10. Ottoman Empire in 1914
Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
11. Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914
Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
12. Belgian Empire in 1914
Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
13. Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
Portuguese Empire in the 20th century
14. Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
Spanish Empire in 1898. By this time, the empire
was a fraction of its greatest size.
15. Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
Dutch Empire, 1914
16. Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
Italian Empire, 1914
17. Minor Powers:
• Ottoman Turks
• Austria-Hungary
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Spain
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Italy
• Japan
18. New Imperialism of 1870s-
1914:
1. Demands of industrial
economies
2. Nationalism and
militarism
3. Social Darwinism and the
“White Man’s Burden”
60 million Indians under British rule starved to death in famines
when they were forced to grow cash crops like cotton rather than food.
19. Industrial economies
• Agricultural Revolution
excess population
urban crowding in
Europe migration to
Americas, Africa, Asia,
and Australia
• Closing of the
American Frontier
22. Industrial economies: markets
• Need for raw materials to
feed industry (copper, tin,
rubber, palm oil, etc.)
The population of Belgian Congo was enslaved to harvest rubber.
Many were mutilated and up to 10 million died.
26. Industrial technologies:
military weaponry
• Maxim machine gun =
600 rounds/minute
"KILL EVERY ONE OVER TEN.”
- Gen. Jacob H. Smith during the
US occupation of the Philippine Islands
33. Nationalism and militarism
• Colonies grow national
prestige and gain
advantage over rivals
• Wealth of colonies
increased standard of
living
European diplomats
partitioned Africa at the
Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
36. Nationalism and militarism
• Need for naval bases and fuel
depots Gunboat diplomacy
• Alfred Mahan, The Influence of
Sea Power on History: 1660-
1783
Political cartoon of US President Theodore
Roosevelt using “gunboat diplomacy” to keep
European powers out of the Dominican Republic.
37. Social Darwinism and the White Man’s Burden
• Social Darwinism = survival of the fittest
• Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885) and “On Anglo-Saxon
Predominance”
38. Social Darwinism and the
White Man’s Burden
• Western civilization =
more evolved ideal
towards which all other
peoples should aspire
Paris, France, 1900
39. Social Darwinism and the
White Man’s Burden
• "Backwards" people
needed guidance to
civilization or
extermination
• Christian missionary call
to convert “heathens”
41. Social Darwinism and
the White Man’s
Burden
• Europeans and
Americans had a
duty to “save”
Africans, Asians, and
Native Americans
from “ignorance,
paganism, poverty,
filth, and general
‘backwardness’”
42. Social Darwinism and the
White Man’s Burden
• Rudyard Kipling (Jungle
Book, 1894; Kim, 1901)
wrote "White Man's
Burden" (1899) cheering
on the American
civilizing mission in the
Philippine Islands.
45. Social Darwinism and
the White Man’s Burden
• German genocide of Herero and
Nama natives of SW Africa (1904-7)
Severed heads from victims of the Herero and Nama genocide were sent to
Germany for race scientists to study.
46.
47. Step 1: Open Japan
Japanese map of the world, 1853
77. The infantry got nearer and nearer the crest of the hill. At last we could see the
Spaniards running from the rifle pits as the Americans came on in their final rush .…
Thinking that the men would all come, I jumped over the wire fence in front of us and
started at the double ….
Bullets were ripping the grass all around us, and one of the men, Clay Green, was
mortally wounded; another, Winslow Clark, a Harvard man, was shot first in the leg and
then through the body. …
Long before we got near them the Spaniards ran, save a few here and there, who either
surrendered or were shot down. When we reached the trenches we found them filled
with dead bodies in the light blue and white uniform of the Spanish regular army. There
were very few wounded. Most of the fallen had little holes in their heads from which
their brains were oozing; for they were covered from the neck down by the trenches.
- Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, 1899
88. “The town … surrendered to us a
few days ago … Last night one of
our boys was found shot and his
stomach cut open. Immediately
orders were received from
General Wheaton to burn the
town and kill every native in sight;
which was done to a finish. About
1,000 men, women and children
were reported killed. I am
probably growing hard-hearted,
for I am in my glory when I can
sight my gun on some dark skin
and pull the trigger.”
- NY soldier
"KILL EVERY ONE OVER TEN.”
- General Jacob H. Smith
89. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and
William J. Bryan, et al.
Against annexation of the Philippines and
other imperialist acts
American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899
91. 1. Cuba not to enter
foreign treaties
2. U.S. to intervene in
Cuba as necessary
3. Guantanamo Bay =
U.S. naval base
Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution, 1903
100. Woodrow Wilson – Moral Diplomacy,
1913-1921
“We have no selfish ends to serve.
We desire no conquest, no dominion
… We are but one of the champions
of the rights of mankind.”