1.
Farmers’Intentions and Perceptions That
Influence Them in Implementing FMD Control in
Ethiopia.
Wudu T. Jemberu, M.C.M. Mourits, H. Hogeveen
EuFMD open session 2016
Cascias, Portugal
October 26-28, 2016

2.
Outline
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Methods
• Result and discussion
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

3.
1. Introduction
Livestock in Ethiopia
•Contributes to livelihood
of 65% of population
•Contributes to19%GDP
and 20%export
• Large cattle population
(57 million)
• largely (99%)
subsistence systems

4.
Introduction...
• Three main types of production systems

5.
Introduction...
FMD is economically the most important disease
of livestock
Endemic in Ethiopia
● production losses
● hampers export trade
Plan to launch official control program

6.
Introduction...
• Successful livestock disease control program requires
the motivation of the farmers
• Motivation may vary among production systems
• Information about the motivation of farmers to implement
different control tools in different production systems is
lacking.

7.
Objectives
• to explore farmers’ intentions to implement foot
and mouth disease (FMD) control in Ethiopia, and
• to identify perceptions about the disease and its
control measures that influence these intentions

8.
2. Methodology
Health belief model framework
• health behaviour is determined by the personal
beliefs/perceptions about the disease’s risk and available
control measures
The four basic perception constructs that affect
behaviour/intention
• perception of:
• susceptibility to the disease
• severity of the disease
• benefits of control
• barriers to implement control
Other components like modifying factors

9.
HBM for FMD
control

10.
Type of variables Variables Relation to the HBM
constructs
Predictor variables Gender Modifying factors
Age “
Educational status “
Production system “
Cattle herd size “
Contribution of livestock to livelihood “
Frequency of FMD occurrence in own herd Perceived susceptibility
Frequency of FMD occurrence in kebele “
Trend of FMD outbreak occurrence “
Impact of FMD relative to other production problems Perceived severity
Impact of FMD relative to other livestock diseases “
Effectiveness of vaccination against livestock diseases/FMD Perceived benefits
Effectiveness of herd iso. & mov. rist. “
Cost of FMD vaccination Perceived barrier
Ease of handling animals for vaccination “
Problem of side effects of vaccination “
Ease of herd iso. & mov. rist. “
Dependent variables Intention to implement vaccination with charge Intention to adopt a
behavior
Intention to implement herd iso. & mov. rist. “
The variables used to measure the HBM constructs

11.
Methodology...
• Effect of perception constructs on intentions:
Binary logistic regression
• Effect of modifying (socio-demographic and
husbandry) factors on perception constructs:
Ordinal logistic regression
Data analysis:
• Intentions and perceptions were
measured in percentages

12.
3. Results and discussion
Control measures Response CLM Pastor
al
Market
oriented
% % %
Vaccination at their own
cost
yes 42 94 92
no 58 6 8
Vaccination free of charge yes 97 100 100
no 3 0 0
Herd isolation and animal
movement restriction all
the time
yes 18 2 83
no 82 98 17
Herd isolation and animal
movement restriction
during outbreak
yes 50 11 86
no 50 89 14
Intentions to implement FMD control measures

13.
1. Vaccination

14.
2. Herd Iso. & Mov.
Restr.

15.
4. Conclusions
The results of this study showed that:
• Low intention
• in CLM farmers for vaccination with cost, and
• in subsistence farmers (CLM and pastoral) for movement
restriction.
• perception of barriers are important determinants of
intention.
• Perceptions are different in different production
systems
• Disease control promotion programs designed to
increase farmer participation in FMD control by
vaccination and movement control should give more
attention to the barriers of control measures, and
• Should take into account differences in perceptions
among the production systems.

16.
Acknowledgements
•

17.
THANK YOU