1.
www.pirbright.ac.ukThe Pirbright Institute receives strategic funding from BBSRC.
FMD Reference Laboratory
Global Update
Donald King
donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk
WRLFMD Team: Valerie Mioulet, Nick Knowles, Anna Ludi, Gine8e Wilsden,
Bryony Armson, Pip Hamblin, Kasia Bachanek-Bankowska, Lissie Hendry,
Antonello Di Nardo, Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo, Veronica Fowler, Emma Howson,
Bri8a Wood, Barsha Thapa, Bob Statham, Abid Bin-Tarif, Ashley Gray,
Jemma Wadsworth, Clare Browning, Beth Johns, Mark Henstock, Alison Morris,
David Paton, Nick Lyons, Dexter Wiseman, Julie Maryan, Sarah Belgrave

2.
• Seven FMDV serotypes
• Seven endemic pools requiring tailored diagnosPcs and vaccines
• No reported FMD outbreaks in South America since 2012
• New FMD-free zone (without vaccinaPon) established in northern
Kazakhstan and Russian Federa=on
FMD: Summary and conjectured global status

3.
New FMD Cases in Russia
• 16th October 2916
• Vyshmanovo, Sobinsky,
Vladimirskaya Oblast
• 90 cases in ca8le
• Serotype Asia 1

4.
Global Networks
OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Network
• OIE and FAO Reference Centres (+ affiliates)
• Working Groups (nomenclature and PVM)
• MeePng reports available
• Global surveillance and changing paGerns in risk pathways
• Harmonised and improved lab capacity
Brussels, Belgium – November 2015

5.
Samples 2014 and 2015
OIE/FAO Network Partners and Affiliates
1612
629
89138
226
3
120
1709
O A Asia-1
SAT-1 SAT-2 SAT-3
FMDV GD NVD
• 4526 samples tested
• 37.7 % “no virus detected” - NVD
• ConPnued a8empts to
improve local sample
collecPon and more reliable
methods for shipment
• No outbreaks due to serotype C
since 2004
• IniPaPves to improve sample
collecPon/tesPng in Pool 4 (East
Africa) and Pool 5 (West Africa)
• WRLFMD reports
(www.wrlfmd.org)

6.
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
A/ASIA/G-VII
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
Pool 4
A/ASIA/G-VII
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Long-distance “trans-pool” movements
• O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d
• Expanding range of this lineage
• Data from in vivo and field studies regarding suitability of vaccines
• A/ASIA/G-VII
• Emerged in 2015
• Rapid spread in parts of West EurAsia
• Current gap in the coverage of vaccines from Merial or MSD

7.
• O/ME-SA/Ind2001d lineage from the Indian sub-conPnent
• Since 2013: FMD Outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain,
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (November 2015)
• Transmission links from the Indian sub-conPnent unknown?
• Increasing threats to Europe
Recent serotype O cases in North Africa
OIE WAHID
2013-15
20132015
O/ALG/1/2014
O/1628-1468/Algeria/2014 (IZSLER)
O/TUN/1031/2014*
O/TUN/1/2014
O/1636/Algeria/2014 (IZSLER)
O/1631-FA002/Algeria/2014 (IZSLER)
O/1631-FA001/Algeria/2014 (IZSLER)
O/ALG/3/2014
O/ALG/2/2014
O/TUN/2/2014
O/TUN/1054/2014*
O/MOR/1/2015
O/MOR/2/2015
O/MOR/3/2015
O/LIB/12/2013 (KM921837)
O/LIB/11/2013 (KM921836)
O/LIB/7/2013 (KM921835)
O/LIB/22/2013 (KM921841)
O/LIB/3/2013 (KM921831)
O/LIB/6/2013 (KM921834)
O/LIB/2/2013 (KM921830)
O/LIB/1/2013 (KM921829)
O/LIB/4/2013 (KM921832)
O/LIB/13/2013 (KM921838)
O/LIB/5/2013 (KM921833)
O/LIB/17/2013 (KM921840)
O/LIB/16/2013 (KM921839)
O/SAU/1/2013 (KM921869)
d
In
99
96
88
88
99
97
2014
Presenta=on by G. Pezzoni

8.
Sequence data indicates that there have been mulPple “escapes”
from the Indian sub-conPnent
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d: the new PanAsia?
Sri Lanka
2014
2013
Iran (2009)
2013 Libya
North Africa
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
2014
Bahrain (2015x2)
Saudi Arabia (2013)
UAE(2014)
UAE(2015)
Laos (2015)
Vietnam (2015)
Myanmar (2016)
Mauri=us (2016)
Presenta=on by K. Bachanek-Bankowska

