1. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Is It Time For TLS For SIP?
SIP Network Operators Conference (SIPNOC) 2014
Herndon, VA, USA
June 10, 2014
Dan York
Internet Society

2. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Dan York and VoIP/SIP
Mitel Networks, 2001 – 2007
• Chair, product security team
• Product manager, SIP software, teleworking
Voxeo, 2007-2011
• Cloud-based SIP operations
Blue Box: The VoIP Security Podcast, 2005-2008 - www.blueboxpodcast.com
Disruptive Telephony , 2006-present – www.disruptivetelephony.com
Author, Seven Deadliest Unified Communications Attacks, 2010
• www.7ducattacks.com
VoIP Security Alliance (VOIPSA), 2005-present
• www.voipsa.org
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 2006-present
• Active in Real-time Applications and Infrastructure (RAI) working groups
Joined Internet Society in September 2011

3. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
About the Deploy360 Programme
The Challenge:
– The IETF creates protocols based on open standards, but
some are not widely known or deployed
– People seeking to implement these protocols are confused by
a lack of clear, concise deployment information
The Deploy360 Solution:
– Provide hands-on information on IPv6, DNSSEC, BGP and
TLS to advance real-world deployment
– Work with first adopters to collect and create technical
resources and distribute these resources to fast following
networks

4. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Internet Society Deploy360 Programme
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
IPv6, DNSSEC, Securing BGP, TLS for Applications
knowledge base including tutorials, case studies, training
resources, etc.
Content specific to:
– Network Operators
– Developers
– Content Providers
– Consumer Electronics
Manufacturers
– Enterprise Customers
Blog posts
ION conferences, speaking, social media

5. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Time For TLS?
6/10/14

6. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
TLS = Transport Layer Security
TLS 1.0 ≈ SSL 3.0 RFC 2246 1999
TLS 1.1 RFC 4346 2006
TLS 1.2 RFC 5246 2008
TLS 1.3 draft-ietf-tls-rfc5246-bis
TLS – The Protocol Formerly Known As "SSL"

7. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
How many of you currently
use TLS in SIP-based
communications?

8. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Why not?

9. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Reasons for not using TLS with SIP
• Debugging
• Network Monitoring
• Performance
• Lack of Device/Application Support
• Cost
• Complexity
• No customer demand
6/10/14

10. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Why am I here at SIPNOC?

11. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Snowden

12. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Tinfoil Hats
6/10/14
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ripper/273262947

13. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Tinfoil Hats Were Wrong – It Was Worse
6/10/14
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ncreedplayer/3210543345/

14. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
RFC 7280 - Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack
"The IETF community's technical assessment
is that pervasive monitoring (PM) is an
attack on the privacy of Internet users and organisations.
The IETF community has expressed strong agreement
that PM is an attack that needs to be mitigated where
possible, via the design of protocols that make PM
significantly more expensive or infeasible."
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7258 - May 2014
6/10/14

15. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Not Waiting For New Standards

16. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
XMPP (Jabber) Community
• As of May 19, 2014, over 70
public XMPP operators and
developers have agreed to
ONLY accept TLS-encrypted connections
• https://github.com/stpeter/manifesto
• http://blog.prosody.im/mandatory-encryption-on-xmpp-
starts-today/
• https://xmpp.net/
6/10/14

17. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
What can we do as the SIP
operator community to
promote greater
TLS usage?

18. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Can we create our own
manifesto?

19. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
A few caveats…

20. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
TLS Only Solves Part Of Privacy Protection
6/10/14

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SRTP Is Needed For Media Protection
6/10/14

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Our Simple Picture…
6/10/14

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… Isn't So Simple
6/10/14

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TLS Is Only Hop-by-hop, Not End-to-end
6/10/14

25. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
And "Unified Communications" Isn't Unified…
6/10/14
Physical
WiringIP
Network
IP-PBX
Voicemail
PSTN
Gateways
Mobile
Devices
IM
Networks
Web
Servers
Email
Servers
Desktop
PCs
Operating
Systems
Firewalls
Internet
Directory
Servers
VoIP
CRM
Systems
Social
Networks
Database
Servers
Application
Servers
Session
Border
Controllers

26. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
But…

27. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
We Have The Standards…
A partial list:
6/10/14
RFC 5280 X.509 Certificates and CRLs
RFC 5922 Domain Certificates in SIP
RFC 5923 Connection Re-use in SIP
RFC 6072 Certificate Management System for SIP
RFC 3711 Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)
RFC 4568 SDP for SRTP
RFC 5763 Using SRTP with DTLS
RFC 6347 Datagram TLS (DTLS – "TLS for UDP")

28. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
We Have A Specification…
SIPconnect 1.1 requires TLS
www.sipforum.org/sipconnect
Caveat: Focused on SIP PBX to Service Provider
connection
6/10/14

29. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
We Have The Tools…
TLS support can be found in most:
• IP-PBXs
• Softphones
• IP phones
• SIP applications
(But often simply not enabled)
6/10/14

30. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
What can we do as the SIP
operator community to
promote greater
TLS usage?

31. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
One more caveat:
Can we trust the
certificates?

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1,500-ish CAs
Any of whom can sign
for any domain

33. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
A Quick Overview of DANE
Can it add more trust to TLS-based communication?
6/10/14

34. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
The Typical TLS (SSL) Web Interaction
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
TLS-encrypted
web page
DNS
Resolver
example.com?
10.1.1.1231
2
5
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
10.1.1.123
4

35. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
The Typical TLS (SSL) Web Interaction
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
TLS-encrypted
web page
DNS
Resolver
10.1.1.1231
2
5
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
10.1.1.123
4
Is this encrypted
with the
CORRECT
certificate?
example.com?

36. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Problems?
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://www.example.com/
TLS-encrypted web page
with CORRECT certificate
DNS
Server
www.example.com?
1.2.3.4
1
2
Attacker
(or firewall)
https://www.example.com/
TLS-encrypted web page
with NEW certificate
(re-signed by attacker)Log files
or other
servers

37. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities
(DANE)
• Q: How do you know if the TLS (SSL) certificate is the
correct one the site wants you to use?
• A: Store the certificate (or fingerprint) in DNS (new TLSA
record) and sign them with DNSSEC.
A browser that understand DNSSEC and DANE will then
know when the required certificate is NOT being used.
Certificate stored in DNS is controlled by the domain name
holder. It could be a certificate signed by a CA – or a self-
signed certificate.

38. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DANE
Web
Server
Web
Browser
w/DANE
https://example.com/
TLS-encrypted web page
with CORRECT certificate
DNS
Server
10.1.1.123
DNSKEY
RRSIGs
TLSA
1
2
Attacker
(or firewall)
https://example.com/
TLS-encrypted web page
with NEW certificate
(re-signed by attacker)
Log files
or other
servers
DANE-equipped browser
compares TLS certificate
with what DNS / DNSSEC
says it should be.
example.com?

39. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
The DANE Protocol
• DANE defined in RFC 6698
• https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6698
• TLSA record contains either a certificate or the public
key of a certificate
• Four modes of certificate usage:
• 0 – "CA constraint" – limits which CA can be used for certificates
• 1 – "service certificate constraint" – specifies exact CA-signed
certificate
• 2 – "trust anchor assertion" – allows use of a new trust anchor (such
as a CA not included in the browser list)
• 3 – "domain-issued certificate" – use of self-signed certificate
6/10/14

40. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DANE – Not Just For The Web
• DANE defines protocol for storing TLS certificates in DNS
• Securing Web transactions is the obvious use case
• Other uses also possible:
• Email via S/MIME
• VoIP
• Jabber/XMPP
• PGP
• ?
6/10/14

41. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DANE Resources
DANE and SIP:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-johansson-dispatch-dane-sip
DANE and email:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-smtp
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dane-smime
DANE Operational Guidance:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-dukhovni-dane-ops
Other uses:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wouters-dane-openpgp
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wouters-dane-otrfp

42. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DANE Resources
DANE Overview and Resources:
• http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/dane/
IETF Journal article explaining DANE:
• http://bit.ly/dane-dnssec
RFC 6394 - DANE Use Cases:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6394
RFC 6698 – DANE Protocol:
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6698

43. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Next Steps

44. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
What can we do as the SIP
operator community to
promote greater
TLS usage?

45. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Resources
Deploy360 Programme:
• http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/tls/
Olle Johansson:
• http://www.slideshare.net/oej/presentations
• http://www.slideshare.net/oej/morecrypto-sip

46. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Three Requests For Network Operators
1. Require TLS for all SIP connections where possible
2. Support industry efforts to increase TLS usage
3. Help promote support of DANE protocol
• Allow usage of TLSA record. Let vendors and others know you want to
use DANE. Help raise awareness of how DANE and DNSSEC can make
the Internet more secure.

47. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
york@isoc.org
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Dan York, CISSP
Senior Content Strategist, Internet Society
Thank You!

48. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Background: A Quick Overview of DNSSEC
6/10/14

49. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
A Normal DNS Interaction
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
web page
DNS
Resolver
10.1.1.123
1
25
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
10.1.1.123
4
example.com
NS
.com
NS
example.com?

50. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Attacking DNS
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
web page
DNS
Resolver
10.1.1.123
1
25
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
192.168.2.2
4
Attacking
DNS Svr
example.com
192.168.2.2
example.com
NS
.com
NS
example.com?

51. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
A Poisoned Cache
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
web page
DNS
Resolver1
2
3
4
192.168.2.2
Resolver cache now has wrong data:
example.com 192.168.2.2
This stays in the cache until the
Time-To-Live (TTL) expires!
example.com?

52. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
A DNSSEC Interaction
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
web page
DNS
Resolver
10.1.1.123
DNSKEY
RRSIGs
1
25
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
10.1.1.123
4
example.com
NS
DS
.com
NS
DS
example.com?

53. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Attempting to Spoof DNS
Web
Server
Web
Browser
https://example.com/
web page
DNS
Resolver
10.1.1.123
DNSKEY
RRSIGs
1
25
6
DNS Svr
example.com
DNS Svr
.com
DNS Svr
root
3
SERVFAIL
4
Attacking
DNS Svr
example.com
192.168.2.2
DNSKEY
RRSIGs
example.com
NS
DS
.com
NS
DS
example.com?

54. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
The Two Parts of DNSSEC
Signing Validating
ISPs
Enterprises
Applications
DNS Hosting
Registrars
Registries

55. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DNSSEC Signing - The Individual Steps
Registry
Registrar
DNS Hosting Provider
Domain Name
Registrant
• Signs TLD
• Accepts DS records
• Publishes/signs records
• Accepts DS records
• Sends DS to registry
• Provides UI for mgmt
• Signs zones
• Publishes all records
• Provides UI for mgmt
• Enables DNSSEC
(unless automatic)

56. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DNSSEC Signing - The Players
Registries
Registrars
DNS Hosting Providers
Domain Name
Registrants
Registrar also
provides DNS
hosting services

57. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DNSSEC Signing - The Players
Registries
Registrars
DNS Hosting Providers
Domain Name
Registrants
Registrant hosts
own DNS

58. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Signing Can Be Simple

59. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
DNSSEC Resources
Deploy360 Programme:
• www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/dnssec/
DNSSEC Deployment Initiative:
• www.dnssec-deployment.org/
DNSSEC Tools:
• www.dnssec-tools.org/
DNSSEC and VoIP:
• www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/dnssec-voip/

60. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Three Requests For Network Operators (ISPs)
1. Deploy DNSSEC-validating DNS resolvers
2. Sign your own domains where possible
3. Help promote support of DANE protocol
• Allow usage of TLSA record. Let browser vendors and others know you
want to use DANE. Help raise awareness of how DANE and DNSSEC
can make the Internet more secure.

61. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
3 More Requests For SIP Network Operators
1. Think about how and where DNSSEC and DANE
could be potentially used
2. Experiment with the early implementations like Jitsi
and Kamailio
3. Share the ideas…
• Directly with me ( york@isoc.org ) or via email lists, online forums, etc.
• http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/dnssec/community/
(or let's make a new place for DNSSEC and VoIP)

62. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
Helping Accelerate DNSSEC Deployment
https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/dnssec-coord
Public mailing list, “dnssec-coord”, available and open to all:
Focus is on better coordinating promotion / advocacy /
marketing activities related to DNSSEC deployment.
Monthly conference calls and informal meetings at ICANN
and IETF events.