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The Cell Membrane
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Phospholipids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fatty acid Phosphate Aaaah,  one of those structure–function examples
Phospholipid bilayer polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic tails polar hydrophilic heads
More than lipids…  ,[object Object],It’s like a fluid… It’s like a mosaic… It’s the  Fluid Mosaic Model !
Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Extracellular fluid Cholesterol Cytoplasm Phospholipids Glycolipid Transmembrane proteins Filaments of cytoskeleton Peripheral protein Glycoprotein
Membrane fat composition varies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Membrane Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why are proteins  the perfect  molecule to build structures  in the cell membrane?
Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? nonpolar & hydrophobic
Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? polar & hydrophilic I like the polar ones the best !
Proteins domains anchor molecule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Polar areas of protein Nonpolar areas of protein
Examples proton pump channel  in photosynthetic bacteria water channel  in bacteria function through  conformational  change =  shape change NH 2 H + COOH Cytoplasm Retinal chromophore Nonpolar (hydrophobic)  -helices in the cell membrane H + Porin monomer  -pleated sheets Bacterial outer membrane
Many Functions of Membrane Proteins Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Cell surface receptor Enzyme activity Cell surface  identity marker Attachment to the cytoskeleton Cell adhesion
Membrane carbohydrates  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Any Questions??
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],diffusion osmosis movement of water
Diffusion across cell membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],IN food carbohydrates sugars, proteins amino acids lipids salts, O 2 ,   H 2 O OUT waste ammonia salts CO 2 H 2 O  products cell needs materials  in  & products or waste  out IN OUT Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO!
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer ,[object Object],[object Object],lipid salt aa H 2 O sugar NH 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],inside cell outside cell
Channels through cell membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],inside cell outside cell sugar aa H 2 O salt NH 3
Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ The Bouncer” open channel = fast transport facilitated = with help high low
Active Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ The Doorman” conformational   change ATP low high
Active transport ,[object Object],symport antiport ATP ATP
Getting through cell membrane ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ATP
Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport ATP
How about large molecules? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],exocytosis
Endocytosis  phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated  endocytosis fuse with lysosome for digestion non-specific process triggered by molecular signal
The Special Case of Water Movement of water across  the cell membrane
Osmosis is diffusion of water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concentration of water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],water net  movement of water hypotonic hypertonic
Managing water balance ,[object Object],freshwater balanced saltwater
Managing water balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],balanced
Managing water balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],freshwater ATP
Water regulation ,[object Object],ATP
Managing water balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],saltwater
Aquaporins ,[object Object],[object Object],1991  |  2003 Peter Agre John Hopkins Roderick MacKinnon Rockefeller
Osmosis…  Cell  (compared to beaker)    hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker  (compared to cell)    hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow?    in or out of cell  .05 M .03 M
Any Questions??

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Cell Membrane

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  • 4. Phospholipid bilayer polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic tails polar hydrophilic heads
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  • 6. Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Extracellular fluid Cholesterol Cytoplasm Phospholipids Glycolipid Transmembrane proteins Filaments of cytoskeleton Peripheral protein Glycoprotein
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  • 9. Why are proteins the perfect molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?
  • 10. Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? nonpolar & hydrophobic
  • 11. Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? polar & hydrophilic I like the polar ones the best !
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  • 13. Examples proton pump channel in photosynthetic bacteria water channel in bacteria function through conformational change = shape change NH 2 H + COOH Cytoplasm Retinal chromophore Nonpolar (hydrophobic)  -helices in the cell membrane H + Porin monomer  -pleated sheets Bacterial outer membrane
  • 14. Many Functions of Membrane Proteins Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Cell surface receptor Enzyme activity Cell surface identity marker Attachment to the cytoskeleton Cell adhesion
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  • 17. Movement across the Cell Membrane
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  • 27. Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport ATP
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  • 29. Endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis fuse with lysosome for digestion non-specific process triggered by molecular signal
  • 30. The Special Case of Water Movement of water across the cell membrane
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  • 39. Osmosis… Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell .05 M .03 M

Editor's Notes

  1. The carbohydrates are not inserted into the membrane -- they are too hydrophilic for that. They are attached to embedded proteins -- glycoproteins.
  2. Signal transduction - transmitting a signal from outside the cell to the cell nucleus, like receiving a hormone which triggers a receptor on the inside of the cell that then signals to the nucleus that a protein must be made.
  3. The four human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) differ in the external carbohydrates on red blood cells.
  4. Movement from high concentration of that substance to low concentration of that substance .
  5. Donuts! Each transport protein is specific as to the substances that it will translocate (move). For example, the glucose transport protein in the liver will carry glucose from the blood to the cytoplasm, but not fructose, its structural isomer. Some transport proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane -- simply provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane. These channel proteins allow fast transport. For example, water channel proteins, aquaporins , facilitate massive amounts of diffusion.
  6. Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and solute across the membrane as the protein changes shape. These shape changes could be triggered by the binding and release of the transported molecule. This is model for active transport.
  7. Plants: nitrate & phosphate pumps in roots. Why? Nitrate for amino acids Phosphate for DNA & membranes Not coincidentally these are the main constituents of fertilizer Supplying these nutrients to plants Replenishing the soil since plants are depleting it