History 1301 Unit 1 Chapter 3

1. History 1301
LOOK OVER
YOUR NOTES!
History 1301-5 6 7c
Chapter 2, intro 3 1/2012
AMERICA 1600’s
VIRGINIA, MASSACHUSETTS,
RHODE ISLAND, NEW YORK
AND CONNECTICUT
An army marches on its stomach ~
Napoleon Bonaparte

2. John F. Kennedy
• Forgive your
enemies, but never
forget their names. -
John F. Kennedy

3. Indentured servants
• An indentured servant is a laborer under
contract of an employer for usually three
to seven years, in exchange for their
transportation, food, drink, clothing,
lodging and other necessities.
• Unlike a slave, an indentured servant is
required to work only for a limited term
specified in a signed contract.[1]
• What did they trade for their labor?

4. Slavery
• The institution of Slavery is as old as
civilization itself
• Man’s inhumanity to his fellow man seems
to have no boundaries
• The cruelty of slavery seemed to reach its
peak from 1600-1800.

5. African- Ghana Empire

6. Things To Know
• Named for ruler, known as “Ghana”
• Wealth based on caravan trade, not
military conquest.
• 100,000 square mile territory, Hundreds of
thousands of people.
• Lots of Gold. So much that a pound of
gold was traded for a pound of salt.
• Significant Muslim influence.

7. Mali Empire

8. Songhai gains independence from
Mali

9. Sonni Ali (1464-1492)

10. Muhammad Ture (1493-1528)

11. The Kongo Kingdom

12. “The Middle Passage”
• WARNING…THE FOLLOWING SLIDES
ARE GRAPHIC IN NATURE AND DEPICT
UNUSUAL CRUELTY…

13. Objective: To examine the conditions faced by African
slaves during the Middle Passage.
'Inventory of
Negroes, Cattle,
Horses, etc on the
estate of Sir James
Lowther Bart in
Barbados taken this
31st day of
December 1766'

14. The Arrival of Europeans in Africa - 1795
The Portuguese, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry, had
landed in West Africa 350 years earlier.

16. This engraving, entitled An African man being inspected for
sale into slavery while a white man talks with African slave
traders, appeared in the detailed account of a former slave
ship captain and was published in 1854.

17. Middle Passage – passage across the Atlantic Ocean from
West Africa to the Americas the was the route of the African
American slave trade

18. The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The
drawing of the slave ship Brookes was distributed by the Abolitionist
Society in England as part of their campaign against the slave trade,
and dates from 1789.

19. Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the
publication, A History of the Amistad Captives, reveals how
hundreds of slaves could be held within a slave ship. Tightly
packed and confined in an area with just barely enough
room to sit up, slaves were known to die from a lack of
breathable air.

20. • Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard
slave ships.

21. "...the excessive heat was not the only thing
that rendered their situation intolerable. The
deck, that is the floor of their rooms, was so
covered with the blood and mucus which had
proceeded from them in consequence of the
flux, that it resembled a slaughterhouse."
Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon
aboard slave ships and later the governor of a
British colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone.

22. Frequently, slaves were permitted on deck in small groups
for brief periods, where the crew would encourage, and
many times force, captives to dance for exercise.

23. "Exercise being deemed necessary for the
preservation of their health they are
sometimes obliged to dance when the
weather will permit their coming on deck. If
they go about it reluctantly or do not move
with agility, they are flogged…”
Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave
Trade on the Coast of Africa.

25. Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the
end of its voyage. It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed
from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water
was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was
an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the
slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to
reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves
thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but
the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed
by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost through
drowning.
The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together,
then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the
next two days. By the time the ship had reached the
Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered.

26. Olaudah Equiano's account of his experiences

27. "I was soon put down under the decks, and
there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I
had never experienced in my life: so that, with the
loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I
became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor
had I the least desire to taste anything.
I now wished for the last friend, death, to
relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white
men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat,
one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me
across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while
the other flogged me severely.”
- Olaudah Equiano, giving the first eyewitness account
of life on a ship from a slave's point of view.

