SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 23
Download to read offline
A longitudinal study
of a social enterprise
Tim Curtis
Senior Lecturer
The University of Northampton
Entrepreneurship
• Innovation
– Music styles
• Punk
• Reggae
• Indie
– Artist/Label contract
• non-binding 50/50
– Cartel regional distribution
• Network rather than ownership
– Community fanzines
– Encouraging home-made music
• Ethos
– Equal pay/equal say
– Communist/anarchist roots
– Eventually an employee trust
• In their analysis of the emergent
field of entrepreneurship,
Davidsson et al. (2001) find
developments in terms of
definitions, research problems,
methodologies and theories – but
not in terms of discussing the
underlying view of reality,
knowledge and ideology...
without questioning the views of
human beings, knowledge and
“truth” that underlie these
research practices.
• Still seeking ‘the social’ in social
entrepreneurship, and thereby
also in entrepreneurship per se....
An interesting, if noisy empirical case study, but also with theoretical challenges
Why longitudinal?
• entrepreneurial processes could be studied as organic processes, as
open-ended series of events in which people create/develop things
together (Pettigrew, 1997; Aldrich, 2000).
• Such processes are continuously emerging, becoming, changing, as
(inter)actors develop their understandings of their selves and their
entrepreneurial reality.
• In order to understand how development within entrepreneurship
unfolds we therefore need to study processes and follow these
continuously over time.
• Consequently, if we are interested in development, change and
critical moments we need to follow processes in a longitudinal way
and preferably in real time (Pettigrew, 1997).
The evidence base
• Secondary data:
– Neil Taylor (2010) Document And Eyewitness: An Intimate History of
Rough Trade: The Rough Trade Story
– Rob Young (2006) Rough Trade: Labels Unlimited
– Anon (2011) Do it Yourself: The Story of Rough Trade BBC
Documentary
• Detailed interviews with all the key actors.
• Naturalistically presented. Re-analysis of ‘raw’ data to elicit
grounded theory
• Possible primary interviews with trustees and GLC parties (if
available)
• Underlying questions of primary researchers’ editing of interviews
(are originals still available? What is missing?) i.e. ‘trustworthiness’
and authenticity (Lincoln & Guba 1985)
Record Shop
• Founded in 1976 by Geoff Travis as a record shop
• Operated as a co-operative (equal pay/equal say) but
privately owned and invested in by family
• Added fanzines (1977), record distribution, (the Cartel)
network (1978) and music label with Metal Urbain (1979)
• 1982, shop becomes employee buy-out
• 1991 overtrading and cashflow problems bankrupt Label
and Distribution
• Relaunched as artiste house in 2000, owned by private
equity
• 2007 was sold to Beggars banquet- a group of labels
stemming from a similar punk/indie 1970s start-up
Growth in Indie
• In the three years after 1978, the number of
specialist record shops in Britain increased
from 1750 to 2370.
• The most significant for British punk music
and based in London were Beggars Banquet
(Earls Court), Small Wonder (Walthamstow)
and Rough Trade (Notting Hill)
Hesmondhalgh, 1998
Metal Urbain
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW-
peug4e8s&feature=player_detailpage
• Movement from record and fanzine shop to
• Music label
• Getting a record made worked out to be
relatively easy- not just RT.
• The harder thing was promoting & distributing
the record to the shops.......
(mainstream) Entrepreneurship Theory
personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, suggests they need to
evidence:
• Risk tolerance
• Uncertainty tolerance
• Vision
• Capacity to inspire
• Creativity & Innovation
• High internal locus of
control
• Emotional stability
• Commitment to others
• Resilience & Tenacity
• Self awareness
• Self confidence
• High energy
• Achievement orientation
• Proactive
• Desire for autonomy
• Flexibility
• Initiative
• Assertiveness
Knight (1942) (Timmons, 1978).
Deakins (1999)
‘entrepreneurial orientation’ is linked to environment to create ‘opportunity recognition’
Opportunity Recognition
Lumpkin, G.; Hills, G.: Shrader, R. (2004). “Opportunity recognition” in Welsh,
H.P. (Ed), Entrepreneurship: The Way Ahead, Routledge, New York, pp. 73-
90.
Entrepreneurial
orientation
Some relationship with external environment
But no theory as to ‘how’ this happens
Communal Vibe
• “no where to go” – main labels were not
publishing punk, “obscure and challenging music”
• “play music all day”, “more then buying records”,
“naive, innocent, we could change the world”
• “ A kibbutz is a utopia isn’t it” affirms Goldman,
so he [Travis] was trying to create a utopia here in
the ghetto of Ladbroke Grove” p19
• Contrast Curtis, 2012 on ‘danwei’
The environment
• Ladbroke Grove
• In Kensington &
Chelsea, but Rachman’s
exploitation of Afro-
Carribean immigrants in
Notting Hill area led to
slum like conditions in
the 1970s
• Highly racially mixed
• Full of squats and
reggae, rock steady &
ska ‘sound systems’
Geoff himself
• Son of a ‘loss adjuster’ borrowing £4,000 from his
father to help cover the costs of stock and
premises- financial capital
• Philosophy & English at Cambridge-social capital
• Could afford to travel extensively in US and
Canada- 400 LPs shipped back- cultural capital
• Travis senior, ‘invested a lot of time and energy
ad was extremely supportive’ (p29) doing
accounts
DIY design ethic
http://collectornotcompletist.blogspot.co.uk/2010_04_01
_archive.html
http://www.cdandlp.com/item/2/0-1108-0-1-
0/1047588327/scritti-politti-2nd-peel-session-:-messthetics-
hegemony-scritlocks-door-opec-immac.html
Democratising music-making
• scritti politti
• 2nd peel session
• Notes on how to
make an album
• Transparent
costing
• “mere mortals
couldn’t do that
kind of thing”
http://www.cdandlp.com/item/2/0-1108-0-1-0/1047588327/scritti-politti-
2nd-peel-session-:-messthetics-hegemony-scritlocks-door-opec-immac.html
