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WIFI SSID:Spark+AISummit | Password: UnifiedDataAnalytics
Jim Dowling, Logical Clocks AB and KTH
Moritz Meister, Logical Clocks AB
Asynchronous Hyperparameter
Optimization with Apache Spark
#UnifiedDataAnalytics #SparkAISummit
@jim_dowling
@morimeister
The Bitter Lesson (of AI)*
“Methods that scale with computation
are the future of AI”**
3
** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeMCEQa85tw
Rich Sutton
(Father of Reinforcement Learning)
* http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html
“The two (general purpose) methods that seem to scale
... are search and learning.”*
Spark scales with
available compute
=>
Spark is the answer!
This talk is about why bulk-
synchronous parallel compute
(Spark) does not scale efficiently
for search and how we made
Spark efficient for directed
search (task-based
asynchronous parallel compute).
4
Inner and Outer Loop of Deep Learning
Inner Loop
Outer Loop
Training Data
worker1 worker2 workerN
…
∆
1
∆
2
∆
N
Synchronization
Metric
Search
Method
HParams
http://tiny.cc/51yjdz
Inner and Outer Loop of Deep Learning
Inner Loop
Outer Loop
Training Data
worker1 worker2 workerN
…
∆
1
∆
2
∆
N
Synchronization
Metric
Search
Method
HParams
http://tiny.cc/51yjdz
LEARNINGSEARCH
7
Hopsworks –
a platform for Data-Intensive AI
Hopsworks Technical Milestones
8
World’s first Hadoop
platform to support
GPUs-as-a-Resource
World’s fastest
HDFS Published at
USENIX FAST with
Oracle and Spotify
World’s First
Open Source Feature
Store for Machine
Learning
World’s First
Distributed Filesystem to
store small files in
metadata on NVMe disks
Winner of IEEE
Scale Challenge
2017
with HopsFS - 1.2m
ops/sec
2017
World’s most scalable
POSIX-like Hierarchical
Filesystem with
Multi Data Center Availability
with 1.6m ops/sec on GCP
2018 2019
First non-Google ML
Platform with
TensorFlow Extended
(TFX) support through
Beam/Flink
World’s first
Unified
Hyperparam and
Ablation Study
Framework
The Complexity of Deep
Learning
9
Data validation
Distributed
Training
Model
Serving
A/B
Testing
Monitoring
Pipeline
Management
HyperParameter
Tuning
Feature Engineering
Data
Collection
Hardware
Management
Data Model Prediction
φ(x)
Hopsworks
Feature Store
Hopsworks
REST API
[Adapted from Schulley et al “Technical Debt of ML” ]
10
11
12
Datasources
Applications
API
Dashboards
Hopsworks
Apache Beam
Apache Spark Pip
Conda
Tensorflow
scikit-learn
Keras
Jupyter
Notebooks
Tensorboard
Apache Beam
Apache Spark
Apache Flink
Kubernetes
Batch Distributed
ML & DL
Model
Serving
Hopsworks
Feature Store
Kafka +
Spark
Streaming
Model
Monitoring
Orchestration in Airflow
Data Preparation
& Ingestion
Experimentation
& Model Training
Deploy
& Productionalize
Streaming
Filesystem and Metadata storage
HopsFS
“AI is the new Electricity”
– Andrew Ng
14
What engine should we use?
Engines Matter!
15
[Image from https://twitter.com/_youhadonejob1/status/1143968337359187968?s=20]
Engines Really Matter!
16
Photo by Zbynek Burival on Unsplash
Hopsworks Engine: ML Pipelines
17
Data
Pipelines
Ingest & Prep
Feature
Store
Machine Learning Experiments
Data Parallel
Training
Model
Serving
Ablation
Studies
Hyperparameter
Optimization
Bottleneck, due to
• iterative nature
• human interaction
Horizontal Scalability at all Stages
Iterative Model Development
• Trial and Error is slow
• Iterative approach is greedy
• Search spaces are usually large
• Sensitivity and interaction of
hyperparameters
18
Set Hyper-
parameters
Train Model
Evaluate
Performance
Black Box Optimization
19
Learning
Black Box
Metric
Meta-level
learning &
optimization
Search space
Parallel Black Box Optimization
20
Which algorithm to use for search? How to monitor progress?
