7. d- Funnel chest(Pectus excavatum): - The lower part of the sternum is indented inward. It may compromise lung expansion. - In infants and children  usually congenital anomaly. e- Pigeon-shaped chest: - The antero-posterior diameter is larger than the transverse. - The sternum is protruded forward. - Subcostal angle is acute. - The cross section of the chest in nearly. - Pigeon-shaped chest is seen in severe rickets. f- Rachitic chest may show the following: - Rachitic rosaries: enlargement of costochondral junctions. - Harrison sulcus: a horizontal groove at the costal insertion of the diaphram. - Longitudinal groove devlops lateral to rosaries. - Everted costal margin. - In severe cases: Pigeon shaped deformity. Inspection

11. d. slow shallow breathing: Alkalosis and nacrotic overdosage. e.Prolonged expiratory phase: Obstructive respiratory problem as asthma. f. Ataxic breathing (Biot’s respiration): Unpredictable irregular, breaths may be shallow or deep and stop for short periods. Ti is caused by respiratory depression due to brain damage at the medullary level. Inspection

12. Inspection Bradypnea Tachypnea Cheyne-Stokes respiration Regular Biot’s respiration(ataxic) Kussmaul’s respiration

15. Inspection

26. Percussion Anterior view of the external relations of the abdominal thoracic organs

36. D. Transmitted sounds: - Sounds may be referred from the upper respiratory tract if a child has mucus in the nose or throat. - To determine id sounds are referred, place the diaphragm of the stethoscope near the child’s mouth. - Referred sounds are loudest near their origin. Auscultation