Community & communication
• Fanzine
• Xerox technology
• Open editorial
• aesthetic of anti-
professionalism.
– Letraset was one-use only
and expensive, they'd cut
letters out of newspapers,
blackmail-style.
– photo-size reduction was too
pricey (it required a process
camera, which cost £1 per
shot), they'd just run their
pictures giant-size.
– Strips of typewritten and
typo-riddled text would be
glued at skewiff angles, with
pencil-scribbled addenda in
the margins
• Sniffin Glue, the first
punk fanzine, was
produced by Mark Perry
in July 1976 a few days
after seeing US punk
band The Ramones for
the first time at the
Roundhouse in London.
• He took the title from a
Ramones song 'Now I
Wanna Sniff Some Glue'.
• It reported the moment
immediately as it
happened, reporting it
from an insider's point
of view.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/02/
fanzine-simon-reynolds-blog
http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/21cc/counte
rculture/large8676.html
Reconfiguring the contract
• Usually an artist receives an advanced payment
that is considered to be a loan against money
which the musician's recording will generate.
• The level of royalty is set by the contract and
depends on sales.
• However, in most contracts, the artists have to
pay for their own recordings and promotions.
• Moreover, a company retains copyright.
• Most contracts are long-term, which makes
artists dependent on a company.
Hesmondhalgh, 1998
Reconfiguring the contract
• Rough Trade, Mute and Factory challenged the relation between
artists and companies.
• Deals were often on a 50:50 basis.
• The companies did not introduce long-term contacts and relied on
personal trust.
• Rough Trade created a situation for where artists could easily
change recording company if they desired.
• Factory was liberal with its policy on copyright. The company did
not own a lot of copyrights.
• On the other hand, the companies could not offer significant ‘loans'
for musicians, but musicians stated that they felt as if they shared
their cultural and creative industry with the companies.
• Some musicians worked in Rough Trade in order to subsidise their
activities.
Hesmondhalgh, 1998
The contract
1. We... agree to make records
and sell them until either or
both of the parties
reasonably disagree with the
arrangement.
2.We agree that once agreed
recording, manufacturing
and promotional costs have
been deducted we will share
the ensuing profit equally.
Signed
ROUGH TRADE
Shifting Ethics 1980’s
• "We had gone from being a collective to this huge
company," he recalls. "At that point all these
management people appeared. They talked crap,
mostly, and dug a big wedge between distribution and
the record company. There was this huge clash of
cultures and I was completely marginalised on the
board.” Geoff Travis
• Over time there is a “tug of war” for the destination of
profit. “Like the discovery of the profit niches
themselves, the discussion over and eventual
destination of these profits is culturally embedded”
(Lindh de Montoya, 2000, p. 349).
Theory: structure/agency debate
• Did RT create their own
entrepreneurship, or did the
socio-economic climate create
the opportunities?
• Is ‘opportunity’ (cf Lumpkin) out
there to be discovered, or is it
created, constructed, performed?
• Does the bricoleur find objects to
use, or lend meaning to objects
• knowledge about
entrepreneurship is knowledge
on how individuals and collectives
perceive, define, produce and re-
produce entrepreneurial action in
society.
• multi-level research that tries to
combine individual and context
(Aldrich and Martinez, 2002);
• Giddensian structuration theory
Does Actor/Network Theory (Latour) just add ‘technology’ into the structuration
of social relations?
Narrative (Berger & Luckman) and performativity (Butler) flesh out Giddens
Defining ‘the social’ in social
entrepreneurship
• If ‘the social’ is concerned with how social
relations, identities and inequalities are created.
• Then ‘the social’ in entrepreneurship is concerned with
how social relations, identities and inequalities are
transformed through entrepreneurial processes
• Sociologies of entrepreneurship?
• After Susan Smith (2010): Scholarship self-consciously
labelled ‘social entrepreneurship’ may be radical or
conservative, life changing or mundane, engagingly
relevant, comprehensively bland or uniquely quirky.
Conclusions
• Standard entrepreneurship theory fails to explain the
sociality of the innovation- just the fact of the new
venture
• As personal & organisational ethics mature and
change, so does the social mission (cf Mondragon)
• Market-making social enterprises get out competed
Nevertheless,
• It is a scaled social enterprise because it changed some
fundamental social relations
– Music industry- adoption of indie label
– Garage, computer, laptop, now ipad album creating
Am I mistakenly searching for a meta-narrative for ‘the social’?
• Deakins, D. (1999), Entrepreneurship and small firms, (2nd edition), McGraw Hill
• Knight, F.H. (1942) Profit and entrepreneurial fuinctions, The tasks of common
history: supplement to Journal of Economic History, 2, pp. 126-32
• Timmons, J.A., (1978) Characteristics and role demands of
entrepreneurship, American Journal of Small Business, Vol 3. pp. 5-17
• Monica Lindgren, Johann Packendorff, (2009) "Social constructionism and
entrepreneurship: Basic assumptions and consequences for theory and
research", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 15
Iss: 1, pp.25 – 47
• Lindh de Montoya, M. (2000). Entrepreneurship and culture: The case of
Freddy, the strawberry man.
• In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: The social science view pp. 332–355.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Susan Smith (2010) Introduction: Situating Social Geographies in The Sage
Handbook of Social Geographies (co-edited with Sallie A. Marston, Susan J.
Smith, and Rachel Pain, John Paul Jones III). Los Angeles: Sage.