28. THIS is the Vessel that had the
Small-Pox on Board at the Time
of her Arrival the 31st of March
last: Every necessary Precaution
hath since been taken to cleanse
both Ship and Cargo thoroughly,
so that those who may be
inclined to purchase need not be
under the least Apprehension of
Danger from Infliction.
The NEGROES are allowed to be
the likeliest Parcel that have been
imported this Season.

29. • Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox
killed thousands of Africans.
• From 13% - 20% of the Africans aboard slave ships
died during the Middle Passage.
• Between 1699 and
1845 there were 55
successful African
uprisings on slave
ships.
William Snelgrave,
from A New Account
of Some Parts of
Guinea, and the Slave
Trade

30. COLONY OF VIRGINIA
FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN
THE NEW WORLD JAMESTOWN 1607.
EARLY YEARS OF FAILURE BECAUSE
OF GOLD SEEKERS AND GENTRY.
KEY FIGURE-CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH,
“YOU DON’T WORK, YOU DON’T EAT.”
HARD TIMES UNTIL TOBACCO 1607

31. Jamestown
Jamestown was
the capital of
the Colony for
83 years,
from 1616
until 1699

32. Significance:
First permanent English settlement in the
New World at Jamestown.
It provided a source of fertile land and great
wealth to England in the form of the cash
crop, tobacco.
With the House of Burgesses, America
saw the first institutional instance of
representative self government.

33. 1607-Colony of Virginia

34. PILGRIMS
SEPARTIST GROUP WHO WANTED TO
BE SEPARATE FROM THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND (AND LEFT ALONE.)
TRAVELED ON A FORMER WINE SHIP,
THE MAYFLOWER, MADE
MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND FORMED
THE PLYMOUTH COLONY IN 1620.
LATER BLENDED INTO
MASSACHUSETTS WITH THE
PURITANS.

35. REMEMBER THESE GUYS?
John Knox
Scotland
John Calvin
Geneva
Huldrych
Zwingli
Martin Luther’s influence, years later

36. THE COLONY OF
MASSACHUSETTS
PURITAN THEOLOGY GREATLY INFLUENCED
BY REFORMATION PREACHER JOHN
CALVIN, (1509-1564) PARTICULARLY
PREDESTINATION.
JOHN WINTHROP-FIRST GOVERNOR.
PURITANS HAD DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY THAT
THRIVED. STRONG WORK ETHIC THAT
SURVIVES TO THIS DAY IN THIS COUNTRY.
ALTHOUGH THEIR RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
DECREASED OVER THE YEARS.
1620

37. Significance:
The Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower created
the Mayflower Compact. This agreement
to form a government and to submit to
the will of the majority set up the
precedent of written constitutions.
Other Important People:
William Bradford - Chosen governor thirty
times in annual elections.
Priscilla and John Alden-Colonial Leaders.

38. Priscilla and John Alden
John Alden was a cooper, or barrel-maker, by
trade.
John Alden married Priscilla Mullins, also of the
Mayflower.
They were probably married by 1623 since
Priscilla is not listed separately in the 1623
Division of Land.
By the 1627 Division of Cattle, they were married
and had two children, Elizabeth and John.

39. Priscilla and John Alden
She is known to literary history as the unrequited love of
the newly-widowed Captain Miles Standish, the colony's
military advisor, in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s 1858
poem The Courtship of Miles Standish. According to the
poem, Standish asked his good friend John Alden to
propose to Priscilla on his behalf, only to have Priscilla
ask, “Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (a direct descendant of John
and Priscilla) based his poem on a romanticized version
of a family tradition, though there is no independent
historical evidence for the account. The basic story was
apparently handed down in the Alden family and
published by John and Priscilla’s great-great-grandson,
Rev. Timothy Alden, in 1814.[5]

40. COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND
FOUNDED BY ROGER WILLIAMS WHO
WAS RUN OUT OF MASSACHUSETTS
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
PURCHASED THE LAND FROM THE
NATIVE INDIANS.
ONE OF THE FIRST AMERICANS OF THE
BAPTIST CHURCH. 1636

41. Significant Events
Named for the Isle of Rhodes (in the Mediterranean Sea) or
for its red clay ("Rood Eylandt" meaning Red Island, in
Dutch).
This colony was the first to guarantee all its citizens
freedom of worship.
The colony was founded on separation of church and state.
Rhode Island is known for its fierce independence.
The colony was the last to ratify the U.S. Constitution –
after it had already gone into effect and the government
had been established.

42. Newport Tower
in Rhode Island
Vikings? Knights Templar?
Pre-Columbus?

43. COLONY OF NEW YORK
HENRY HUDSON CLAIMED THE AREA FOR
THE DUTCH. ORIGINALLY NEW
NETHERLAND.
DUTCH WERE MORE TOLERANT
RELIGIOUSLY, MANY JEWS SETTLED
THERE. AND THE DUTCH GAVE US DUTCH
CHOCOLATE (Yeah!).
CHARLES II GRANTED NEW NETHERLAND TO
HIS BROTHER JAMES, DUKE OF YORK. HE
ARRIVED WITH A FLEET AND THE DUTCH
SURRENDERED WITHOUT A FIGHT.
RENAMED NEW YORK. 1664

44. Land for beads?
• In 1625, Peter Minuit
founded New
Amsterdam at the
outflow of the Hudson
River. According to
legend, Minuit paid
local Indians about $24
worth of trinkets for the
land. Who knew that
America's largest city,
New York City,would
develop from the land
that Minuet purchased.

45. NEW JERSEY
DUKE OF YORK GRANTED SOME LAND
TO SIR GEORGE CARTERET AND
LORD JOHN BERKELEY WHO NAMED
THEIR COLONY NEW JERSEY. THEY
PROVIDED LIBERAL GRANTS OF LAND
AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION.
AGRICULTURAL (GARDEN STATE)

46. New Jersey
The Garden State

47. John Witherspoon/Princeton

48. COLONY OF CONNECTICUT
THE FATHER OF CONNECTICUT WAS
THOMAS HOOKER, ANOTHER
PURITAN PASTOR WHO WAS KICKED
OUT FOR DISSENT. HE LED A
MIGRATION OF HIS CONGREGATION
FROM MASSACHUSETTS TO A
SETTLEMENT NAMED HARTFORD. 1635

49. Hooker Day?
A Festival honors him in Hartford,
Connecticut.
Have you ever heard of him?
Have you ever seen a picture of him?

50. Connecticut-
Indian fights and land claims

51. MARY LAND…MARYLAND
George Calvert, (Lord Baltimore) an English nobleman,
designed and promoted the new colony as a refuge for
Catholics, but invited others. Named it for the queen,
Henrietta Maria, the wife of the Catholic King, Charles I.
Protestants came in such large numbers that they
overwhelmed the Catholics who were never a majority.
Maryland Toleration Act (1649) enacted to keep peace
between the groups. It stated, in effect, “that anyone who
believes in Jesus may live peaceably in Maryland.” It
was the first step toward religious freedom although it
restricted Jews.
Settlers took free land, imported indentured servants grew
tobacco and for the most part governed themselves and
lived happy lives.

52. Until the night of 3/28/1984
When the BALTIMORE COLTS snook out of town
after midnight in several MAYFLOWER moving
vans to go play in INDIANAPOLIS.
MANY IN MARYLAND NEITHER FORGIVE NOR FORGET

53. COLONY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
A planned colony settled by proprietors who
advertised for colonists.
It was also populated by some Puritans from
Massachusetts.
The land was granted to Captain John Mason who
lived in Hampshire County, England.
He sent settlers to the new territory to create a
fishing colony. He died, however, before ever
seeing where he had spent a considerable
amount of money building towns and defenses.
1623

54. NEW HAMPSHIRE

55. DELAWARE
Called New Sweden, settled by Peter Minuit.
When the Duke of York got New Netherland,
he also received New Sweden which he
renamed Delaware.
Originated log cabins.
Area was part of Pennsylvania until 1703
when it created its own legislature.

