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Biblical Hebrew

Getting to Know ‫ "ל‬Passive Verbs


                      by Chris Heard
Table of Contents

    Abbreviations .............................. 3
    Getting Ready .............................. 4
    The ‫ "ל‬Passive Participle ......... 10
    Rare ‫ "ל‬Passive Forms ............. 17
    Credits ........................................ 37
Abbreviations

   1, 2, 3 indicate grammatical person
   m, f, c indicate grammatical gender
   s, p indicate grammatical number
   R1, R2, R3 indicate root letters
                                         3
Getting Ready


    Before we start getting to
    know the ‫ "ל‬passive, let’s
    run a few preflight checks.

                                  4
Do you remember how a Hebrew
verb changes to form the various
combinations of person, gender,
and number, as well as perfect
and imperfect?
                                   5
Do you know your Masoretic
vowels well enough to
distinguish between the
three classes (a, i, and u)?

                               6
If you answered
“yes,” you’re ready
for the ‫ "ל‬passive!


                      7
Remember that certain patterns
can create predictable variations.
This slideshow focuses on core
patterns. It does not illustrate every
possible variation.
                                         8
Furthermore, this slideshow
is intended to supplement,
not replace, classroom
instruction and practice.

                              9
The ‫ "ל‬Passive Participle

   The ‫ "ל‬passive participle
   appears over 950 times in the
   #‫ ,תַּנ%״‬but other forms of the ‫"ל‬
   passive are very rare.
                                       10
Therefore, most readers don’t
need to learn any ‫ "ל‬passive
form except the participle.


                                11
The ms ‫ "ל‬passive participle
looks like the 3ms ‫ "ל‬active
perfect, but with ‫ וּ‬as R2’s vowel:
   #‫בָּר‬
     ַ     3ms active perfect
  # ‫בָּר‬
   ‫וּ‬       ms passive participle
                                     12
The plural and feminine participles
inflect like the ‫ "ל‬active participle,
with predictable vowel changes:
        # ‫בָּר‬
           ‫וּ‬        ms participle
       ‫  וּ  ה‬
        ָ‫בּר כ‬   ְ   fs participle
       ‫     ים‬
          ִ‫בּרכ‬
             ְֻ     mp participle
       ‫בּרכ וֹת‬ְֻ
                    fp participle        13
Note that R2 tends to take a
‫ שׁוּ8ק‬in the singular and a
‫ ;בּוּץ‬in the plural, though
this isn’t a firm rule. Either
vowel can be used.
                                 14
The ‫ "ל‬passive participle can
serve as a noun. For example,
the ‫ כ‬in #‫ תַּנ%״‬stands for ‫,כְּת=בִים‬
“Writings” (i.e., “[things that
have been] written”).
                                       15
The ‫ "ל‬passive participle can
also serve as an adjective, as
in ‫,כָּל–הָאָלָה כְּתוּבָה בַּסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה‬
“every curse written on this
scroll” (Deut 29:19).
                                        16
Rare ‫ "ל‬Passive Forms

  Alert! Most readers of the #‫תַּנ%״‬
  need only learn the ‫ "ל‬passive
  participle. The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect
  and imperfect occur, but they’re
  very rare.
                                       17
Therefore, you don’t really need
to learn the information the
following pages supply. They’re
given here for those inquiring
minds who want to know more.
                                   18
Recognizing ‫ "ל‬Passive Perfects


     The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect is
     characterized by R1 taking a
     ‫ ;בּוּץ‬and R2 gaining a ‫.דָּגֵשׁ‬
                                    19
ֻּ
                    
                ‫ל"ח‬
The suffix     ‫ ל   ה‬
                 ‫י ֻ  ְד‬
                 ָּ          R1’s ‫ ;בּוּץ‬and
 indicates                   R2’s ‫ דָּגֵשׁ‬indicate
a perfect.   ָ‫הְתּ‬I‫ל‬
                  ֻּ
                             a ‫ "ל‬passive.
             ‫תֶּם‬Jַ‫ ל‬ּ   ֻ‫י‬
                                                   20
In words where R2 rejects
the ‫ ,דָּגֵשׁ‬R1’s vowel becomes
a ‫ חוֹלֶם‬instead of a ‫.;בּוּץ‬


                                21
The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect and ‫פֻּעַל‬
perfect look alike. Fortunately,
since both express passive
voice, any confusion between
them rarely affects the sense.
                                   22
If you need to precisely identify
a particular verb as a ‫ "ל‬passive
perfect or a ‫ פֻּעַל‬perfect, look it
up in a lexicon.