Fault Tolerance?How to aggregate results?
Learning
Black Box
Metric
Meta-level
learning &
optimization Parallel
WorkersQueue
Trial
Trial
Search space
This should be managed with platform support!
Maggy
A flexible framework for
running different black-box
optimization algorithms
on Hopsworks:
ASHA, Bayesian
Optimization, Random
Search, Grid Search and
more to come…
21
Synchronous Search
22
Task11
Driver
Task12
Task13
Task1N
…
HDFS
Task21
Task22
Task23
Task2N
…
Barrier
Barrier
Task31
Task32
Task33
Task3N
…
Barrier
Metrics1 Metrics2 Metrics3
Add Early Stopping
23
Task11
Driver
Task12
Task13
Task1N
…
HDFS
Task21
Task22
Task23
Task2N
…
Barrier
Barrier
Task31
Task32
Task33
Task3N
…
Barrier
Metrics1 Metrics2 Metrics3
Wasted Compute Wasted ComputeWasted Compute
Performance Enhancement
24
Early Stopping:
● Median Stopping Rule
● Performance curve prediction
Multi-fidelity Methods:
● Successive Halving Algorithm
● Hyperband Figure: Successive Halving Algorithm
25
Synchronous Successive Halving
Kevin G. Jamieson et al. “Non-stochastic Best Arm Identification and Hyperparameter Optimization” (2015).
Animation: https://blog.ml.cmu.edu/2018/12/12/massively-parallel-hyperparameter-optimization/
26
Asynchronous Successive Halving
Liam Li et al. “Massively Parallel Hyperparameter Tuning” (2018).
Animation: https://blog.ml.cmu.edu/2018/12/12/massively-parallel-hyperparameter-optimization/
Challenge
How can we fit this into the bulk synchronous execution model of Spark?
Mismatch: Spark Tasks and Stages vs. Trials
27
Databricks’ approach: Project Hydrogen (barrier execution mode) & SparkTrials in Hyperopt
28
Task11
Driver
Task12
Task13
Task1N
…
Barrier
Metrics
New Trial
Early Stop
The Solution
Long running tasks:
Enter Maggy
30
User API
31
Developer API
32
Results
33
Hyperparameter Optimization Task ASHA Validation Task
ASHA
RS-ES
RS-NS
ASHA
RS-ES
RS-NS
Ablation
34
PClassname survivesex sexname survive
Replacing the Maggy Optimizer with
an Ablator:
• Feature Ablation using
the Feature Store
• Leave-One-Layer-Out Ablation
• Leave-One-Component-Out
(LOCO)
Ablation API
35
Ablation API
36
Conclusion
● Avoid iterative Hyperparameter Optimization
● Black box optimization is hard
● State-of-the-art algorithms can be deployed asynchronously
● Maggy: platform support for automated hyperparameter
optimization and ablation studies
● Save resources with asynchronism
● Early stopping for sensible models
37
What next?
38
• More algorithms
• Comparability of experiments
• Implicit Provenance
• Support for PyTorch
Thank you!
Box 1263, Isafjordsgatan 22
Kista, Stockholm
https://www.logicalclocks.com
Register for a free account at
www.hops.site
Twitter
@logicalclocks
@hopsworks
GitHub
https://github.com/hopshadoop/maggy
https://maggy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
https://github.com/logicalclocks/hopsworks
Acknowledgements and References
Thanks to the entire Logical Clocks Team ☺
Contributions from colleagues:
Robin Andersson @robzor92
Sina Sheikholeslami @cutlash
Kim Hammar @KimHammar1
Alex Ormenisan @alex_ormenisan
• Maggy
https://github.com/logicalclocks/maggy or https://maggy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
• Feature Store: the missing data layer in ML pipelines?
