Performance Monitoring for Efficiency

1. Performance Monitoring for Efficiency THOMAS ANDERSON, CCP EMILY CROSS, MASc, PEng, CEM Burlington, Vermont cx‐associates.com tom@cx associates.com tom@cx‐associates.com emily@cx‐associates.com

2. Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES forAIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and b C tifi t fC l ti f b th b dnon-AIA members are available upon request.This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professionaleducation. As such, it does not include content that may be deemedor construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of anymaterial of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,distributing, or dealing in any material or product.Questions related to specific materials methods and services will be materials, methods,addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. 2

3. Learning Objectives Understand why performance monitoring is necessary Learn how to apply real time performance monitoring economically and effectively Know which basic performance metrics to include on every project Understand the best approaches to long term performance data archiving 3

4. Course EvaluationsIn order to maintain high‐quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page. h C E l i li k h l f id f h 4

5. Performance Monitoring Performance Monitoring• Part of the ongoing commissioning process for Part of the ongoing commissioning process for buildings and building systems 5

6. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning?• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Continuous Commissioning 6

9. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning?• Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Performance Monitoring 9

10. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA Cx Burlington International AirportChiller Plant Upgrade AHU/Boiler Upgrade 10

11. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA Cx Burlington International Airport Burlington International Airport Chiller Plant Upgrade pgFrictionless (Magnetic Bearing) Centrifugal ChillerTwo Fan Induced Draft Cross flow Cooling TowerBTU Meters with Insertion Turbine Flow Meters 11

12. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA CxBurlington International AirportBurlington International Airport HVAC Upgrade Rooftop/VAVs (2) R ft /VAV (2) Condensing Boilers (2) Existing Ductwork Existing Ductwork 12

13. Design Review Design Review Chiller Plant• The control diagram at this time lacks the capability for facility operators monitor how much power the pumps and the chiller consume…we suggest that pump and chiller t th t d hill KW values be imported into the DDC control system and displayed on the DDC system and displayed on the DDC graphics…display of chiller kW, tonnage, and a kW per Ton performance metrics. kW per Ton performance metrics. 13

14. Design Review Design Review Chiller Plant• The piping diagram calls for glass “stick” type The piping diagram calls for glass stick type piping thermometers. These stick type piping thermometers are very difficult to read in the thermometers are very difficult to read in the field. We suggest the use of round dial type piping thermometers. These are far easier to piping thermometers. These are far easier to read in the field and will benefit facility operating staff. operating staff. 14

15. Design Review Design ReviewHVAC Systems• Cross connects Cold/Hot duct cross connection: The new VAV boxes are shown connected to either the existing hot or cold duct mains…To mitigate main duct pressure losses, could the separate hot and cold duct mains be cross connected to equalize air flow? d i b d li i fl ? 15

16. Equipment Checkout: Leaks Equipment Checkout: Leaks• Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air wasted fan energy – Existing ducts: seams joints corners not sealed Existing ducts: seams, joints, corners, not sealed 16

17. Equipment Checkout: Leaks Equipment Checkout: Leaks• Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air wasted fan energy – New equipment: damaged closure mechanisms and gaskets, as installed 17

18. Equipment Checkout: LeaksEquipment Checkout: Leaks 18

19. Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop• VAV box air inlet• 4 inch round duct runout installed• 6 inch round duct runout specified 6 inch round duct runout specified• 4 to 5 times inlet static pressure drop C0 = 19 C0 = 89 specified installed 19

20. Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop• Piping strainer inaccessible Piping strainer inaccessible Roof Strainer Top of duct 20

21. Equipment Checkout: Retrofit Equipment Checkout: Retrofit• Known Issue 21

22. Equipment Checkout: Retrofit Equipment Checkout: Retrofit• Opportunities for Communication 22

23. Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings?• Cogged vs Standard fan V‐belts Cogged vs. Standard fan V‐belts 23

24. Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings?• Counterflow piping pp g 24

25. Equipment Checkout: Air Quality Equipment Checkout: Air Quality• Standing water not permitted per ASHRAE 62.1• CHW pipe insulation remained to be installed, no drain 25