                                      23
Recognizing ‫ "ל‬Passive Imperfects


      The ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect
      is quite rare—fewer than
      25 instances in the #‫.תַּנ%״‬

                                    24
All ‫שִׁים‬Nָ‫ שׁ‬used in the ‫"ל‬
passive imperfect exhibit a
“weakness”—such as a ‫ נ‬as R1,
‫ ו‬or ‫ י‬as R2 (biconsonantal), or
R2 = R3 (geminate)—and
therefore the patterns vary.
                                   25
On the other hand, all but one of
the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfects in the
#‫ תַּנ%״‬are 3ms or 2ms, which is
convenient for those trying to
learn this conjugation.
                                    26
The most consistent feature
of the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect
is the u-class prefix vowel,
normally a ‫.;בּוּץ‬

                               27
That u-class vowel is supplied
by the ‫ "ל‬passive conjugation.
All of the other variations are
based on characteristics of
the ‫.שֹׁ8שׁ‬

                                  28
Over half of the ‫ "ל‬passive
imperfects in the #‫ תַּנ%״‬are
instances of a ‫ שֹׁ8שׁ‬that has
‫ נ‬in R1, or of ‫( לקח‬which
behaves like a 1-‫ נ‬verb).

                               29
As usual, R1’s ‫( נ‬or ‫ ל‬in ‫ )לקח‬will
undergo aphaeresis (disappear)
in the prefix pattern, and R2 will
compensate by taking a ‫.דָּגֵשׁ‬

                                      30
The rest of the ‫ "ל‬passive
imperfects are split between
biconsonantal verbs (R2 = ‫ ו‬or ‫)י‬
and geminate verbs (R2 = R3). Of
these, biconsonantal verbs are
more common, by about 2:1.
                                    31
Both biconsonantal and geminate
verbs in the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect
will lose R2 to aphaeresis, and the
prefix’s vowel will be ‫( שׁוּ8ק‬or,
for some biconsonantal verbs,
‫ .)חִי8ק מָלֵא‬Geminate verbs also
gain a ‫ דָּגֵשׁ‬in R1 if possible.
                                      32
‫י ֻקַּח‬
                   1
                               The u-class
The affixes        1 ‫ תַּן‬
                        ֻ‫י‬     prefix vowel
indicate an     2 ‫י וּ שַׁת‬      indicates
 imperfect.
                3 ‫תּ וּ שַּׁד‬
                               a ‫ "ל‬passive.
         ‫נ‬
    1 R =      2 Biconsonantal     3 Geminate
       1
                                                33
The ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect and
‫ הָפְעַל‬imperfect can look alike.
Fortunately, since both express
passive voice, any confusion
between them rarely affects
the sense.
                                    34
If you need to precisely identify
a particular verb as either ‫"ל‬
passive imperfect or ‫הָפְעַל‬
imperfect, look it up in a lexicon.

                                      35
Summary

                        All forms
 ‫ל"ח‬
   ֻּ
          3ms perfect   have u-class
 ‫ י קַּח‬
      ֻ   3ms imperfect vowels, but
 ‫וּ‬
# ‫בָּר‬     ms participle in different
                        places.
                                       36
Credits
   Dead Sea photo by Wikimedia Commons contributor
   Xta11. Used under a CC-SA license.

   All other content by Dr. Chris Heard, Associate
   Professor of Religion, Pepperdine University.
   Released under a CC-BY license.