56. Delaware
Once was known for corporations.

57. CAROLINAS
"Carolina was so called by the French, in 1563 or
1564, in honor of Charles IX, King of France
(Carolus in Latin, meaning Charles), under
whose patronage its coast was discovered.
One colony at first.
Later Settled by eight proprietors, businessmen
who got permission (Charters) from King
Charles II, (perhaps with cash involved.) They
hoped to make a profit off exports. Again in
creative naming, the main port was Charles
town, (Charleston)
In 1729 they became separate royal colonies.

58. North Carolina
Exposed to Atlantic storms.
Backwoods people from Virginia living there.
Looked down upon by people in Virginia and
South Carolina.
They would later vote no on the constitution
until the Bill of Rights was added because
they feared the power of the majority.

59. The progress of the Albemarle or North Carolina
Colony was long retarded by domestic
dissensions. An insurrectionary state of the
inhabitants arose out of an attempt to enforce
Mr. Locke's plan of government; — taxes were
enormous, and commercial restrictions
embarrassing.
In 1677, after an attempt to enforce the revenue
laws against a smuggler from New England, the
people rose upon the government, and
imprisoned the president of the colony and six
members of the council, and, having done this,
assumed the prerogative of governing
themselves.

60. South Carolina
Much more elite group of people.
Charleston was a major port.
Two thirds of it’s population was slave, even
when it became a state.
It sent back to England for everything and
traded crops.
The civil war would begin here.

61. The progress of the southern colony was, from the commencement,
more rapid than the northern.
The soil was more feasible and fertile.
Many Dutch families from New York, dissatisfied with the transfer of
their home to the English, in 1664, were ready to find a home here;
and, in 1671, shiploads of them were transported by the proprietors
to Carolina, free of expense, and liberal grants of land were made to
them.
The profanity and licentiousness of the court of Charles II, also, drove
many Puritan refugees across the Atlantic, a considerable number
of whom settled in Carolina.
In 1680, the people of Old Charleston, attracted by the more pleasant
location of a point of land between thee rivers Ashley and Cooper,
called Oyster Point, removed there, and there laid the foundation of
the present City of Charleston, which, from that time, has had the
honor of being the capital of the colony and state.
The safety of the place was endangered by the hostile and predatory
conduct of the Westoes, a powerful tribe of Indians in the
neighborhood. Retaliatory measures became necessary; numbers
of the Indians were shot; and others, who were captured, were sent
into slavery in the West Indies. Fortunately, peace was made with
them the following year.

62. QUAKERS
The “Society of Friends” emerged during the
English Civil wars as one of the most radical
religious sects.
Like the Puritans, they believed the Church of
England was tainted with Catholicism.
Individual could find “grace” through the inward
light or spark of redemption that dwelt in every
person, not confined to “Priests”.
They were persecuted because they did not show
deference to others in class conscious England.
They believed that social distinction was not
important to God.

63. Quakers
They believed that swearing on the Bible
was sinful.
They rejected military action and service.
They were pacifists.
They believed in relative equality of the
sexes which was an affront to European
view.
They were adamant about converting the
world to their beliefs.

64. William Penn
Penn acquired land in West Jersey, but the efforts
did not succeed.
He then acquired land across the Delaware River
in what became Pennsylvania.
He wanted Pennsylvania to be a haven to all those
who had been persecuted because of national or
religious background.
Bought land from tribes, banned alcohol.

65. Pennsylvania
• Philadelphia was the most
prominent city in the new
world and Pennsylvania was
one of the most religiously
tolerant of the colonies.
Many Amish settlers

66. Georgia
Named for King George.
James Oglethorpe saw Georgia as a refuge
for people from debtor’s prison.
South Carolina was opposed to the
formation of the colony, but agreed to
allow it as a “buffer” from Spanish and
Indian hostilities.

