to record pictures on the source of sound in the cafe and its
surrounding.
3.2.3 Data Collection Method
We placed the flux meter at the same height of 1m and 1.5m for each point in order
to obtain an accurate reading. The readings were recorded on a plotted plan with
1.5m x 1.5m gridlines.
Figure 19: Position of Lux Meter at 1m & 1.5m
3.2.4 Procedure
1. Push the Power Switch to switch on the device.
2. Select the desired measuring range (10 LUX).
3. Record the Lux by holding the Sensor Probe at the desired height of
measurement (1m and 1.5m).
4. Record the data displayed on the LCD of the device.
5. Repeat steps 3 & 4 until all data are completed.

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Top:
A smart phone is used to also record
additional Lux results for comparison
reasons.
Left:
Artificial lighting can be seen being used on
the ceiling while natural lighting can be seen
entering the space from the clerestory
windows and the glass doors and windows.#
4. CASE STUDY
4.1 LIGHTING_PHYSIOLOGICAL ROOM
4.1.1 Site Study & Zoning

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Figure 20: Grid Line & Colour Zoning of Physiological Room
Artificial Lighting & Day Lighting Site Study

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Figure 21: Section A – A’ to show artificial lighting
Above section illustrated the type of lighting applied in the physiological room. The
selection of light fixtures was based on its method of light distribution to
accommodate the functions of spaces. Recessed Ceiling Light give the direct lighting
to the stuffs and patients activities level and provide clear view for the environment.
Figure 22: Section B – B’ to show daylight
The above section indicates the sources of daylight to illuminate the interior spaces.
Daylight intensity is higher in the zone (blue & green). This is due to the placement of
glass windows at the facade. Daylight provides an alternative light source for interior
space.
4.1.2 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data

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Reading of light data were measured and recorded at the level of 1.0M and 1.5M
respectively. The colors indicate zoning of the spaces as shown in the legend.
1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M 1.5M 1.0M
1 99 155 115 135 129 100 250 201 293 380 650 612 841 695 930 682
2 315 289 295 250 395 268 359 386 453 360 741 651 1052 1130 1151 999
3 250 346 350 360 256 180 245 230 200 257 685 524 895 751 1179 833
4 340 329 298 315 352 251 314 279 333 377 958 854 1142 1036 1273 1173
5 363 342 369 298 358 315 408 368 421 450 571 512 602 599 625 629
6 422 390 365 325 282 245 456 362 525 499 781 598 958 1105 1311 1590
7 400 389 357 315 369 328 532 475 565 543 852 562 841 785 940 732
8 230 309 298 315 452 481 562 527 660 680 810 750 1058 902 1130 1040
9 259 214 259 264 514 345 526 452 597 566 852 650 928 862 1150 1060
10 312 256 362 278 298 236 425 350 542 510 1045 560 1236 1150 1350 1259
11 215 183 286 129 250 224 560 512 620 586 814 741 1145 1045 1265 1213
LEGENDS
ZONE1 ZONE3
ZONE2 ZONE4
PHYSIOLOGY ROOM LIGHTDATA (LUX)
A B C D E F G H
HEIGHT HEIGHTHEIGHT HEIGHT HEIGHT HEIGHT HEIGHT HEIGHT
Table 23: Light Data of Operation Hour
The light data collected above show the data during operation hour, 12pm to 2.40pm
is the lunch hour. Staff of the Physiological Room will turns out to lunch and the
room will be closed. The zoning is separated by patient’s activities zone and stuff
working zone.
4.1.3 Lighting Fixtures & Specifications
Product Brand Philips Lighting
Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 322.4
Light Outputs (lm) 2500
Rated Colour Temperature 3000k
Colour Rendering Index -
Beam Width -
Wattage 30
Placement Recessed Louver