9.
Vaccine Potency Trial
O/ME-SA/Ind2001d
• Experiments hosted by CVI-Lelystad
• Adopted protocol according to European Pharmacopeia
• O-Manisa vaccinaPon (at least 6PD50) with O/ALG/2014
challenge
• EsPmated heterologous potency ~3 PD50
Presenta=on by N.B. Singanallur; Poster by E. Brocchi

10.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
New serotype A outbreaks in West
EurAsia (A/ASIA/G-VII)
• IniPal reports September 2015
• Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Armenia
• OriginaPng from the Indian sub-conPnent
• Impact upon vaccinaPon?
A/SAU/2/2015
A/SAU/6/2015
A/SAU/1/2015 (KU127247)
A/SAU/3/2015
A/SAU/4/2015
A/PD78/IND/2015* (PD-FMD)
A/SAU/5/2015
A/ARM/2/2015 (ARRIAH)
A/IRN/12/2015
A/Van/TUR/203/2015* (FMDI)
A/IRN/8/2015
A/ARM/1/2015 (ARRIAH)
A/ARM/3/2015 (ARRIAH)
A/BAN/GA/Sa-197/2013 (KJ754939)
A/IND/256/2012(582)* (PD-FMD)
A/IND/84/2011(202)* (PD-FMD)
A/IND/113/2012(213)* (PD-FMD)
A/IND/413/2007* (HQ127707)
A/IND/417/2007* (HQ127708)
A/IND/360/2007* (HQ127705)
A/IND/245/2007* (HQ832590)
A/IND/360/07* (FJ617243)
A/IND/245/2007* (HQ127704)
A/IND/9/2009* (2008) (HQ127716)
A/IND/17/2009* (2008) (HQ127719)
A/IND/11/2009* (2008) (HQ127717)
A/IND/17/2009* (HQ832592)
A/IND/64/2004* (HQ127678)
A/IND/64/2004* (HQ832581)
A/BHU/4/2003
A/BHU/40/2003
A/IND/281/2003* (HQ832579)
A/IND/249/2004* (HQ127680)
A/IND/249/2004* (HQ832582)
A/IND/243/04* (FJ617245)
A/IND/818/03* (FJ617249)
A/IND/818/2003* (HQ832580)
A/IND/161/2003* (HQ832578)
A/BHU/27/2003 (FJ755013)
A/BHU/42/2003
A/IND/820/03* (FJ617251)
A/IND/447/2005* (HQ832583)
A/IND/447/2005* (HQ127685)
A/BHU/6/2003
A/BHU/7/2003 (FJ755012)
A/BHU/41/2002 (EU414525)
A/BHU/8/2003
A/BHU/35/2003
A/SAU/16/95 (EU553874)
A/IND/40/2000* (1999AF390646)
A/IND/154/2013(333)* (PD-FMD)
G-VII (G-18)
Saudi-86
Iran-96
Iran-99
Sea-97
99
99
72
78
99
99
99
77
85
99
90
99
96
99
77
96
74
88
99
99
78
99
98
94
86
99
71
72
Presenta=on by J. Wadsworth

11.
A/ASIA/G-VII
Poor in vitro match to many commercial vaccines
A/SAU/1/2015
A/SAU/2/2015
A/IRN/8/2015
A/IRN/12/2015
A/IRN/25/2015
A-Iran-05 0 0 0 0 0
A-Tur-20-06 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.01
A-22 0.11 0.11 0.13 nd 0
A-Iran-87 0 0.04 nd nd nd
A-Iran-96 0.04 0.06 nd nd nd
A-Iran-99 0.01 0.01 nd nd nd
A-Sau-95* 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.16 nd
A-May-97 0.14 0.23 0.15 0.23 nd
A-Tur-11 0.01 nd 0.10 0.04 nd
A-Tur-14 0 nd 0 0 nd
A-IND-40-2000* 0.26 nd 0.03 0.24 nd
Recent
r-values:
* Multiple BVS tested
Vaccines

12.
A/ASIA/G-VII (G18) – vaccine trial
• Monovalent vaccines were not
immediately available from Merial
• Polyvalent vaccine
• O-3039, O-Manisa, O-PanAsia-2,
A-Iran-05, A-Sau-95, Asia-1,
SAT 2
• PPG format
• Challenge at 21 dpv with A/IRN/2015
• Serological and clinical data analysed
in context of informaPon obtained
from field cases in Saudi Arabia
Funded by:

