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Overseas
 Highway US1
   g    y

 A Brief History of
  the Florida Keys
 Corridor
  Description
        p
 US1 to Key West
  Corridor analysis
SStructures’’
  recommendation
Overseas
                                                                                     1 Arrivals of the Spanish
                                                                                     2 Arrival of the United States
                                            A Brief History of the Florida Keys     3 Arrival of the Settlers

Highway US1
  g    y                                 
                                         
                                         
                                             Corridor Description
                                             US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
                                             Structures’ recommendation
                                                                                     4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad
                                                                                     5 1935 Hurricane
                                                                                     6 The new era


A Brief History of the Florida Keys
   1 Arrivals of the Spanish
         When the expedition first arrived here               2 Arrival of the United States
          in the early sixteenth century, these                      The Keys back then was deserted and remote, and seemingly
          explorers were looking for the                              uninhabitable.
          Fountain of Youth                                          In 1820 U.S. bought ($ 5,000,000 us dollars) Florida from Spain
         but instead found money to be made                         As time passed and the United States came into existence, and the
          in l
          i logging the great old Mahogany
                  i    h         ld    h                              new US Government worked on its plan of Western (and
          trees that grew here.                                       Southern) expansion, settlers began to arrive.
         The Spanish didn't see any use for the                     The first settlement appeared in the 1820s in Key West
          Florida Keys except logging the
          mahogany and taking some Caloosas
          as slaves.
               l                                             3 Arrival of the Settlers
                                                                A i l f th S ttl
         The Spanish left these stony islands                     Nine years after the end of the US Civil War (1865) , the
          and moved on, but they did make note                      US government looked toward the rest of the Florida
          of the Florida Keys for their maps                        Keys with an eye towards developing its homesteading
         Soon after their arrival, the strait of                   program.
          Florida
          Fl id saw hundreds of Spanish
                        h d d fS i h                               Their i hb
                                                                    Th i neighbors to the West were wreckers but they were
                                                                                         h W                k b h
          Galleons traversing the area with gold                    farmers.
          from Central America bound for                           They managed to pull pineapple, melons, coconuts, and
          Spain.                                                    oranges from the rocky land.
         Unfortunately the Spanish map                            They used small boats to carry their produce out to larger
          makers didn't make better maps of the
                    didn t                                          boats that took their wares to larger markets.
                                                                    b      h      k h i            l         k
          reef outside the Florida Keys, and
          many of them wrecked there in the
          following years.
Overseas
                                                                                        1 Arrivals of the Spanish
                                                                                        2 Arrival of the United States
                                             A Brief History of the Florida Keys       3 Arrival of the Settlers

    Highway US1
      g    y                              
                                          
                                          
                                              Corridor Description
                                              US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
                                              Structures’ recommendation
                                                                                        4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad
                                                                                        5 1935 Hurricane
                                                                                        6 The new era


A Brief History of the Florida Keys
   4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad                                       5 1935 Hurricane
         The small boats were their mode of                                           The hurricane of 1935 has no name because by then
          transportation until the arrival of Mr.                                       no hurricane were naming the great storms yet at
          Henry Flagler in 1905.                                                        that point.
         His railroad down the East Coast of
                                                                                       The farmer-settlers had really depleted the fragile,
          Florida was then extended through
                                                                                        thin topsoil o the Uppe Keys by this po anyway,
                                                                                              opso of e Upper eys            s point yw y,
          Homestead and the Everglades and into
                     d d h           l d      di
                                                                                        so the end was near.
          Key Largo.
          It took seven years of construction,                                        The Great Hurricane of 1935 finally did them all in
          disease, hurricanes suffering, and                                            and most of the towns along the way to Key West
          worker death to get the railroad all the                                      just disappeared.
          way t Key West, but it finally arrived.
                to K W t b t fi ll            i d                                       It's k
                                                                                         It' known as the Hurricane, and it hurled itself
                                                                                                      th H i           d h l d it lf
         The railroad essentially cut off the                                          through the Upper Keys at the Matecumbe Keys on
          farming communities of the Upper                                              September 2. Winds topped 200 miles an hour and
          Keys and was open to receive produce                                          more than 800 people died.
          from all over the Caribbean for                                              There's a Hurricane Monument in Islamorada,
          shipment via the railroad to the                                              where many of the d d are b i d Many of them
                                                                                          h            f h dead      buried. M      f h
          mainland                                                                      were World War I vets working to construct a road
                                                                                        as part of the Federal work project system of the
       6 The new era                                                                   1930s.
              In 1942, a pipeline finally bringing fresh water from the Everglades was put in through the Keys,
               and the government began promoting the Florida Keys as a vacation destination.
                 d h                b             i    h Fl id K                 i d i i
              From here, can be seen the link to modern day tourism and development, and the outline of
               Florida Keys history is complete.
Overseas                                   
                                           