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4.1.4 Daylight Factor Analysis
Daylight Factor Calculation
Zone Type Daylight Level
in Malaysia E˳
(Lux)
Average Lux
Reading based on
collected data, Ex
(Lux)
Daylight Factor,
DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100%
1
Yellow
Patient
Activities Area
32000 334.53 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (334.53 / 32000) x
100%
= 1.05%
2
Red
Stuff Working
Area
32000 338.5 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (338.5 / 32000) x 100%
= 1.06%
3
Blue
Patient
Activities Area
32000 804.22 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (804.22 / 32000) x
100%
= 2.51%
4
Green
Patient
Activities Area
32000 1002.13 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (1002.13 / 32000) x
100%
= 3.13%

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DAYLIGHT SIMULATION ANALYSIS
Figure 4.1.4a: Daylight Contour Diagram
Discussion
From the calculation, illuminance of zone 3 & zone 4 are higher than zone 1 & zone
2. Zone 3 and zone 4 are near to windows which allow daylight to illuminate the
spaces. Based on the MS 1525, Daylight Factor of Physiological Room is in average
performance.

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4.1.5 Artificial Lighting Analysis
Zone 1: Patient Activities Area
Figure 24: Lighting Fixtures in Zone 1
Fixture Properties
Indication Image Light Type Unit(s) Light
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
20 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.

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-Come in Natural
light.
Material Properties
Component Material Colour Surface
Finish
Reflectance
Value (%)
Surface
Area (m2)
Wall Plastered
Brick Wall
Light blue Matte 80 73.5
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 101.25
Sliding Door Glass Panel Transluce
nt
Transparent 8 5
Window Aluminium
Frame
White Matte 80
Glass Panel Transluce
nt
Transparent 8
Ceiling
Gypsum
Ceiling
White Matte 80 45

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Furniture
Robotic Gait White Gloss 80
Robotic Gait
Bed
White Gloss 80
Sink White Gloss 90
Chair Black Matte 10
Table &
cupboard
Gray Matte 80

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Lumen Method Calculation
Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) 13.5 x 7.5
Total Floor Area (m²) 101.25
Standard Illumination Required (lux) 200
Type of Lighting Fixture Philips Lighting
Number of Lighting Fixture / N 24
Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) 2500
Height of Luminaries (m) 3.1
Height of Working Plan (m) 0.8
Mounting Height / H (m) 2.3
Reflection Factors Ceiling : 0.8
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 13.5 x 7.5 / 2.3 x (13.5 + 7.5)
= 2.10
Utilisation Factor / Refer Chart 0.46
Maintenance Factor 0.8
Illuminance Level / E (lux)
𝐸 =
𝑁 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
𝐴
𝐸 =
24 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.46 𝑥 0.8
101.25
𝐸 = 218.07
Discussion
According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the physiological room is 200 lux.
Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 218.07 lux which met the standard
requirement.

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Zone 2: Stuff Working Area
Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description

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Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
8 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.
Material Properties
Component Material Color Surface
Finish
Reflectance
Value (%)
Surface
Area (M2)
Wall Plastered
Brick Wall
Light
blue
Matte 80 32
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 33.75
Ceiling Gypsum
Ceiling
White Matte 80 33.75

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Furniture Chair Orange Matte 50
Working
desk
White Matte 80
Door Gray Matte 80
Standard Illumination Required (lux) 300 - 400
Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) 322.4
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 4.5 x 7.5 / 2.3 x (4.5 + 7.5)
= 1.22

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𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
8 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.4 𝑥 0.8
33.75
𝐸 = 189.63
Discussion
requirement.

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Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
15 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.
Material Properties
Finish
Reflectance
Value (%)
Surface
Area (M2)
Wall Plastered
Brick Wall
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 81
Sliding door Glass Panel Transluce
nt
Transparent 8 5

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Window Aluminum
Frame
White Matte 80 8
nt
Transparent 8
Ceiling Gypsum
Ceiling
White Matte 80 36
Table Brown Matte 50
Stool #1 Gray Matte 80

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Stool #2 Black Matte 10
Bed Blue Matte 10
Rehab
Walking
Devices
Black Matte 10
Rehab Stair
Devices
Black Matte 10

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Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) 13.5 x 6
Total Floor Area (m²) 81
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 13.5 x 6 / 2.3 x (13.5 + 6)
= 1.8

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𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
18 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.46 𝑥 0.8
81
𝐸 = 204.44
Discussion
requirement.