More Related Content

Similar to Rough trade a longitudinal study of a social enterprise

1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracyMaryamMedia
 
1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracySwaid
 
Thesis paper final .doc
Thesis paper final .docThesis paper final .doc
Thesis paper final .docMax Gaines
 
Music videos paper 1 section b
Music videos paper 1 section bMusic videos paper 1 section b
Music videos paper 1 section bHelen Williams
 
Alternative Rock - Week 1
Alternative Rock - Week 1Alternative Rock - Week 1
Alternative Rock - Week 1Keith Hennigan
 
9 xl recordings case study
9 xl recordings case study9 xl recordings case study
9 xl recordings case studyppermaul
 
Music industry 2017
Music industry 2017Music industry 2017
Music industry 2017Naamah Hill
 
DigitalMusic-revision
DigitalMusic-revisionDigitalMusic-revision
DigitalMusic-revisionSkip Spoerke
 
1970s & 2000s
1970s & 2000s1970s & 2000s
1970s & 2000sshelana
 
Med332 glamorous indie rock and roll
Med332 glamorous indie rock and rollMed332 glamorous indie rock and roll
Med332 glamorous indie rock and rollRob Jewitt
 
2014 rise of technology
2014 rise of technology 2014 rise of technology
2014 rise of technology heatherseelbach
 
Med332 electronic music production and creativity
Med332 electronic music production and creativityMed332 electronic music production and creativity
Med332 electronic music production and creativityRob Jewitt
 