                                                A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                                                Corridor Description
                                                US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
Highway US1
  g    y
                                           
                                               Structures’ recommendation



Corridor Description
   The route to Florida Keys is a 127.5-mile
    Overseas Hi h
    O         Highway carrying U S R
                            i U.S. Route 1
    through the Florida Keys
   Most of these older bridges built for railroads
    have been replaced by more modern bridges
    that are able to accommodate more than two
    lanes of traffic
    l       f ffi
   The actual list of the 44 Bridges           The seven mile bridge (See
    is shown                                     picture 1) is a significant feat
                                                 of 20th century engineering
                                                They used the old tracks to
                                                 make a railing along the sides
                                                 of the bridge
                                                Now there is a new fixed
                                                 bridge
                                                Sections of the old bridge still
                                                 stands today and can walked
                                                 or bike to historic Pigeon Key.
                                                 Pigeon key was a camp for
                                                 workers on the seven mile
                                                 bridge
                                                The entire roadway of the
                                                 Overseas Highway was
                                                 substantially rebuilt in the
                                                 1980s
Overseas            
                    
                        A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                        Corridor Description
                        US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
Highway US1
  g    y
                    
                       Structures’ recommendation



Corridor Description, cont.
The United States
 Florida
       a
Overseas                                 
                                             
                                                 A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                                                 Corridor Description                    1
                                                                                         2
                                                                                             Purpose and need
                                                                                             Corridor planning
                                                 US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
    Highway US1
      g    y
                                             
                                                                                         3   Public and community involvement
                                                Structures’ recommendation              4   Study areas issues and opportunities



    US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
   1 Purpose and need                                   2 Corridor planning
        The result is a plan that foregoes some              This suggested study suggests prioritizes all road
         capacity improvement to maintain                      improvement and other changes likely to be needed over
         community character and in the                        the estimation of the next 20 years.
         hypothetical situation that is complete,             It expands and improves upon the existing work by
         US1 will look and operate somehow                     including an access management component and
         differently in each community along the
         diff      l i      h          i l      h              considering bicycle, pedestrian and mass public
                                                                    id i bi l           d i         d         bli
         US1                                                   transportation needs in addition to the roadway
        The top down approach it takes into                   improvements
         account community concern, and                       Is recommended the study- development be divided into
         engineering study on how to implement                 three phases of work:
         comprehensive examination of the
                  h i           i ti     f th                     1) Data collection and existing conditions – This will
         corridor and community needs rather                        include data collection, development of land use &
         than a FDOT policy.                                        performing capacity/ level of service of existing
        There are several steps to be taken in                     roadway.
         meeting the goals of this suggested                      2) Development of project alternatives – The
         study:                                                     information from the existing conditions analysis is
                                                                    i f      ti f      th     i ti       diti     l i i
            - Identify and quantify the extent of                  utilized to forecast future traffic volumes and patterns,
              existing deficiencies                                 and to identify improvements necessary due to
            - Identify conceptual roadway                          expected growth.
              improvements                                        3) Corridor plan – basically this should be the

            - Id
                Identify locations where access
                     if l     i      h                              development of the recommended infrastructure
              management techniques can be                          improvements and approval of the corridor plan itself..
              implemented.
            - integrate planning for all modes of
              travel
Overseas               
                       
                           A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                           Corridor Description                   1
                                                                  2
                                                                      Purpose and need
                                                                      Corridor planning
                           US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
Highway US1
  g    y
                       
                                                                  3   Public and community involvement
                          Structures’ recommendation             4   Study areas issues and opportunities



US1 to Key West Corridor analysis, cont.
                  3 Public and community involvement
                       The approach to this project has been from
                        the perspective that there is a need for
                        significant safety and capacity
                        improvements along the corridor, but that
                        these must be developed in conjunction
                        with the communities and in a manner that
                                  communities,
                        is sensitive to the role that US1 plays in
                        each town.
                       This design process serves to enhance the
                        different functions of the roadway, as a
                        state roadway as well as “main street to
                               roadway,              main street”
                        the communities.
                       To adequately plan for these diverse needs,
                        it is necessary to involve the communities
                        and citizens early and often.
Overseas                                   
                                           