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Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
6 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.

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Material Properties
Finish
Reflectan
ce Value
(%)
Surface
Area
(M2)
Wall Plastered
Brick Wall
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 27
Window Aluminum
Frame
White Matte 80 4
Glass Panel Translucen
t
Transparen
t
8
Ceiling Gypsum
Ceiling
White Matte 80 27

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Yoga Mat Red Matte 40
Computer
Desk
Brown Matte 50

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Dimensions of Space (L x W) (m) 6 x 4.5
Total Floor Area (m²) 27
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 6 x 4.5 / 2.3 x (6 + 4.5)
= 1.12
𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
6 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.37 𝑥 0.8
27
𝐸 = 164.44
Discussion
Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 164.44 lux which do not met the
standard requirement.
Therefore, to meet the standard requirements, additional number of Philips Lighting
is required to make up the insufficient illuminance.
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
𝑁 =
(200 − 164.44) 𝑥 27
2500 𝑥 0.37 𝑥 0.8
𝑁 = 1.29 (2)

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Hence, an additional two (2) number of Philips Lighting are required to meet the
standard illuminance for Zone 4.
LIGHTING ANALYSIS DIAGRAM
The above lighting analysis showed how installation of various types of luminaires in
each space affects the light levels obtained. The lux reading is quite average in zone 1
and zone 2 but zone 3 and zone 4 is higher because it is near to the windows and
affected by day lighting.

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4.1.6 Analysis & Evaluation
Physiological Room provides comfortable patient activities spaces with thoughtful
planning of spatial ambience quality. The luminaire is used to enhance the spaces
experience, which gives sufficient lumen for patient and stuff activities and yet
achieving the ambience. The quality of space will increase the comfortable of patient
experience.
Zoning
Based on our observations and data collection in site visit, artificial lighting for the
physiological room is design according to the function of the space. Zoning of spaces
allows energy efficiency in terms of energy usage according to the placement of
various luminaires. Various luminaires were distributed based on the functional
requirement of the spaces. The analyze area will have the hospital standards
luminaire to provide sufficient lumen to the space.
Day Lighting
According to the calculations of Daylight Factor, daylight penetrates into the interior
during the morning and afternoon time is actually creating glazing, where the
windows are used to inviting the glazing and allows day light to illuminate the patient
activities space. However, only zone 3 and zone 4 patient activities area that are
located near the windows are getting stronger day light luminance.
Hence, based on data collection, the illuminance in zone 3 and zone 4 are higher than
zone 1 and zone 2.

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4.2 LIGHTING_GYMNASIUM
4.2.1 SITE STUDY AND ZONING
Figure 28: Grid Line & Color Zoning of Gymnasium

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING & DAYLIGHTING SITE STUDY
Figure 29: Section A-A’ to show artificial lighting
Section above show the type of lighting applied in the gymnasium room. The
selection of light fixtures was based on it’s light distribution to function in the spaces.
Recessed Ceiling Light give the direct lighting to the working level and provide clear
view for the user.
Figure 30: Section B-B’ to show day lighting
The section above indicates the sources of day lighting penetrate in the interior
spaces. Daylight intensity is higher in the one site of the gymnasium. This is due to

59 | P a g e
the placement of full height glass panel. Daylight provide an alternative light source
for interior space
4.2.2 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data
Reading of light data were measured and recorded at the level of 1.0M and 1.5M
respectively. The colors indicate zoning of the spaces as shown in the legend.
A B C D E F G
1 60 68 54 57 62 63 66
Standing 917 834 883 1071 1074 1079 1225
Sitting 800 752 758 911 1063 970 1000
2 65 66 57 59 65 67 68
Standing 1233 1187 1193 1162 1465 1435 1305
Sitting 1097 967 1015 977 1050 1013 955
3 68 68 63 55 69 72 70
Standing 975 1225 1140 1243 1441 1239 1142
Sitting 661 1037 1130 951 1067 1065 1040
4 71 69 59 67 74 77 64
Standing 1029 1073 1199 1208 1280 1238 1122
Sitting 943 1144 1030 1052 933 969 1025
5 68 68 58 59 63 68 77
Standing 1126 1162 1064 1110 1228 1188 1065
Sitting 1072 1060 1095 1027 1040 1028 966
6 67 64 68 64 73 72 63
Standing 1770 1134 1099 1012 1095 1166 1106
Sitting 1330 1110 750 1005 1103 1208 1135
7 65 58 67 74 68 64 65
Standing 1282 1015 775 676 1475 1150 1550
Sitting 1431 1045 730 818 1550 1666 1900
LEGENDS
ZONE 1 ZONE 3