Independent Music Labels
Independent Music LabelsIndependent Music Labels
Independent Music Labelsbecks84
 
Revolution by example presentation
Revolution by example presentationRevolution by example presentation
Revolution by example presentationTaylor Olmstead
 
Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.mollieafh
 
Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.mollieafh
 
MUC110 LEC8 Music.Technology
MUC110 LEC8 Music.TechnologyMUC110 LEC8 Music.Technology
MUC110 LEC8 Music.TechnologyMUC110
 

Similar to Rough trade a longitudinal study of a social enterprise (20)

1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy
 
1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy1950s 80s and piracy
1950s 80s and piracy
 
The big four
The big fourThe big four
The big four
 
Thesis paper final .doc
Thesis paper final .docThesis paper final .doc
Thesis paper final .doc
 
Music videos paper 1 section b
Music videos paper 1 section bMusic videos paper 1 section b
Music videos paper 1 section b
 
Alternative Rock - Week 1
Alternative Rock - Week 1Alternative Rock - Week 1
Alternative Rock - Week 1
 
9 xl recordings case study
9 xl recordings case study9 xl recordings case study
9 xl recordings case study
 
Music industry 2017
Music industry 2017Music industry 2017
Music industry 2017
 
DigitalMusic-revision
DigitalMusic-revisionDigitalMusic-revision
DigitalMusic-revision
 
1970s & 2000s
1970s & 2000s1970s & 2000s
1970s & 2000s
 
Perf2065 week 5_2019
Perf2065 week 5_2019Perf2065 week 5_2019
Perf2065 week 5_2019
 
Med332 glamorous indie rock and roll
Med332 glamorous indie rock and rollMed332 glamorous indie rock and roll
Med332 glamorous indie rock and roll
 
2014 rise of technology
2014 rise of technology 2014 rise of technology
2014 rise of technology
 
Subcultures
SubculturesSubcultures
Subcultures
 
Med332 electronic music production and creativity
Med332 electronic music production and creativityMed332 electronic music production and creativity
Med332 electronic music production and creativity
 
Independent Music Labels
Independent Music LabelsIndependent Music Labels
Independent Music Labels
 
Revolution by example presentation
Revolution by example presentationRevolution by example presentation
Revolution by example presentation
 
Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.
 
Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.Record label decisions.
Record label decisions.
 
MUC110 LEC8 Music.Technology
MUC110 LEC8 Music.TechnologyMUC110 LEC8 Music.Technology
MUC110 LEC8 Music.Technology
 

More from Tim Curtis

FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TC
FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TCFDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TC
FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TCTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 week 3 planning
Fdn016 week 3 planningFdn016 week 3 planning
Fdn016 week 3 planningTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 week 2 working definition final
Fdn016 week 2 working definition finalFdn016 week 2 working definition final
Fdn016 week 2 working definition finalTim Curtis
 
Fdn016a week 2 working definition
Fdn016a week 2 working definitionFdn016a week 2 working definition
Fdn016a week 2 working definitionTim Curtis
 
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problem
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problemFdn016a week 1 we have a problem
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problemTim Curtis
 
Final week rich pictures social venture canvas
Final week rich pictures social venture canvasFinal week rich pictures social venture canvas
Final week rich pictures social venture canvasTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsFdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsFdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis final
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis finalFdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis final
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis finalTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysisFdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysisTim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysisFdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysisTim Curtis
 
Term 2 week 3 data analysis
Term 2 week 3 data analysis Term 2 week 3 data analysis
Term 2 week 3 data analysis Tim Curtis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2Tim Curtis
 
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Tim Curtis
 
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019Tim Curtis
 
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Tim Curtis
 
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and test
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and testFDN016 Week 8 survey design and test
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and testTim Curtis
 
FDN016 Week 7 planning
FDN016 Week 7 planningFDN016 Week 7 planning
FDN016 Week 7 planningTim Curtis
 
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final version
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final versionFDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final version
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final versionTim Curtis
 
FDN016 Week 4 and 5 defining food poverty 2019
FDN016 Week 4 and  5 defining food poverty 2019FDN016 Week 4 and  5 defining food poverty 2019
FDN016 Week 4 and 5 defining food poverty 2019Tim Curtis
 

More from Tim Curtis (20)

FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TC
FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TCFDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TC
FDN018 01 Exploring professional sectors TC
 