                                                A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                                                Corridor Description                      1
                                                                                          2
                                                                                              Purpose and need
                                                                                              Corridor planning
                                                US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
Highway US1
  g    y
                                           
                                                                                          3   Public and community involvement
                                               Structures’ recommendation                4   Study areas issues and opportunities



US1 to Key West Corridor analysis, cont.
   4 Study areas issues and opportunities
         There are number of issues that define the need for improvements in the US1 corridor. These generally
                                                                                            corridor
          result from the multi faceted role that the roadway plays as “Main Street”, as gateway to Miami region, as
          major arterial in the South Florida’s highway system, and as tourist destination:
             1.- The role that US1 plays as the gateway to Miami, “Main Street” for many of the communities.

             2.- Significant development of tourist attraction and land use is stressing capacity and creating
               congestion points.
                           points
             3.- Poor access management has reduced the capacity of the roadway, impedes traffic flow, and creates
               safety concerns. Evident is there are several driveways and access points within the study area, many of
               them poorly defined and/ or too close to others.
             4.- Maturity and historic development along the corridor limits opportunities for physical roadway
               improvement, and makes any expansion more difficult and expensive.
               i             t d k                    i         diffi lt d          i
             5.- The corridor lacks facilities to support transit, bicycle and pedestrian travel making it difficult to get
               around using anything other than a personal motor vehicle.
             6.- Suggested a rail corridor that parallels US1 will operate between Miami and Key West can be set;
               with unlimited operating capacity for freight and passenger capability.
             7.- Limited or none at all route bus service along the corridor.

         In addition to the issues on the corridor, there are number of opportunities to make improvements. The
          communities along the US1 corridor must work together for many years with the purpose of addressing
          issues related to the roadway, tourism, and economic development.
             1.- Continuing growth of tourism in the region provides a solid economic base.

             2.- Strong development potential in the corridor provides a funding mechanism for addressing
               improvement needs.
             3.- The well maintenance of the suggested rail line will provide an opportunity to utilize that space for
               additional roadway capacity and bicycle and pedestrian facilities.
Overseas                                  
                                          
                                               A Brief History of the Florida Keys
                                               Corridor Description
                                               US1 to Key West Corridor analysis
Highway US1
  g    y
                                          
                                              Structures’ recommendation


Structures’ recommendation
   To increase the traffic capacity widening of the existing highway and
    bridges connecting the 127.5-mile Overseas Highway carrying U.S.
                                  127 5 mile                        i US
    Route 1 through the Florida Keys from Key Largo to Key West is
    recommended.
    The Alpha Team recommends a design which will widen the north and south
    sides of the existing Overseas Highway to accommodate the extra new lane.
                                                                        lane
   The widening can be done by modifying the structural system of the existing
    bridge.
   The main purpose of the widening is to accommodate an additional
    lane of traffic.
   Due to the higher loads over the existing Pier Caps, the pier caps shall be
    strengthened. The higher loads at Piers shall require strengthening of the pier
    cap and the foundations; the pier cap could be strengthened using post-
    tensioning to increase the capacity.
   All work shall be performed in strict accordance with the latest regulations
            k h ll b      f     di ti t          d       ith th l t t     l ti
    including, but not limited to, those regulations regarding erection, confined
    spaces and fall protection.
   Due to no right of way constraint and the existing foundations special design,
    considerations will be taken in order not to encroach into the existing
    properties along the islands or avoid conflict with the existing foundations.
           i    l     h il d           id    fli    ih h      i i f d i

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Feasibility study to improve the transportation infrastructure in and out of the Florida Keys