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ZONE 2 ZONE 4
Figure 31: Light Data of Operation Hour
The light data collected above show the data during operation hour, 12pm to 2.40pm is the
lunch hour. Staff of the Rehab Gym Room will turns out to lunch and the room will be closed.
4.2.3 Lighting Fixtures & Specifications
Product Brand Philips Lighting
Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 322.4
Light Outputs (lm) 2500
Rated Colour Temperature 3000k
Colour Rendering Index -
Beam Width -
Wattage 30
Placement Recessed Louver

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4.2.4 Daylight Factor Analysis
Daylight Factor Calculation
Zone Daylight Level in
Malaysia E˳ (Lux)
Average Lux
Reading based on
collected data, Ex
(Lux)
Daylight Factor,
DF = (Ex / E˳) x 100%
1
Blue
32000 952 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (952 / 32000) x 100%
= 2.98%
2
Yellow
32000 1039 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (1039 / 32000) x 100%
= 3.25%
3
Orange
32000 1254 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%
= (1254 / 32000) x 100%
= 3.92%
4
Green
32000 1103 DF
= (Ex / E˳) x 100%

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= (1103 / 32000) x 100%
= 3.45%
DAYLIGHT SIMULATION ANALYSIS

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Figure 4.2.4a: Daylight Contour Diagram
Discussion
From the calculation, illuminance of zone 3 & zone 4 are higher than zone 1 & zone
2. Zone 3 and zone 4 are near to windows which allow daylight to illuminate the
spaces. Based on the MS 1525, Daylight Factor of Gymnasium is in average
performance.
4.2.5 Artificial Lighting Analysis
Zone 1: Lifting Zone

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Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
6 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.
Material Properties
Finish
Reflectanc
e Value
(%)
Surface Area
(M2)
Wall Plastered Brick
Wall
White Matte 80 72
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 24
nt
Transparen
t
8 5

65 | P a g e
Window Aluminum
Frame
White Matte 80 0.8
nt
Transparen
t
8
Ceiling Gypsum Ceiling White Matte 80 24
Furniture Hexagon
workout
machine
Grey Gloss 15
Chair Orange Matte 50
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 4.7x 6.2 / 4.2 x (4.7 + 6.2)
= 0.64

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𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
4 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.28 𝑥 0.8
29.14
𝐸 = 76.87
Discussion
According to MS 1525, standard illuminance for the gymnasium room is 300 lux.
Illuminance level for our site from calculation is 76.87 lux which doesn’t met the
Zone 2: Treadmill Zone

67 | P a g e
Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
6 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.
Material Properties
Finish
Reflectanc
e Value
(%)
Surface Area
(M2)
Wall
White Matte 80 90
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 31.5
Window Aluminum White Matte 80 4.4

68 | P a g e
Frame
nt
Transparen
t
8
Ceiling Gypsum Ceiling White Matte 80 31.5
Furniture Treadmills Grey Gloss 15
Chair Orange Matte 50
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 7.5x 6.2 / 4.2 x (7.5 + 6.2)
= 0.80

69 | P a g e
𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
8 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.34 𝑥 0.8
46.50
𝐸 = 116.99
Discussion
Zone 3: Rest Zone

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Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
6 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.