   Grammatical terminology used in this presentation
   follows J. Cook and R. Holmstedt, Beginning Biblical
   Hebrew (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013).

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Getting to Know קַל Passive Verbs

  • 1. Biblical Hebrew Getting to Know ‫ "ל‬Passive Verbs by Chris Heard
  • 2. Table of Contents Abbreviations .............................. 3 Getting Ready .............................. 4 The ‫ "ל‬Passive Participle ......... 10 Rare ‫ "ל‬Passive Forms ............. 17 Credits ........................................ 37
  • 3. Abbreviations 1, 2, 3 indicate grammatical person m, f, c indicate grammatical gender s, p indicate grammatical number R1, R2, R3 indicate root letters 3
  • 4. Getting Ready Before we start getting to know the ‫ "ל‬passive, let’s run a few preflight checks. 4
  • 5. Do you remember how a Hebrew verb changes to form the various combinations of person, gender, and number, as well as perfect and imperfect? 5
  • 6. Do you know your Masoretic vowels well enough to distinguish between the three classes (a, i, and u)? 6
  • 7. If you answered “yes,” you’re ready for the ‫ "ל‬passive! 7
  • 8. Remember that certain patterns can create predictable variations. This slideshow focuses on core patterns. It does not illustrate every possible variation. 8
  • 9. Furthermore, this slideshow is intended to supplement, not replace, classroom instruction and practice. 9
  • 10. The ‫ "ל‬Passive Participle The ‫ "ל‬passive participle appears over 950 times in the #‫ ,תַּנ%״‬but other forms of the ‫"ל‬ passive are very rare. 10
  • 11. Therefore, most readers don’t need to learn any ‫ "ל‬passive form except the participle. 11
  • 12. The ms ‫ "ל‬passive participle looks like the 3ms ‫ "ל‬active perfect, but with ‫ וּ‬as R2’s vowel: #‫בָּר‬ ַ   3ms active perfect # ‫בָּר‬ ‫וּ‬ ms passive participle 12
  • 13. The plural and feminine participles inflect like the ‫ "ל‬active participle, with predictable vowel changes: # ‫בָּר‬ ‫וּ‬ ms participle ‫  וּ  ה‬ ָ‫בּר כ‬ ְ fs participle ‫     ים‬ ִ‫בּרכ‬ ְֻ mp participle ‫בּרכ וֹת‬ְֻ    fp participle 13
  • 14. Note that R2 tends to take a ‫ שׁוּ8ק‬in the singular and a ‫ ;בּוּץ‬in the plural, though this isn’t a firm rule. Either vowel can be used. 14
  • 15. The ‫ "ל‬passive participle can serve as a noun. For example, the ‫ כ‬in #‫ תַּנ%״‬stands for ‫,כְּת=בִים‬ “Writings” (i.e., “[things that have been] written”). 15
  • 16. The ‫ "ל‬passive participle can also serve as an adjective, as in ‫,כָּל–הָאָלָה כְּתוּבָה בַּסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה‬ “every curse written on this scroll” (Deut 29:19). 16
  • 17. Rare ‫ "ל‬Passive Forms Alert! Most readers of the #‫תַּנ%״‬ need only learn the ‫ "ל‬passive participle. The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect and imperfect occur, but they’re very rare. 17
  • 18. Therefore, you don’t really need to learn the information the following pages supply. They’re given here for those inquiring minds who want to know more. 18
  • 19. Recognizing ‫ "ל‬Passive Perfects The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect is characterized by R1 taking a ‫ ;בּוּץ‬and R2 gaining a ‫.דָּגֵשׁ‬ 19