Fdn016 week 3 planning
Fdn016 week 3 planningFdn016 week 3 planning
Fdn016 week 3 planning
 
Fdn016 week 2 working definition final
Fdn016 week 2 working definition finalFdn016 week 2 working definition final
Fdn016 week 2 working definition final
 
Fdn016a week 2 working definition
Fdn016a week 2 working definitionFdn016a week 2 working definition
Fdn016a week 2 working definition
 
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problem
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problemFdn016a week 1 we have a problem
Fdn016a week 1 we have a problem
 
Final week rich pictures social venture canvas
Final week rich pictures social venture canvasFinal week rich pictures social venture canvas
Final week rich pictures social venture canvas
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsFdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutionsFdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
Fdn016 term 2 week 6 systems thinking to solutions
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis final
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis finalFdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis final
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis final
 
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysisFdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 Week 4 interview analysis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysisFdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis
Fdn016 term 2 week 4 interview analysis
 
Term 2 week 3 data analysis
Term 2 week 3 data analysis Term 2 week 3 data analysis
Term 2 week 3 data analysis
 
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2
Fdn016 term 2 week 1 and 2
 
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
 
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019
Fdn016 week 4 & 5 defining food poverty 2019
 
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
Fdn016 week 9 interview design & test #2
 
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and test
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and testFDN016 Week 8 survey design and test
FDN016 Week 8 survey design and test
 
FDN016 Week 7 planning
FDN016 Week 7 planningFDN016 Week 7 planning
FDN016 Week 7 planning
 
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final version
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final versionFDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final version
FDN016 Defining food poverty 2019 final version
 
FDN016 Week 4 and 5 defining food poverty 2019
FDN016 Week 4 and  5 defining food poverty 2019FDN016 Week 4 and  5 defining food poverty 2019
FDN016 Week 4 and 5 defining food poverty 2019
 

Recently uploaded

Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashaWork Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashasashalaycock03
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeHow to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeCeline George
 
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlEBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlDr. Bruce A. Johnson
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfMohonDas
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTDR. SNEHA NAIR
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Dr. Asif Anas
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSyedNadeemGillANi
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sashaWork Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
Work Experience for psp3 portfolio sasha
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
 
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeHow to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
 
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlEBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
 
