1.
Defining the
Spatio-Temporal Scale of FMDV Lineages
Emergence and Spread in
the Middle East Region
Antonello Di Nardo
The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United
Kingdom

2.
Rationale
ü FMD endemic and widespread in ruminant populations
ü ‘Mixing vessel’ ecosystem for introducing new FMDV variants to
• Central Asia
• Far East
• West Eurasia
ü Emergence of FMDV strains as ‘waves of infections’
• Serotype A - A22, Iran-96, Iran-99, Iran-05
• Serotype O - PanAsia, PanAsia2
• Serotype Asia1 - Sindh-08
ü Geographical clustering coupled with an increased
genetic diversity of evolving FMDV sub-lineages
The Middle East region is characterised by
a constantly evolving FMD epidemiological status

3.
Study Aims
1. How FMDV lineages were generated and moved across
the Middle East region within the last 10 years
2. What evolutionary pressure FMDV exhibits at geographical leve
3. Which evolutionary competition acts at serotype level
To investigate retrospectively:

4.
Materials and Methods
VP1 Coding Sequences
• O/PanAsia2 (n=1210)
• A/Iran-05 (n=772)
• Asia1/Sindh-08 (n=196)
Phylogeography Analysis
• Reconstruction based on discrete states (country)

5.
Part 1
Evolutionary Trend in Space and Time

6.
PhyloGeo O/
PanAsia2

7.
PhyloGeo A/Iran-05

8.
PhyloGeo Asia1/
Sindh-08

9.
Part 2
Evolutionary Pressure in Geographical
Populations

10.
O/PanAsia2 A/Iran05 Asia 1
FMDV Persistence
TUR
TURTUR
AFG AFG AFG
IRN IRN
IRN
PAK
PAKPAK
TUR TUR TUR
AFG
IRN
PAK
PAK
IRN
IRN
PAK
AFG
Persistence = The elapsed time it takes for a lineage to move out of a country

11.
Part 3
Competing FMDV Lineages

12.
FMDV Waves
Pakistan
Turkey
A/Iran-05 O/PanAsia2 Asia1/Sind-08

13.
Discussion
ü FMDV geographical range and evolutionary clusters
• Clear trend of FMDV spread in a westerly direction
• Highly resolved ecosystem
• Sampling bias
ü FMDV evolutionary pressure at population level
• Accrual of genetic diversity at local level
ü Evolutionary waves of FMDV activity
• Continuous emergence and dying out of FMDV lineages
• Lineages move with livestock and might be affected by pre-existing
immunity
ü Use retrospective data to inform predictive evolutionary
model

14.
www.pirbright.ac.ukThe Pirbright Institute receives strategic funding from BBSRC.
Acknowledgement
s
The Pirbright Institute
• Nick Knowles
• Kasia Bachanek-Bankowska
• Jemma Wadsworth
• Luca Ferretti
• Donald King
OIE/FAO WRLFMD Lab Network
Countries submitting samples to WRLFMD