Ethereum A to Z

1. A to Z dongsamb@gmail.com 17.09.18

2. Ethereum - Mining Pool https://etherscan.io/stat/miner?range=7&blocktype=blocks f2pool

3. Ethereum - Node info • 17.09.17 22 • Geth : 70% • Parity : 19% • Swarm : 6% • https://ethernodes.org/network/1 Geth Parity swarm 1.7.0 1.6.7 1.6.6

4. Ethereum - Currency, Market

5. Ethereum - Market Capitalization

6. • startGas = gas limit • startGas is the term in the Ethereum White Paper • gasLimit is the term in the Ethereum Yellow Paper, • software, such as Geth and web3.js, simply uses the term “gas”. • gas Price   - Gas https://media.consensys.net/ethereum-gas-fuel-and-fees-3333e17fe1dc

7. - ( MyEtherWallet, MetaMask ) • Gas Price, Gas Limit

8. - ( Mist )

10. - 1. , . 2. =STARTGAS * GASPRICE .   Sender NONCE +1. 3. GAS=STARTGAS   1 5Gas . 4. .   .   smart contract , .   . 5. , , .  6. , . APPLY(S, TX) -> S’

11. - Merkle Trees

12. https://github.com/MetaMask/IPFS-Ethereum-Hackathon/

14. Appendix - Merkle Tree https://brilliant.org/wiki/merkle-tree/ https://bitcoin.org/en/developer-reference#merkle-trees

15. Appendix - Patricia Tree https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/6415/eli5-how-does-a-merkle-patricia-trie-tree-work

16. Appendix - Merkle Patricia Tree https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/6415/eli5-how-does-a-merkle-patricia-trie-tree-work

17. Blockchain Demo https://anders.com/blockchain/

20. https://github.com/MetaMask/IPFS-Ethereum-Hackathon/https://github.com/MetaMask/IPFS-Ethereum-Hackathon/

30. - Code Execution, EVM • (EVM: Ethereum Virtual Machine):       (state)     network, ﬁlesystem,   , Smart contract ( Library, Deligatecall ) • 1. : LIFO(Last-In-First-Out) value push pop . 2. : 3. : Key/value (simpleDB). • , , .

31. 1 ASIC resistance hashrate 2 Light client veriﬁability Hasimoto : ASIC resistance, IO-bound, making memory read Dagger : memory-hard computation, but easy validation  ( by Vitalic Buterin) , Dagger Dagger Hasimoto Ethash 30,000 1GB PoW hash - PoW, Mining Centralization

32. Yellow Paper ( )

33. // datasetSizes is a lookup table for the ethash dataset size for the first 2048 // epochs (i.e. 61440000 blocks). var datasetSizes = []uint64{ 1073739904, 1082130304, 1090514816, 1098906752, 1107293056, 1115684224, 1124070016, 1132461952, 1140849536, 1149232768, 1157627776, 1166013824, 1174404736, 1182786944, 1191180416, 1199568512, 1207958912, 1216345216, 1224732032, 1233124736, 1241513344, 1249902464, 1258290304, 1266673792, 1275067264, 1283453312, 1291844992, 1300234112, 1308619904, 1317010048, 1325397376, 1333787776, 1342176128, 1350561664, 1358954368, 1367339392, 1375731584, 1384118144, 1392507008, 1400897408, 1409284736, 1417673344, 1426062464, 1434451072, 1442839168, 1451229056, 1459615616, 1468006016, 1476394112, 1484782976, 1493171584, 1501559168, 1509948032, 1518337664, 1526726528, 1535114624, 1543503488, 1551892096, 1560278656, 1568669056, 1577056384, 1585446272, 1593831296, 1602219392, 1610610304, 1619000192, 1627386752, 1635773824, 1644164224, 1652555648, … // datasetSize calculates and returns the size of the ethash mining dataset that // belongs to a certain block number. The dataset size grows linearly, however, we // always take the highest prime below the linearly growing threshold in order to // reduce the risk of accidental regularities leading to cyclic behavior. func datasetSize(block uint64) uint64 { // If we have a pre-generated value, use that epoch := int(block / epochLength) // ex) 4,240,505 / 30,000 == 141 if epoch < len(datasetSizes) { // 2048 return datasetSizes[epoch] } // No known dataset size, calculate manually (sanity branch only) size := uint64(datasetInitBytes + datasetGrowthBytes*uint64(epoch) - mixBytes) for !new(big.Int).SetUint64(size / mixBytes).ProbablyPrime(1) { // Always accurate for n < 2^64 size -= 2 * mixBytes } return size } - PoW, Mining Centralization