  • 20. ֻּ    ‫ל"ח‬ The suffix ‫ ל   ה‬ ‫י ֻ  ְד‬ ָּ R1’s ‫ ;בּוּץ‬and indicates R2’s ‫ דָּגֵשׁ‬indicate a perfect. ָ‫הְתּ‬I‫ל‬ ֻּ    a ‫ "ל‬passive. ‫תֶּם‬Jַ‫ ל‬ּ   ֻ‫י‬ 20
  • 21. In words where R2 rejects the ‫ ,דָּגֵשׁ‬R1’s vowel becomes a ‫ חוֹלֶם‬instead of a ‫.;בּוּץ‬ 21
  • 22. The ‫ "ל‬passive perfect and ‫פֻּעַל‬ perfect look alike. Fortunately, since both express passive voice, any confusion between them rarely affects the sense. 22
  • 23. If you need to precisely identify a particular verb as a ‫ "ל‬passive perfect or a ‫ פֻּעַל‬perfect, look it up in a lexicon. 23
  • 24. Recognizing ‫ "ל‬Passive Imperfects The ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect is quite rare—fewer than 25 instances in the #‫.תַּנ%״‬ 24
  • 25. All ‫שִׁים‬Nָ‫ שׁ‬used in the ‫"ל‬ passive imperfect exhibit a “weakness”—such as a ‫ נ‬as R1, ‫ ו‬or ‫ י‬as R2 (biconsonantal), or R2 = R3 (geminate)—and therefore the patterns vary. 25
  • 26. On the other hand, all but one of the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfects in the #‫ תַּנ%״‬are 3ms or 2ms, which is convenient for those trying to learn this conjugation. 26
  • 27. The most consistent feature of the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect is the u-class prefix vowel, normally a ‫.;בּוּץ‬ 27
  • 28. That u-class vowel is supplied by the ‫ "ל‬passive conjugation. All of the other variations are based on characteristics of the ‫.שֹׁ8שׁ‬ 28
  • 29. Over half of the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfects in the #‫ תַּנ%״‬are instances of a ‫ שֹׁ8שׁ‬that has ‫ נ‬in R1, or of ‫( לקח‬which behaves like a 1-‫ נ‬verb). 29
  • 30. As usual, R1’s ‫( נ‬or ‫ ל‬in ‫ )לקח‬will undergo aphaeresis (disappear) in the prefix pattern, and R2 will compensate by taking a ‫.דָּגֵשׁ‬ 30
  • 31. The rest of the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfects are split between biconsonantal verbs (R2 = ‫ ו‬or ‫)י‬ and geminate verbs (R2 = R3). Of these, biconsonantal verbs are more common, by about 2:1. 31
  • 32. Both biconsonantal and geminate verbs in the ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect will lose R2 to aphaeresis, and the prefix’s vowel will be ‫( שׁוּ8ק‬or, for some biconsonantal verbs, ‫ .)חִי8ק מָלֵא‬Geminate verbs also gain a ‫ דָּגֵשׁ‬in R1 if possible. 32
  • 33. ‫י ֻקַּח‬ 1 The u-class The affixes 1 ‫ תַּן‬ ֻ‫י‬ prefix vowel indicate an 2 ‫י וּ שַׁת‬ indicates imperfect. 3 ‫תּ וּ שַּׁד‬ a ‫ "ל‬passive. ‫נ‬ 1 R =      2 Biconsonantal     3 Geminate 1 33
  • 34. The ‫ "ל‬passive imperfect and ‫ הָפְעַל‬imperfect can look alike. Fortunately, since both express passive voice, any confusion between them rarely affects the sense. 34
  • 35. If you need to precisely identify a particular verb as either ‫"ל‬ passive imperfect or ‫הָפְעַל‬ imperfect, look it up in a lexicon. 35
  • 36. Summary All forms ‫ל"ח‬ ֻּ    3ms perfect have u-class ‫ י קַּח‬ ֻ 3ms imperfect vowels, but ‫וּ‬ # ‫בָּר‬ ms participle in different places. 36
  • 37. Credits Dead Sea photo by Wikimedia Commons contributor Xta11. Used under a CC-SA license. All other content by Dr. Chris Heard, Associate Professor of Religion, Pepperdine University. Released under a CC-BY license. Grammatical terminology used in this presentation follows J. Cook and R. Holmstedt, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013).