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
 

Rough trade a longitudinal study of a social enterprise

  • 1. A longitudinal study of a social enterprise Tim Curtis Senior Lecturer The University of Northampton
  • 2. Entrepreneurship • Innovation – Music styles • Punk • Reggae • Indie – Artist/Label contract • non-binding 50/50 – Cartel regional distribution • Network rather than ownership – Community fanzines – Encouraging home-made music • Ethos – Equal pay/equal say – Communist/anarchist roots – Eventually an employee trust • In their analysis of the emergent field of entrepreneurship, Davidsson et al. (2001) find developments in terms of definitions, research problems, methodologies and theories – but not in terms of discussing the underlying view of reality, knowledge and ideology... without questioning the views of human beings, knowledge and “truth” that underlie these research practices. • Still seeking ‘the social’ in social entrepreneurship, and thereby also in entrepreneurship per se.... An interesting, if noisy empirical case study, but also with theoretical challenges
  • 3. Why longitudinal? • entrepreneurial processes could be studied as organic processes, as open-ended series of events in which people create/develop things together (Pettigrew, 1997; Aldrich, 2000). • Such processes are continuously emerging, becoming, changing, as (inter)actors develop their understandings of their selves and their entrepreneurial reality. • In order to understand how development within entrepreneurship unfolds we therefore need to study processes and follow these continuously over time. • Consequently, if we are interested in development, change and critical moments we need to follow processes in a longitudinal way and preferably in real time (Pettigrew, 1997).
  • 4. The evidence base • Secondary data: – Neil Taylor (2010) Document And Eyewitness: An Intimate History of Rough Trade: The Rough Trade Story – Rob Young (2006) Rough Trade: Labels Unlimited – Anon (2011) Do it Yourself: The Story of Rough Trade BBC Documentary • Detailed interviews with all the key actors. • Naturalistically presented. Re-analysis of ‘raw’ data to elicit grounded theory • Possible primary interviews with trustees and GLC parties (if available) • Underlying questions of primary researchers’ editing of interviews (are originals still available? What is missing?) i.e. ‘trustworthiness’ and authenticity (Lincoln & Guba 1985)
  • 5. Record Shop • Founded in 1976 by Geoff Travis as a record shop • Operated as a co-operative (equal pay/equal say) but privately owned and invested in by family • Added fanzines (1977), record distribution, (the Cartel) network (1978) and music label with Metal Urbain (1979) • 1982, shop becomes employee buy-out • 1991 overtrading and cashflow problems bankrupt Label and Distribution • Relaunched as artiste house in 2000, owned by private equity • 2007 was sold to Beggars banquet- a group of labels stemming from a similar punk/indie 1970s start-up
  • 6. Growth in Indie • In the three years after 1978, the number of specialist record shops in Britain increased from 1750 to 2370. • The most significant for British punk music and based in London were Beggars Banquet (Earls Court), Small Wonder (Walthamstow) and Rough Trade (Notting Hill) Hesmondhalgh, 1998
  • 7. Metal Urbain • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW- peug4e8s&feature=player_detailpage • Movement from record and fanzine shop to • Music label • Getting a record made worked out to be relatively easy- not just RT. • The harder thing was promoting & distributing the record to the shops.......
  • 8. (mainstream) Entrepreneurship Theory personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, suggests they need to evidence: • Risk tolerance • Uncertainty tolerance • Vision • Capacity to inspire • Creativity & Innovation • High internal locus of control • Emotional stability • Commitment to others • Resilience & Tenacity • Self awareness • Self confidence • High energy • Achievement orientation • Proactive • Desire for autonomy • Flexibility • Initiative • Assertiveness Knight (1942) (Timmons, 1978). Deakins (1999) ‘entrepreneurial orientation’ is linked to environment to create ‘opportunity recognition’
  • 9. Opportunity Recognition Lumpkin, G.; Hills, G.: Shrader, R. (2004). “Opportunity recognition” in Welsh, H.P. (Ed), Entrepreneurship: The Way Ahead, Routledge, New York, pp. 73- 90. Entrepreneurial orientation Some relationship with external environment But no theory as to ‘how’ this happens
  • 10. Communal Vibe • “no where to go” – main labels were not publishing punk, “obscure and challenging music” • “play music all day”, “more then buying records”, “naive, innocent, we could change the world” • “ A kibbutz is a utopia isn’t it” affirms Goldman, so he [Travis] was trying to create a utopia here in the ghetto of Ladbroke Grove” p19 • Contrast Curtis, 2012 on ‘danwei’
  • 11. The environment • Ladbroke Grove • In Kensington & Chelsea, but Rachman’s exploitation of Afro- Carribean immigrants in Notting Hill area led to slum like conditions in the 1970s • Highly racially mixed • Full of squats and reggae, rock steady & ska ‘sound systems’
  • 12. Geoff himself • Son of a ‘loss adjuster’ borrowing £4,000 from his father to help cover the costs of stock and premises- financial capital • Philosophy & English at Cambridge-social capital • Could afford to travel extensively in US and Canada- 400 LPs shipped back- cultural capital • Travis senior, ‘invested a lot of time and energy ad was extremely supportive’ (p29) doing accounts
  • 14. Democratising music-making • scritti politti • 2nd peel session • Notes on how to make an album • Transparent costing • “mere mortals couldn’t do that kind of thing” http://www.cdandlp.com/item/2/0-1108-0-1-0/1047588327/scritti-politti- 2nd-peel-session-:-messthetics-hegemony-scritlocks-door-opec-immac.html