34. Smart Contract • Github • ERC-20 • EIP • ERC-20 • Zeppelin example • Token, •

35. Github https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum

36. Github

37. Github

38. Github

39. Ethereum Github https://github.com/ethereum

40. Ethereum Github - Wiki https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper

41. Ethereum Github - Wiki https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/[Korean]-White-Paper

44. Ethereum Github - pyethereum https://github.com/ethereum/pyethereum

45. https://github.com/ethereum/pyethereum/graphs/contributors

46. Ethereum Github - Contribution ( Buterin )

47. Ethereum - research • python PoC( proof of concept ) • pyethereum -> go-ethereum(geth) • sharding, casper

48. Ethereum Github - sharding https://github.com/ethereum/sharding

49. raiden-network Github - raiden https://github.com/raiden-network/raiden

50. Ethereum Github - EIP https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs

51. Ethereum Github - ERC https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/16 https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC ERC : Ethereum RFC  

52. Ethereum Github - ERC ERC : Ethereum RFC(Request for Comments)  Popular RFCs • HTTP/1.1 Protocol - RFC 2616 • Uniform Resource Locator URL - RFC 1738 • TCP Protocol - RFC 793 • Transport Layer Security Protocol - RFC 5246 • eMail - RFC 2822 • SMTP Protocol - RFC 5321 • SIP Protocol - RFC 3261 • FTP Protocol - RFC 959 • RTP Protocol - RFC 3550 https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/16 https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616

53. Ethereum Github - ERC https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues

54. ERC-20, ERC https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20

55. Smart Contract - ERC-20 https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20 Smart contract a b

56. Smart Contract - ERC-20 https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20

57. Smart Contract - ERC-20 ? EIP-20? https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md

58. Smart Contract - zeppelin example

59. Smart Contract - , Token

67. Smart Contract - Security • DAO ( 2016.06 ) DAO smart contract ( )   2 ,     blockchain ,   , transaction block chain hard fork     hard fork ( ) Ethereum Classic • DoS ( 2016.09 ) DoS         gas Hard fork • PARITY smart contract     Parity Multisig Wallet Edgeless, Swarm City, æternity ICO Wallet 150,000 ETH   initWallet public   Parity Multisig Wallet Smart contract

68. Smart Contract - Security, Bug Bounty

69. Smart Contract - Random EVM Smart Contract Random Random Seed EVM Contract EVM , Seed Random ex) block timestamp, block height , smart contract random seed smart contract   EVM

70. Smart Contract - Oracle Smart contract Oracle    ex) Prediction Market, score  , ETH       Oraclize API

71. Ethereum Scalability Raiden Network Lightning Network Sharding Metropolis Plasma ?Casper

72. Ethereum

73. Metropolis • Vitaliks latest thinking on transition to PoS: • PoW -> PoW with PoS "on top" -> Hybrid PoW/PoS -> PoS • Stages: • 1. PoS would ﬁnalize blocks after PoW has de facto ﬁnalized them anyway. • 2. After a couple of month: implement clients that favor PoS. • 3. Cut down PoW block reward, increase PoS validator reward. • 4. Hybrid PoS scheme parametrize between PoW and PoS at 0-100 scale

74. Metropolis Block ,   PoS ( Casper ) ,     , 5->3     (Byzantium) -> 17.09.18 (Constantinople) -> 18

75. Metropolis EIP 86 (“abstraction”) • Make the protocol as simple as possible • Any account in the call execution chain can pay for gas • Instead of only the account that sent the transaction • A recipient, or middle account, could pay the gas cost • Helps anonymization, instead of needing to use only one account to pay for gas EIP 98 (removal of intermediate state roots) • Goal: Make it easier to process transactions in parallel EIP 96 (EVM-iﬁcation) • Try to make light clients more secure EIP 100 (target block time including uncles) • Security upgrades EIP 101 (big integer precompile) • Make it easier to verify certain types of cryptography • Ethereum supports elliptic curve cryptography • RSA encryption is used by others, and is currently computationally inefﬁcient to verify in Ethereum EIP 116 (STATIC_CALL) • Under consideration • Can call a contract and be sure you’re not changing anything; not writing to the state EIP 195 (Pure call) • Even more static version of STATIC CALL • Can’t write or read EIP 140 (throw opcode) • Throws an exception without consuming all remaining gas EIP 141 (invalid opcode)