26. Instrumentation: Gauges and SensorsInstrumentation: Gauges and Sensors 26

27. Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors• Pete’s plugs for validation of piping sensors and gauges• Round vs Stick thermometers are easier to read Round vs. Stick thermometers are easier to read specified installed• Calibrate/compare against NIST certified test instruments• Location of thermostats and control system sensors – Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust 27

28. Instrumentation: DDC Program ValidationInstrumentation: DDC Program Validation 28

29. Instrumentation: DDC Program ValidationInstrumentation: DDC Program Validation• Sensor scaling errors Sensor scaling errors – 0 to 5 V or 0 to 10 V? – Chill Chiller percent load displayed found to be one t l d di l d f dt b third of actual per BTU meters• Ph i l h k Physical checks – Outside air dampers found in a position other than commanded by the DDC system – Too much outside air being brought in (expensive) 29

30. Functional Performance Testing: ChillerFunctional Performance Testing: Chiller• Chilled water pump rate of flow change Chilled water pump rate of flow change found to be too rapid• Minimum chiller flow was not maintained 30

31. Functional Performance Testing: HVACFunctional Performance Testing: HVAC• Software programmed with an Software programmed with an economizer mode lockout when the outdoor air temperature drops below td i t t d b l 40F.• Outside Air Control: configured for damper position rather than flow. damper position rather than flow. 31

32. Functional Performance Testing: ControlsFunctional Performance Testing: ControlsChiller MER exhaust fan stays on after alarm clears MER temperature > 80F MER temperature > 80F Refrigerant leak detection 32

33. Up Next: Performance MonitoringUp Next: Performance Monitoring Thomas Anderson tom@cx‐associates.com @ i 802.861.2715 x11 33

34. Why Performance Monitoring? Why Performance Monitoring?• How many miles per gallon is my building getting? 34

35. Building Energy Tracking Building Energy Tracking• How does my building compare to peer How does my building compare to peer building?• Am I using what is expected?• Has anything changed? Has anything changed?• Am I improving over time? 35

36. System Energy Tracking System Energy Tracking• Are systems behaving as they should?• How efficient are my systems?• Today’s performance vs 3 years ago? Today s performance vs. 3 years ago? 36

37. System Energy Tracking System Energy Tracking• Building energy efficiency depreciates 2% to 3% a year 37

38. System Energy Tracking System Energy TrackingExpectations for building operators: • Manage systems efficiently • But we do not provide efficiency ut we do not provide efficiency feedback in our designs 38

39. Energy ManagementEnergy ManagementYou cannot manage… …What you cannot measure What you cannot measure 39

40. What To MeasureWhat To Measure • Building Service Building Service ‐ Electrical ‐ Fuel • Central Plants ‐ Heating ‐ Cooling ‐ Refrigeration 40

41. Other Sub GroupsOther Sub Groups • Key Lighting Circuits Key Lighting Circuits ‐ Exterior Lighting ‐ Key Lighting Zones • Computer Rooms p • Central Air Handlers • Central Pumps 41

42. DevicesBTU MetersBTU Meters• Liquids: ‐ Heating Hot Water ‐ Chilled Water Chilled Water ‐ Domestic Hot Water 42

43. Turbine Meters• Closed Loop Fluids• Fairly Clean Water 43

44. Turbine Meters 44

45. Ultrasonic Meters • Clamp‐on • Non‐Invasive • Good for Retrofits • Clean or Unclean Liquids Clean or Unclean Liquids 45

46. Ultrasonic 46

47. Electromagnetic Meter• Critical water flow applications Critical water flow applications• Open loop• “Dirty Water” ‐ Gray Water Gray Water ‐ Sea Water ‐ Process Liquids d 47

48. Electromagnetic Meter 48

49. Power Monitoring• Key Electrical Sub‐circuits Key Electrical Sub‐circuits ‐ Exterior Lighting / Interior Lighting• Key large equipment ‐ Chillers ‐ Large Compressors, etc…•Pi Primary Electrical Service – P ibl El t i l S i Possibly 49