13.
PPG Study Design
Vaccinated x16
2ml full dose s/c
Controls x2
unvaccinated
Challenge @21 dpv
A/IRN/22/2015
10,000 BID50
Four sites on tongue
• Daily
observaPon
• Temperature
• Clinical lesion
scoring
Monitor for 8 days
ProtecPon against Podal GeneralisaPon

14.
<8
50
100
150
200
250
300
A-Sau-95 homologous =tre Foot
lesions
No foot
lesions
• Both control animals developed foot
lesions
• 7/16 vaccinates developed foot
lesions
• Only 56% protec=on from
generalisaPon
• A-Sau-95 Ptres (measured by VNT)
correlated with protecPon
• Use of vaccine in endemic senngs
where animals are mulPply-
vaccinated
TPI Vaccine trial (summary of results)
Presenta=on by Nick Lyons

15.
• Long distance movements
• Important role of the Indian sub-conPnent as a source
• Do we understand these connecPons?
• O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage
• Good evidence from in vivo studies and field studies that vaccines
provide appropriate heterologous responses
• A/ASIA/G-VII lineage
• Current gap and vulnerability for emergency vaccina=on in
FMD-free countries (un=l 2017?)
• Plan to evaluate two addiPonal vaccines (with CSIRO/CVL) in
December 2016 (A22 and A/May/97)
• Maintenance of FMD-free buffer-zone in Thrace dependent upon
locally-produced vaccine from Turkey (Pming of previous
incursions in 2006 and 2010)
Summary
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d and A/ASIA/G-VII

16.
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
A/ASIA/G-VII
A/ASIA/G-VII
O/SEA/Mya-98
O/SEA/Mya-98
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
Pool 4
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Other long-distance “trans-pool” movements
• O/SEA/Mya-98 outbreaks in East Asia
• ConPnued FMD cases in Korea
• A/ASIA/Sea-97
• New outbreaks in Mongolia (July 2016)?
• O/ME-SA/PanAsia reported in Israel and PAT (Nov/Dec 2015)
• Sequence data shows close relaPonship to FMD viruses found in East
Asia (Vietnam and China)

17.
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
A/ASIA/G-VII
A/ASIA/G-VII
O/SEA/Mya-98
O/SEA/Mya-98
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
Pool 4
SAT2
andO/EA
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Other long-distance “trans-pool” movements
• SAT 2 (topotype VII) emerged into North Africa in 2012
• Oman (2015), Mauritania (2014)
• ConPnued cases in Egypt (2015)
Other recent samples (2015/16) in Egypt…
• A/AFRICA/G-IV (most related to FMD virus from Ethiopia in 2015)
• O/EA-3 (most closely related to FMD virus from Sudan in 2013)

18.
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
A/ASIA/G-VII
A/ASIA/G-VII
O/SEA/Mya-98
O/SEA/Mya-98
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
Pool 4
SAT2
andO/EA
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
A/ASIA/G-VII
A/ASIA/G-VII
O/SEA/Mya-98
O/SEA/Mya-98
FMD-free (without vaccination)
Sporadic
Endemic
Pool 1
Pool 2
Pool 3
Pool 5
SAT2
andO/EA
Pool 4
Long-distance “trans-pool” movements
Why now?
– Probably no single factor that underpins these dynamic
transboundary pa8erns;
– although these long distance and rapid movements of FMDV are
probably exacerbated by the escala=on of regional poli=cal crises,
and migra=on of people in North Africa and the Middle East and
increased demand for animal products in East Asia.

19.
New FMD lineages in North Africa
Outbreaks in FMD-free countries
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d
Es=ma=ng the threats to Europe (?)
2010-2011
Outbreaks in Bulgaria
• O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2
• A/ASIA/Irn-05
• Asia-1
• A/ASIA/G-V-II
• Outbreaks in UK in 2001
• Increased FMD circulaPon
in East Asia
NRL Workshop 2016
% of total risk

20.
Does the current level of sampling of field cases provide an
accurate picture of the true extent of FMD in the region?

21.
• How much FMD is circulaPng in a region?
• What is the TRUE unbiased prevalence of the different viral
lineages?
• How many samples do we need to collect? and how might we
design the opPmal surveillance of field cases within each of the
pools?
• Are efforts to control FMD having a posiPve impact upon
burden of disease? – (in the different regional roadmaps)
…. and how should we measure this?
Current gaps in global surveillance
………………………………… innova=on challenges?

22.
Acknowledgements
• Support for the WRLFMD
and research projects
• CollaboraPng FMD
Reference Laboratories
and field teams
• Partners within the OIE/
FAO FMD Lab Network