  • 1. Overseas Highway US1 g y  A Brief History of the Florida Keys  Corridor Description p  US1 to Key West Corridor analysis SStructures’’ recommendation
  • 2. Overseas 1 Arrivals of the Spanish 2 Arrival of the United States  A Brief History of the Florida Keys 3 Arrival of the Settlers Highway US1 g y    Corridor Description US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Structures’ recommendation 4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad 5 1935 Hurricane 6 The new era A Brief History of the Florida Keys  1 Arrivals of the Spanish  When the expedition first arrived here  2 Arrival of the United States in the early sixteenth century, these  The Keys back then was deserted and remote, and seemingly explorers were looking for the uninhabitable. Fountain of Youth  In 1820 U.S. bought ($ 5,000,000 us dollars) Florida from Spain  but instead found money to be made  As time passed and the United States came into existence, and the in l i logging the great old Mahogany i h ld h new US Government worked on its plan of Western (and trees that grew here. Southern) expansion, settlers began to arrive.  The Spanish didn't see any use for the  The first settlement appeared in the 1820s in Key West Florida Keys except logging the mahogany and taking some Caloosas as slaves. l  3 Arrival of the Settlers A i l f th S ttl  The Spanish left these stony islands  Nine years after the end of the US Civil War (1865) , the and moved on, but they did make note US government looked toward the rest of the Florida of the Florida Keys for their maps Keys with an eye towards developing its homesteading  Soon after their arrival, the strait of program. Florida Fl id saw hundreds of Spanish h d d fS i h  Their i hb Th i neighbors to the West were wreckers but they were h W k b h Galleons traversing the area with gold farmers. from Central America bound for  They managed to pull pineapple, melons, coconuts, and Spain. oranges from the rocky land.  Unfortunately the Spanish map  They used small boats to carry their produce out to larger makers didn't make better maps of the didn t boats that took their wares to larger markets. b h k h i l k reef outside the Florida Keys, and many of them wrecked there in the following years.
  • 3. Overseas 1 Arrivals of the Spanish 2 Arrival of the United States  A Brief History of the Florida Keys 3 Arrival of the Settlers Highway US1 g y    Corridor Description US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Structures’ recommendation 4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad 5 1935 Hurricane 6 The new era A Brief History of the Florida Keys  4 Arrival of Flagler & His Railroad  5 1935 Hurricane  The small boats were their mode of  The hurricane of 1935 has no name because by then transportation until the arrival of Mr. no hurricane were naming the great storms yet at Henry Flagler in 1905. that point.  His railroad down the East Coast of  The farmer-settlers had really depleted the fragile, Florida was then extended through thin topsoil o the Uppe Keys by this po anyway, opso of e Upper eys s point yw y, Homestead and the Everglades and into d d h l d di so the end was near. Key Largo.  It took seven years of construction,  The Great Hurricane of 1935 finally did them all in disease, hurricanes suffering, and and most of the towns along the way to Key West worker death to get the railroad all the just disappeared. way t Key West, but it finally arrived. to K W t b t fi ll i d  It's k It' known as the Hurricane, and it hurled itself th H i d h l d it lf  The railroad essentially cut off the through the Upper Keys at the Matecumbe Keys on farming communities of the Upper September 2. Winds topped 200 miles an hour and Keys and was open to receive produce more than 800 people died. from all over the Caribbean for  There's a Hurricane Monument in Islamorada, shipment via the railroad to the where many of the d d are b i d Many of them h f h dead buried. M f h mainland were World War I vets working to construct a road as part of the Federal work project system of the  6 The new era 1930s.  In 1942, a pipeline finally bringing fresh water from the Everglades was put in through the Keys, and the government began promoting the Florida Keys as a vacation destination. d h b i h Fl id K i d i i  From here, can be seen the link to modern day tourism and development, and the outline of Florida Keys history is complete.
  • 4. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y   Structures’ recommendation Corridor Description  The route to Florida Keys is a 127.5-mile Overseas Hi h O Highway carrying U S R i U.S. Route 1 through the Florida Keys  Most of these older bridges built for railroads have been replaced by more modern bridges that are able to accommodate more than two lanes of traffic l f ffi  The actual list of the 44 Bridges  The seven mile bridge (See is shown picture 1) is a significant feat of 20th century engineering  They used the old tracks to make a railing along the sides of the bridge  Now there is a new fixed bridge  Sections of the old bridge still stands today and can walked or bike to historic Pigeon Key. Pigeon key was a camp for workers on the seven mile bridge  The entire roadway of the Overseas Highway was substantially rebuilt in the 1980s
  • 5. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y   Structures’ recommendation Corridor Description, cont. The United States Florida a