https://www.logicalclocks.com/feature-store/
• Hopsworks white paper.
https://www.logicalclocks.com/whitepapers/hopsworks
• ePipe: Near Real-Time Polyglot Persistence of HopsFS Metadata, CCGrid, 2019
DON’T FORGET TO RATE
AND REVIEW THE SESSIONS
SEARCH SPARK + AI SUMMIT

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Asynchronous Hyperparameter Search with Spark on Hopsworks and Maggy

  • 1. WIFI SSID:Spark+AISummit | Password: UnifiedDataAnalytics
  • 2. Jim Dowling, Logical Clocks AB and KTH Moritz Meister, Logical Clocks AB Asynchronous Hyperparameter Optimization with Apache Spark #UnifiedDataAnalytics #SparkAISummit @jim_dowling @morimeister
  • 3. The Bitter Lesson (of AI)* “Methods that scale with computation are the future of AI”** 3 ** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeMCEQa85tw Rich Sutton (Father of Reinforcement Learning) * http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html “The two (general purpose) methods that seem to scale ... are search and learning.”*
  • 4. Spark scales with available compute => Spark is the answer! This talk is about why bulk- synchronous parallel compute (Spark) does not scale efficiently for search and how we made Spark efficient for directed search (task-based asynchronous parallel compute). 4
  • 5. Inner and Outer Loop of Deep Learning Inner Loop Outer Loop Training Data worker1 worker2 workerN … ∆ 1 ∆ 2 ∆ N Synchronization Metric Search Method HParams http://tiny.cc/51yjdz
  • 6. Inner and Outer Loop of Deep Learning Inner Loop Outer Loop Training Data worker1 worker2 workerN … ∆ 1 ∆ 2 ∆ N Synchronization Metric Search Method HParams http://tiny.cc/51yjdz LEARNINGSEARCH
  • 7. 7 Hopsworks – a platform for Data-Intensive AI
  • 8. Hopsworks Technical Milestones 8 World’s first Hadoop platform to support GPUs-as-a-Resource World’s fastest HDFS Published at USENIX FAST with Oracle and Spotify World’s First Open Source Feature Store for Machine Learning World’s First Distributed Filesystem to store small files in metadata on NVMe disks Winner of IEEE Scale Challenge 2017 with HopsFS - 1.2m ops/sec 2017 World’s most scalable POSIX-like Hierarchical Filesystem with Multi Data Center Availability with 1.6m ops/sec on GCP 2018 2019 First non-Google ML Platform with TensorFlow Extended (TFX) support through Beam/Flink World’s first Unified Hyperparam and Ablation Study Framework
  • 9. The Complexity of Deep Learning 9 Data validation Distributed Training Model Serving A/B Testing Monitoring Pipeline Management HyperParameter Tuning Feature Engineering Data Collection Hardware Management Data Model Prediction φ(x) Hopsworks Feature Store Hopsworks REST API [Adapted from Schulley et al “Technical Debt of ML” ]
  • 10. 10
  • 11. 11
  • 12. 12 Datasources Applications API Dashboards Hopsworks Apache Beam Apache Spark Pip Conda Tensorflow scikit-learn Keras Jupyter Notebooks Tensorboard Apache Beam Apache Spark Apache Flink Kubernetes Batch Distributed ML & DL Model Serving Hopsworks Feature Store Kafka + Spark Streaming Model Monitoring Orchestration in Airflow Data Preparation & Ingestion Experimentation & Model Training Deploy & Productionalize Streaming Filesystem and Metadata storage HopsFS
  • 13. “AI is the new Electricity” – Andrew Ng 14 What engine should we use?