  • 15. Community & communication • Fanzine • Xerox technology • Open editorial • aesthetic of anti- professionalism. – Letraset was one-use only and expensive, they'd cut letters out of newspapers, blackmail-style. – photo-size reduction was too pricey (it required a process camera, which cost £1 per shot), they'd just run their pictures giant-size. – Strips of typewritten and typo-riddled text would be glued at skewiff angles, with pencil-scribbled addenda in the margins • Sniffin Glue, the first punk fanzine, was produced by Mark Perry in July 1976 a few days after seeing US punk band The Ramones for the first time at the Roundhouse in London. • He took the title from a Ramones song 'Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue'. • It reported the moment immediately as it happened, reporting it from an insider's point of view. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/02/ fanzine-simon-reynolds-blog http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/21cc/counte rculture/large8676.html
  • 16. Reconfiguring the contract • Usually an artist receives an advanced payment that is considered to be a loan against money which the musician's recording will generate. • The level of royalty is set by the contract and depends on sales. • However, in most contracts, the artists have to pay for their own recordings and promotions. • Moreover, a company retains copyright. • Most contracts are long-term, which makes artists dependent on a company. Hesmondhalgh, 1998
  • 17. Reconfiguring the contract • Rough Trade, Mute and Factory challenged the relation between artists and companies. • Deals were often on a 50:50 basis. • The companies did not introduce long-term contacts and relied on personal trust. • Rough Trade created a situation for where artists could easily change recording company if they desired. • Factory was liberal with its policy on copyright. The company did not own a lot of copyrights. • On the other hand, the companies could not offer significant ‘loans' for musicians, but musicians stated that they felt as if they shared their cultural and creative industry with the companies. • Some musicians worked in Rough Trade in order to subsidise their activities. Hesmondhalgh, 1998
  • 18. The contract 1. We... agree to make records and sell them until either or both of the parties reasonably disagree with the arrangement. 2.We agree that once agreed recording, manufacturing and promotional costs have been deducted we will share the ensuing profit equally. Signed ROUGH TRADE
  • 19. Shifting Ethics 1980’s • "We had gone from being a collective to this huge company," he recalls. "At that point all these management people appeared. They talked crap, mostly, and dug a big wedge between distribution and the record company. There was this huge clash of cultures and I was completely marginalised on the board.” Geoff Travis • Over time there is a “tug of war” for the destination of profit. “Like the discovery of the profit niches themselves, the discussion over and eventual destination of these profits is culturally embedded” (Lindh de Montoya, 2000, p. 349).
  • 20. Theory: structure/agency debate • Did RT create their own entrepreneurship, or did the socio-economic climate create the opportunities? • Is ‘opportunity’ (cf Lumpkin) out there to be discovered, or is it created, constructed, performed? • Does the bricoleur find objects to use, or lend meaning to objects • knowledge about entrepreneurship is knowledge on how individuals and collectives perceive, define, produce and re- produce entrepreneurial action in society. • multi-level research that tries to combine individual and context (Aldrich and Martinez, 2002); • Giddensian structuration theory Does Actor/Network Theory (Latour) just add ‘technology’ into the structuration of social relations? Narrative (Berger & Luckman) and performativity (Butler) flesh out Giddens
  • 21. Defining ‘the social’ in social entrepreneurship • If ‘the social’ is concerned with how social relations, identities and inequalities are created. • Then ‘the social’ in entrepreneurship is concerned with how social relations, identities and inequalities are transformed through entrepreneurial processes • Sociologies of entrepreneurship? • After Susan Smith (2010): Scholarship self-consciously labelled ‘social entrepreneurship’ may be radical or conservative, life changing or mundane, engagingly relevant, comprehensively bland or uniquely quirky.
  • 22. Conclusions • Standard entrepreneurship theory fails to explain the sociality of the innovation- just the fact of the new venture • As personal & organisational ethics mature and change, so does the social mission (cf Mondragon) • Market-making social enterprises get out competed Nevertheless, • It is a scaled social enterprise because it changed some fundamental social relations – Music industry- adoption of indie label – Garage, computer, laptop, now ipad album creating Am I mistakenly searching for a meta-narrative for ‘the social’?
  • 23. • Deakins, D. (1999), Entrepreneurship and small firms, (2nd edition), McGraw Hill • Knight, F.H. (1942) Profit and entrepreneurial fuinctions, The tasks of common history: supplement to Journal of Economic History, 2, pp. 126-32 • Timmons, J.A., (1978) Characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship, American Journal of Small Business, Vol 3. pp. 5-17 • Monica Lindgren, Johann Packendorff, (2009) "Social constructionism and entrepreneurship: Basic assumptions and consequences for theory and research", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 15 Iss: 1, pp.25 – 47 • Lindh de Montoya, M. (2000). Entrepreneurship and culture: The case of Freddy, the strawberry man. • In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: The social science view pp. 332–355. Oxford: Oxford University Press. • Susan Smith (2010) Introduction: Situating Social Geographies in The Sage Handbook of Social Geographies (co-edited with Sallie A. Marston, Susan J. Smith, and Rachel Pain, John Paul Jones III). Los Angeles: Sage.