  • 6. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description 1 2 Purpose and need Corridor planning US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y  3 Public and community involvement  Structures’ recommendation 4 Study areas issues and opportunities US1 to Key West Corridor analysis  1 Purpose and need  2 Corridor planning  The result is a plan that foregoes some  This suggested study suggests prioritizes all road capacity improvement to maintain improvement and other changes likely to be needed over community character and in the the estimation of the next 20 years. hypothetical situation that is complete,  It expands and improves upon the existing work by US1 will look and operate somehow including an access management component and differently in each community along the diff l i h i l h considering bicycle, pedestrian and mass public id i bi l d i d bli US1 transportation needs in addition to the roadway  The top down approach it takes into improvements account community concern, and  Is recommended the study- development be divided into engineering study on how to implement three phases of work: comprehensive examination of the h i i ti f th  1) Data collection and existing conditions – This will corridor and community needs rather include data collection, development of land use & than a FDOT policy. performing capacity/ level of service of existing  There are several steps to be taken in roadway. meeting the goals of this suggested  2) Development of project alternatives – The study: information from the existing conditions analysis is i f ti f th i ti diti l i i  - Identify and quantify the extent of utilized to forecast future traffic volumes and patterns, existing deficiencies and to identify improvements necessary due to  - Identify conceptual roadway expected growth. improvements  3) Corridor plan – basically this should be the  - Id Identify locations where access if l i h development of the recommended infrastructure management techniques can be improvements and approval of the corridor plan itself.. implemented.  - integrate planning for all modes of travel
  • 7. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description 1 2 Purpose and need Corridor planning US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y  3 Public and community involvement  Structures’ recommendation 4 Study areas issues and opportunities US1 to Key West Corridor analysis, cont.  3 Public and community involvement  The approach to this project has been from the perspective that there is a need for significant safety and capacity improvements along the corridor, but that these must be developed in conjunction with the communities and in a manner that communities, is sensitive to the role that US1 plays in each town.  This design process serves to enhance the different functions of the roadway, as a state roadway as well as “main street to roadway, main street” the communities.  To adequately plan for these diverse needs, it is necessary to involve the communities and citizens early and often.
  • 8. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description 1 2 Purpose and need Corridor planning US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y  3 Public and community involvement  Structures’ recommendation 4 Study areas issues and opportunities US1 to Key West Corridor analysis, cont.  4 Study areas issues and opportunities  There are number of issues that define the need for improvements in the US1 corridor. These generally corridor result from the multi faceted role that the roadway plays as “Main Street”, as gateway to Miami region, as major arterial in the South Florida’s highway system, and as tourist destination:  1.- The role that US1 plays as the gateway to Miami, “Main Street” for many of the communities.  2.- Significant development of tourist attraction and land use is stressing capacity and creating congestion points. points  3.- Poor access management has reduced the capacity of the roadway, impedes traffic flow, and creates safety concerns. Evident is there are several driveways and access points within the study area, many of them poorly defined and/ or too close to others.  4.- Maturity and historic development along the corridor limits opportunities for physical roadway improvement, and makes any expansion more difficult and expensive. i t d k i diffi lt d i  5.- The corridor lacks facilities to support transit, bicycle and pedestrian travel making it difficult to get around using anything other than a personal motor vehicle.  6.- Suggested a rail corridor that parallels US1 will operate between Miami and Key West can be set; with unlimited operating capacity for freight and passenger capability.  7.- Limited or none at all route bus service along the corridor.  In addition to the issues on the corridor, there are number of opportunities to make improvements. The communities along the US1 corridor must work together for many years with the purpose of addressing issues related to the roadway, tourism, and economic development.  1.- Continuing growth of tourism in the region provides a solid economic base.  2.- Strong development potential in the corridor provides a funding mechanism for addressing improvement needs.  3.- The well maintenance of the suggested rail line will provide an opportunity to utilize that space for additional roadway capacity and bicycle and pedestrian facilities.
  • 9. Overseas   A Brief History of the Florida Keys Corridor Description US1 to Key West Corridor analysis Highway US1 g y   Structures’ recommendation Structures’ recommendation  To increase the traffic capacity widening of the existing highway and bridges connecting the 127.5-mile Overseas Highway carrying U.S. 127 5 mile i US Route 1 through the Florida Keys from Key Largo to Key West is recommended.  The Alpha Team recommends a design which will widen the north and south sides of the existing Overseas Highway to accommodate the extra new lane. lane  The widening can be done by modifying the structural system of the existing bridge.  The main purpose of the widening is to accommodate an additional lane of traffic.  Due to the higher loads over the existing Pier Caps, the pier caps shall be strengthened. The higher loads at Piers shall require strengthening of the pier cap and the foundations; the pier cap could be strengthened using post- tensioning to increase the capacity.  All work shall be performed in strict accordance with the latest regulations k h ll b f di ti t d ith th l t t l ti including, but not limited to, those regulations regarding erection, confined spaces and fall protection.  Due to no right of way constraint and the existing foundations special design, considerations will be taken in order not to encroach into the existing properties along the islands or avoid conflict with the existing foundations. i l h il d id fli ih h i i f d i