  • 14. Engines Matter! 15 [Image from https://twitter.com/_youhadonejob1/status/1143968337359187968?s=20]
  • 15. Engines Really Matter! 16 Photo by Zbynek Burival on Unsplash
  • 16. Hopsworks Engine: ML Pipelines 17 Data Pipelines Ingest & Prep Feature Store Machine Learning Experiments Data Parallel Training Model Serving Ablation Studies Hyperparameter Optimization Bottleneck, due to • iterative nature • human interaction Horizontal Scalability at all Stages
  • 17. Iterative Model Development • Trial and Error is slow • Iterative approach is greedy • Search spaces are usually large • Sensitivity and interaction of hyperparameters 18 Set Hyper- parameters Train Model Evaluate Performance
  • 18. Black Box Optimization 19 Learning Black Box Metric Meta-level learning & optimization Search space
  • 19. Parallel Black Box Optimization 20 Which algorithm to use for search? How to monitor progress? Fault Tolerance?How to aggregate results? Learning Black Box Metric Meta-level learning & optimization Parallel WorkersQueue Trial Trial Search space This should be managed with platform support!
  • 20. Maggy A flexible framework for running different black-box optimization algorithms on Hopsworks: ASHA, Bayesian Optimization, Random Search, Grid Search and more to come… 21
  • 23. Performance Enhancement 24 Early Stopping: ● Median Stopping Rule ● Performance curve prediction Multi-fidelity Methods: ● Successive Halving Algorithm ● Hyperband Figure: Successive Halving Algorithm
  • 24. 25 Synchronous Successive Halving Kevin G. Jamieson et al. “Non-stochastic Best Arm Identification and Hyperparameter Optimization” (2015). Animation: https://blog.ml.cmu.edu/2018/12/12/massively-parallel-hyperparameter-optimization/
  • 25. 26 Asynchronous Successive Halving Liam Li et al. “Massively Parallel Hyperparameter Tuning” (2018). Animation: https://blog.ml.cmu.edu/2018/12/12/massively-parallel-hyperparameter-optimization/
  • 26. Challenge How can we fit this into the bulk synchronous execution model of Spark? Mismatch: Spark Tasks and Stages vs. Trials 27 Databricks’ approach: Project Hydrogen (barrier execution mode) & SparkTrials in Hyperopt
  • 31. Results 33 Hyperparameter Optimization Task ASHA Validation Task ASHA RS-ES RS-NS ASHA RS-ES RS-NS
  • 32. Ablation 34 PClassname survivesex sexname survive Replacing the Maggy Optimizer with an Ablator: • Feature Ablation using the Feature Store • Leave-One-Layer-Out Ablation • Leave-One-Component-Out (LOCO)
  • 35. Conclusion ● Avoid iterative Hyperparameter Optimization ● Black box optimization is hard ● State-of-the-art algorithms can be deployed asynchronously ● Maggy: platform support for automated hyperparameter optimization and ablation studies ● Save resources with asynchronism ● Early stopping for sensible models 37
  • 36. What next? 38 • More algorithms • Comparability of experiments • Implicit Provenance • Support for PyTorch
  • 37. Thank you! Box 1263, Isafjordsgatan 22 Kista, Stockholm https://www.logicalclocks.com Register for a free account at www.hops.site Twitter @logicalclocks @hopsworks GitHub https://github.com/hopshadoop/maggy https://maggy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ https://github.com/logicalclocks/hopsworks
  • 38. Acknowledgements and References Thanks to the entire Logical Clocks Team ☺ Contributions from colleagues: Robin Andersson @robzor92 Sina Sheikholeslami @cutlash Kim Hammar @KimHammar1 Alex Ormenisan @alex_ormenisan • Maggy https://github.com/logicalclocks/maggy or https://maggy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ • Feature Store: the missing data layer in ML pipelines? https://www.logicalclocks.com/feature-store/ • Hopsworks white paper. https://www.logicalclocks.com/whitepapers/hopsworks • ePipe: Near Real-Time Polyglot Persistence of HopsFS Metadata, CCGrid, 2019
  • 39. DON’T FORGET TO RATE AND REVIEW THE SESSIONS SEARCH SPARK + AI SUMMIT