76. Metropolis EIP 86 (“abstraction”) • Make the protocol as simple as possible • Any account in the call execution chain can pay for gas • Instead of only the account that sent the transaction • A recipient, or middle account, could pay the gas cost • Helps anonymization, instead of needing to use only one account to pay for gas EIP 98 (removal of intermediate state roots) • Goal: Make it easier to process transactions in parallel

77. Metropolis - Byzantium fork ( 10 ) • Geth 1.7 – Megara • EIP 98: Removal of intermediate state roots from receipts (#14750). • Expanded by EIP 658: Embedding transaction return data in receipts (#15014). • EIP 100: Change difﬁculty adjustment to target mean block time including uncles (#14733). • EIP 198, EIP 212 (197) and EIP 213 (196): Precompiled contracts for modular exponentiation; elliptic curve addition, scalar multiplication and pairing (#14959, #14993). • EIP 214 (116): Expanding the EVM with static contract calls (#14978). • EIP 211: Expanding the EVM with dynamically sized return data (#14981). • EIP 206 (140): Expanding the EVM with cheap state revertals (#14983). • EIP 649: Delaying the difﬁculty bomb and reducing the block reward (#15028). • EIP 684: Preventing overwriting contracts (Byzantium prep) (#15039). https://blog.ethereum.org/2017/09/14/geth-1-7-megara/

78. Serenity serenity, Ethereum 2.0, with 4 primary research directions: 1. casper, the proof-of-stake algorithm. 2. scalability, by processing transactions in parallel and moving away from the paradigm where every node in the network has to absolutely process every transaction. 3. zkSNARK, addressing privacy. 4. Upgrading the evm (Ethereum Virtual Machine).

79. Ethereum Scalability Sharding Raiden Network (lighting network) Plasma

80. Ethereum Scalability - Sharding https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ 0x1 0x2 0x3 0x4 … Challenges Cross shard communication  Single-shard takeover attacks Fraud detection …

81. https://lightning.network/ Ethereum Scalability - Raiden Network https://raiden.network

82. • Bitcoin Lightning Network • ERC-20 Token https://lightning.network/ Ethereum Scalability - Raiden Network https://raiden.network

83. Ethereum Scalability - Raiden Network https://raiden.network/101.html

84. Ethereum Scalability - Raiden Network https://answers.thenextweb.com/s/vitalik-buterin-13gxQB

85. Ethereum Scalability - Plasma Plasma: Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts Joseph Poon and Vitalik Buterin https://medium.com/chain-cloud-company-blog/plasma-in-10-minutes-c856da94e339 http://plasma.io Lightning Network

86. Map Reduce

87. Ethereum Scalability - Plasma

88. Discussion

89. Thank you!

90. Ethereum Scalability - Raiden Network https://raiden.network

91. https://github.com/ConsenSys/EthOn

92. Ethereum Test Network • Etherscan Testnet

93. Appendix - bitcoin vs ethereum

94. Appendix - SHA-3 ( Keccak )

95. Appendix - SHA-3 ( Keccak )

96. // fnv is an algorithm inspired by the FNV hash, which in some cases is used as // a non-associative substitute for XOR. Note that we multiply the prime with // the full 32-bit input, in contrast with the FNV-1 spec which multiplies the // prime with one byte (octet) in turn. func fnv(a, b uint32) uint32 { return a*0x01000193 ^ b // ^ == xor } // fnvHash mixes in data into mix using the ethash fnv method. func fnvHash(mix []uint32, data []uint32) { for i := 0; i < len(mix); i++ { mix[i] = mix[i]*0x01000193 ^ data[i] } } FNV (Fowler/Noll/Vo) is a fast, non-cryptographic hash algorithm with good dispersion FNV hashes are designed to be fast while maintaining a low collision rate. The FNV speed allows one to quickly hash lots of data while maintaining a reasonable collision rate. The high dispersion of the FNV hashes makes them well suited for hashing nearly identical strings such as URLs, hostnames, ﬁlenames, text, IP addresses, etc. Appendix - fnv ( FNV hash )

97. - Prev Hash : (parent hash) Nonce : 64 , Timestamp : time() Uncles Hash(ommer hash) : SHA-3 (256 ) / ommer " " Uncle Beneficiary : (fees) 160 Logs Bloom : ( ) ( ) Difficulty : Extra Data : Block Num Gas Limit Gas Used Mix Hash : 256 State Root : (SHA-3 ) Transaction Root : (SHA-3 ) Receipt Root : (SHA-3 )

Ethereum A to Z

Ethereum A to Z

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Ethereum A to Z