50. Power Monitoring • Measure True kW • Also: ‐ Voltage ‐ Power Factor 50

51. Power Monitoring 51

52. VFD Power Loss 52

53. VFD Power Loss IO 53

54. VFD Power Loss – Network Interface 54

55. Performance MetricsBuilding Annual Energy:Building Annual Energy: • kBTU/Square Foot/Year • EUI: Energy Use Index • “Miles per Gallon” for Buildings • For Electrical and Fuels • Also: kWH/Square Foot/Year Also: kWH/Square Foot/Year 55

56. Unit Conversion• Electrical: ‐ kWH/YR x 3.41 kBTU/kWH• Fossil Fuel: ‐ Fuel Units/YR x BTU Per Unit/ 1,000 Fuel Units/YR x TU Per Unit/ ,000• Units Delivered to Building (not source Energy) Energ ) 56

57. Information Presentation 57

58. 58

59. Cooling Plant 59

60. Cooling Plant 60

61. Typical Pump 59

62. Cx of Performance MonitoringCommissioning:• BTU Meters: Water• Upstream/Downstream straight piping• T&B Accuracy Verification T&B Accuracy Verification ‐ vs. Balance Valve ‐ vs. Pump Curve q p p ‐ vs. Equipment Pressure Drop 62

63. BTU Meters: Water• Temperature ‐ +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy Goal ‐ Insertion Temperature Probe ‐ ≈ with +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy ‐ ≈ RTD Type: Not Thermister ‐ Must Have Insertion Test Ports! Must Have Insertion Test Ports! 63

64. Power Meters• Goal: +/‐ 0 1 kW (True kW) Goal: +/‐ 0.1 kW (True kW)• 3 Phase: Sum of 3 legs• Precision field meter required ‐ +/‐ $2 000 meter cost +/ $2,000 meter cost• Stable operation required 64

65. VFD Based Power• +/‐ 0.1 kW Accuracy Goal• Compare VFD Display with building BMS• Check for 0 0 KW when off Check for 0.0 KW when off 65

66. Data Acquisition• Capture Related Data Capture Related Data• Outside Air Temperature (All)• Cooling Plants ‐ OA Enthalpy OA Enthalpy ‐ CHWS Temperature ‐ Condenser Water Temperature d ‐ To Chiller 66

67. Correlate Related Data• Heating: BTUH vs Average Hourly OA Temp Heating: BTUH vs. Average Hourly OA Temp• Fans: kW/kCFM/HR vs. Average Hourly OA Temp• Cooling Plant ‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Enthalpy ‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Condenser Temp 67

68. Data ManagementCentral PlantsCentral Plants• Data Frequency: Every Minute• Then 15 Minute Average• Then Hourly Average• Then Daily Average, etc... 68

69. Data Management• Too Much Data to Store Too Much Data to Store• Develop Average Data ‐ For Permanent Storage• Dump detailed data after +/‐ 90 Dump detailed data after +/ 90 days or so 69

70. Further Resources“The Building Performance Tracking The Building Performance Tracking Handbook,” California Commissioning Collaborative – cacx.org C ll b tiASHRAE Guideline 22‐2008 – “Instrumentation for Monitoring Central Instrumentation for Monitoring Central Chilled‐Water Plant Efficiency” 70

71. Further ResourcesCBECS – Commercial Building Energy CBECS – Commercial Building Energy Consumption SurveyBenchmarking Building Energy Performance Benchmarking Building Energy Performance Oak Ridge National Laboratory – eber.ed.ornl eber ed ornl 69

72. Questions? Thomas Anderson Thomas Anderson Emily Cross Emily Crosstom@cx‐associates.com emily@cx‐associates.com 802.861.2715 x11 802 861 2715 11 802.861.2715 x14 802 861 2715 14 Visit our blog at: http://buildingenergy.cx‐associates.com/ 110 Main Street 110 Main Street Studio 1B Burlington, VT 05401 802.861.2715 72

Performance Monitoring for Efficiency

Cx Associates

Performance Monitoring for Efficiency