68. Mercantilism at work
Market protection. Put your colonies to work
for you.
Navigation Acts-A series of commercial
restrictions passed by Parliament intended
to regulate colonial commerce in such a
way as to favor England’s accumulation of
wealth.

69. Navigation Act 1660
Most important piece of Imperial Legislation before
the revolution.
No ship could trade in the colonies unless it had
been constructed in either England or America
and carried a crew that was at least 75% English
(colonies counted as English)
Enumerated Goods not produced in England could
only go to England or a colonial port.

70. What Goods?
Essential raw materials like tobacco, sugar,
cotton, indigo, dyewoods, and ginger.
In 1704, rice and molasses added
In 1705, rosins, tars and turpentines needed
for shipbuilding were added.

71. Effects of the act of 1660?
Encouraged the development of domestic
shipbuilding
Prohibited European rivals from obtaining
enumerated goods anywhere except in
England.
Since Americans had to pay import duties in
England, (here colonists were not counted
as Englishmen), tobacco and sugar
provided income for the crown.

72. Second Navigation Act
Staple Act of 1663
Required with few exceptions that nothing came to America
without being first transshipped through England. More
taxes raised the prices of goods in the colonies.
Why these acts? To eliminate the Dutch. Three wars in 22
years 1652-1674.
Result? Merchant ship production grew in Boston, Salem
and Newport.
Hurt profits of small and large growers.
Tactics were tried to get around the tariffs and were
countered, particularly enforcement in1696.

73. Bacon’s Rebellion
Bacon’s rebellion (1675-1676) Nathaniel
Bacon led a revolt against the colony’s
royal governor, Sir William Berkeley. A
revolt against special privilege in
government by some, but Bacon was
chiefly interested in gaining a larger share
of the lucrative Indian trade.

74. Metacomet
Representative of the times. Indian lands
were squeezed by settlers and
neighboring Indian tribes.
Wampanoag chief also known as King Philip
who declared war against the colonies in
1675.

75. Dominion of New England
Incorporation of Massachusetts,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth,
New York, New Jersey and New
Hampshire under a single appointed royal
governor that lasted from 1686 to 1689.

76. Glorious Revolution
Revolution in England where Catholic King
James II was deposed and his protestant
daughter Mary and her husband William or
Orange took the throne.
Andros regime overthrown in the colonies.

77. Are you one?
From June through September of 1692, nineteen
men and women, all having been convicted of
witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren
slope near Salem Village, for hanging.
Another man of over eighty years was pressed to
death under heavy stones for refusing to submit
to a trial on witchcraft charges.
Hundreds of others faced accusations of
witchcraft; dozens languished in jail for months
without trials until the hysteria that swept through
Puritan Massachusetts subsided.

78. Why?
Why did this travesty of justice occur? Why
did it occur in Salem? Nothing about this
tragedy was inevitable. Only an
unfortunate combination of an ongoing
frontier war, economic conditions,
congregational strife, teenage boredom,
and personal jealousies can account for
the spiraling accusations, trials, and
executions that occurred in the spring and
summer of 1692.

79. Salem, Massachusetts in 1692.
Started when
some little girls
started
exhibiting
strange and
destructive
behavior and
then it got out of
hand.

80. Spectral Evidence
Salem witch trials where the court allowed
reports of dreams and visions in which the
accused appeared as the devil’s agent to
be introduced as testimony.
The accused had no defense.
When the judges later disallowed this
testimony the executions for witchcraft
ended.

81. Parker Brothers$$$
Although ouija boards are
viewed by some to be a
simple toy, there are
people who believe they
can be harmful, including
Edgar Cayce who called
them "dangerous."[9]
Critics warn that "evil
demons" pretend to be
cooperative ghosts in
order to trick players into
becoming spiritually
possessed.