71 | P a g e
Material Properties
Finish
Reflectanc
e Value
(%)
Surface Area
(M2)
Wall
White Matte 80 72
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 24
Ceiling Gypsum Ceiling White Matte 80 24
Furniture Hexagon
workout
machine
Grey Gloss 15
Low Roll
machine
Grey Gloss 15

72 | P a g e
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 4.7 x 6.3 / 4.2 x (4.7 + 6.3)
= 0.64
𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
4 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.28 𝑥 0.8
29.61
𝐸 = 75.65
Discussion

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Zone 4: Cycle Zone
Fixture Properties
Distribution
Light Distribution
Description
Philips
lighting
Brightboost
TLF T-8
Fluorescent
Tube
6 -Offer long life
and energy
savings in an
environmentally
responsible light
bulb.
-Come in Natural
light.

74 | P a g e
Material Properties
Finish
Reflectanc
e Value
(%)
Surface Area
(M2)
Wall
White Matte 80 84.5
Floor Terrazzo
Flooring
Blue Gloss 20 31.5
Door Aluminum
Frame
Gray Matte 75 4
nt
Transparen
t
8 5
Window Aluminum
Frame
White Matte 80 0.8
nt
Transparen
t
8
Ceiling Gypsum Ceiling White Matte 80 31.5

75 | P a g e
Furniture Cycling
Machines
Grey Gloss 15
Wall : 0.8
Floor : 0.2
Room Index
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐻 𝑥 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊)
= 7.5x 6.3 / 4.2 x (7.5 + 6.3)
= 0.82
𝐸 =
𝐴
𝐸 =
8 𝑥 2500 𝑥 0.34 𝑥 0.8
46.25
𝐸 = 117.62
Discussion

76 | P a g e
LIGHTING ANALYSIS DIAGRAM
The above lighting analysis showed how installation of various types of luminaires in
each space affects the light levels obtained. The lux reading is affected by the day
lighting as well. Thus it showed higher lux reading on overall space.

77 | P a g e
4.2.6 Analysis & Evaluation
Zoning
Based on our observations and data collection in site visit, artificial lighting for each
space is design according to the function of the space. According to MS 1525,
standard illuminance for filling area is 300 lux. Average lux reading based on collected
data is 1039 lux and the lighting Illuminance for our site is lower than the standard.
Both of this data can show that the energy usage for the light bulb of this building is
lower but the final average lux result is much higher than the standard illuminance
due to wide opening window and door. Both doesn't meet the standard requirement,
one is over the standard illuminance and one is much lower compare to the standard.
Therefore, this building has high energy efficiency which can reduce the cost for the
electricity and achieve good illuminance level during working time.
Hence, electric appliances can reduce to save more electrical energy or reduction of
opening can be consider to achieve more comfort area for the user.
Day Lighting
Daylight penetrates into the interior during the morning and afternoon time is
actually creating glazing, where the openings are used to allow the glazing and day
light to illuminate the activities space. According to the calculations of Daylight
Factor, zone 3 and 4 are located nearer to the entrance and opening compare to
zone 1 and 2 which located more inward.
Hence, zone 3 and 4 receive more light then zone 1 and 2 which affect the
illuminance in zone 3 and 4 are higher.

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5. REFERENCES
1. Architectural Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from iGuzzini:
http://www.iguzzini.com/Architectural_lighting
2. D. H., & E, R. C. (2011). Architectural Lighting: Designing With Light And Space. New
York: Princeton Architectural Press.
3. Lighting Solutions . (2014). Retrieved from MCLA Architectural Lighting Design:
http://www.mcla-inc.com/
4. Performance in Lighting . (2015). Retrieved from PIL: http://www.pil-usa.com/
5. Steffy, G. (2002). Architectural Lighting Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons
6. Sundin, J. (2008). The Lighting. Retrieved from Architectural Lighting:
http://www.archlighting.com/industry/reports/the-lighting-specificationprocess_o
7. T. P., & W. M. (2011). Daylighting: Architecture and Lighting Design. New York:
Routledge.
8. Wymelenberg, K. V. (2014). The Benefits of Natural Light. Retrieved from Architectural
Lighting: http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefits-of-naturallight_o

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