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Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis Causes, Evaluation and Management
1. NONIMMUNE HYDROPS FETALIS
Dr Bibek Mohan Rakshit
MD; MRCOG; DNB; MNAMS
Associate Professor (Gynaecology & Obstetrics)
Burdwan Medical college and Hospital
2. BACKGROUND
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis (NIHF) is now
responsible for 90% of all hydrops.
It has an estimated incidence of 1/1500 to
1/3800 births.
The pathogenesis of NIHF is not clear, but it
is associated with numerous potential
mechanisms and underlying disorders.
NIHF has an obvious poor prognosis for the
fetus, but can also have maternal
consequences as well with a 10% incidence
of Mirror syndrome.
Newzealand maternal fetal medicine network
3. DEFINITION.......
NIHF is established by the ultrasound
findings of at least two of the following
Ascites
Pleural effusion: ANY fluid abnormal
Pericardial effusion: > than 2mm
Skin edema: > than 5mm on chest and
scalp
Polyhydramnios: Max pocket > 8cm, or
AFI >
24cm
10. IMPORTANT HISTORY
Personal and family history to look for
inheritable disorders associated with
Alpha thalassemia
Metabolic disorders
Genetic syndromes
Infectious exposures
Parvovirus
Consanguinity
Previous baby with hydrops
14. PROGNOSIS
The overall perinatal mortality rate is 50 –
98%.
There has been no significant change over
past 15 years.
Mortality rates will vary according to
Gestation (earlier has worse prognosis)
Pleural effusions (worse prognosis)
Underlying etiology
16. INTERVENTION
If for active intervention
Monitor with CTG’s or BPP’s
2. Delivery at tertiary care center
3. Consider risks of:
birth trauma
PPH
non reassuring fetal heart
dystocia
caesarean
Low recurrence if no inheritable disorder
identified
17. SOGC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Recommendations ..
1. All patients with fetal hydrops should be
referred promptly to a tertiary care centre for
evaluation. Some conditions amenable to
prenatal treatment represent a therapeutic
emergency after 18 weeks. (II-2A)
2. Fetal chromosome analysis and genetic
microarray molecular testing should be offered
where available in all cases of non-immune fetal
hydrops. (II-2A)
3. Imaging studies should include
comprehensive obstetrical ultrasound (including
18. 4.Investigation for maternal–fetal infections, and alphathalassemia in women at risk because of their
ethnicity, should be performed in all cases of
unexplained fetal hydrops. (II-2A)
5. To evaluate the risk of fetal anemia, Doppler
measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak
systolic velocity should be performed in all hydropic
fetuses after 16 weeks of gestation. In case of
suspected fetal anemia, fetal blood sampling and
intrauterine transfusion should be offered rapidly. (II2A)
6. All cases of unexplained fetal hydrops should be
referred to a medical genetics service where available.
Detailed postnatal evaluation by a medical geneticist
should be performed on all cases of newborns with
unexplained non-immune hydrops. (II-2A)
19. 7.
Autopsy should be recommended in all
cases of fetal or neonatal death or
pregnancy termination. (II-2A) Amniotic
fluid and/or fetal cells should be stored
for future genetic testing. (II-2B)
8.
SOGC GUIDELINES.....2013