82. Salem is Bewitched
Today Salem caters
to the reputation.
A new statue was
erected to a famous
television witch.

83. Southern Colonies
Tobacco production started it all.
Indigo, Rice and Sugar Cane are introduced
successfully. They required a large labor supply,
a longer growing season…and a lot of water.
Indentured servants, who were both white and
black, decreased because of increased
employment in England.
Slave population increased.
And about all the water, it was a breeding ground.

84. Mosquitoes
• Only the female mosquito
will bite. Humans give off
carbon dioxide, which a
mosquito can detect up to 20
feet away. The mosquito
then identifies secondary
attractants such as
perspiration, lactic acid and
heat to confirm that the
source of carbon dioxide is
human, and not pollution.

85. THERE WAS
NO RAID
AVAILABLE

86. Effects of Mosquitoes
There are still a few diseases that
mosquitoes can transmit, including
Eastern Equine Encephalitis and St. Louis
Encephalitis.
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria
and yellow fever, have plagued civilization
for thousands of years.
Mosquitoes caused death in the colonial
south.

87. Southern Life
High mortality rate and high infancy mortality rate
due to malaria and yellow fever.
Most people lived in poverty, most of the crops
grown were for export, not for food.
Socially, not a lot of interaction as a community.
Religion was still the Church of England. Took
pride in calling themselves not God’s “Chosen
People” but God’s “Frozen People,” or “God’s
Frozen Chosen.” Most were members in name
only.

88. Royal African Company
After 1672, the Royal African Company was
chartered to meet the colonial planters’
demands for black laborers.
Between 1695 and 1709 more than11,000
Africans were sold in Virginia alone. Many
others were sold in Maryland and the
Carolinas.

89. Labor Force in South Changes
As the supply of indentured servants
decreased, the supply of slaves increased.
The number of slaves soon outnumbered
the white population in many areas.
Fear of slave uprisings produced colonial
legislation called Slave Codes.

90. Slave Codes of 1705
Started in Virginia House
of Burgesses and then
widely adopted in other
colonies.
Slaves were property and
as such could be
disposed of, sold, used
as collateral on loans or
given away.

91. Slave Codes
No reading or writing (education forbidden)
No land could be owned
No legal marriage
No testifying in court (against whites)
No night travel without permit
No assembly
No firearms (punishment was death)

92. Jumping the Broom
• Minister: We end this
ceremony with the
African American
tradition of jumping of
the broom. Slaves in
this country were not
permitted to marry, so
they jumped a broom as
a way of ceremonially
uniting. Today it
represents great joy and
at the same time serves
as a reminder of the past
and the pain of slavery.

93. Northern townships

94. Town Meetings
• New England
Democratic
Form of
Government.
• Launching pads
for today’s
political
campaigns.

95. Northern Colonies-Fishing

96. SHIPPING

97. TIMBER AND FUR TRADE
• TIMBER FOR MASTS
and PITCH FOR
SEALANT
• SHIPBUILDING WAS
HARD AND
EXACTING WORK.
• FUR TRADE LED TO
FURTHER LAND
EXPANSION AS
CLOSE FORESTS
WERE DEPLETED.

98. COMMERCE
Ample water sources made the construction
of mills possible. In time, a strong
merchant class emerged, bolstered by the
shipping industry that developed in
northern ports. Ship building also
increased. Eventually, traders and
bankers sprang up to run the
manufacturing and shipping economy, and
northern port cities like Boston became
central trading areas for the British in the
Americas.

99. Life in the North
The climate was too harsh and the ground was too
stony for large scale farming. Farms were small,
mostly for family use. Short growing season
enabled people to pursue other jobs and
professions. Craftsman and trades people were
the seeds for future manufacturers.
Religion was a central point of every day
No mosquitoes. Longer life expectancy, more
people.

100. Northern Colonies-Education
Yale was established by
Welsh merchant Elihu
Yale, who had donated
the proceeds from the
sale of nine bales of
goods together with 417
books and a portrait of
King George I.
It was started in
Connecticut, partly
because Harvard was
considered too liberal.