Seminario RPAS. El gran reto evolutivo de la aviación civil. Marco Regulatorio Operacional. Madrid, 7 y 8 de octubre de 2014

1. Page 1
International Regulatory Framework for
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
(RPAS)
Capt. Miguel Ramos
RPAS Programme, Air Navigation Bureau, ICAO
Seminario RPAS
Madrid – Octubre 7-8, 2014

2. Page 2
International Civil Aviation Organization
• Specialized agency of the United
Nations
• Created 7 December 1944 in Chicago
with the signing of the ‘Chicago
Convention’
• Addresses most aspects of civil
aviation – 19 Annexes
• 191 contracting States
• Purpose: facilitate agreement on
principles and arrangements to
allow international civil aviation to
develop in a safe and orderly
manner
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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A new era in the civil aviation
• From S. XIX Balloons to S.XXI
most initiatives under military
domain in segregated airspace
• First Civil initiative on UAV - Paris
Convention Amendment. 1929
• Chicago convention Art. 8
• April 2005 first ICAO exploratory
meeting on UAVs
• 2007 – ICAO Unmanned Aircraft
Systems Study Group was
formed
No aircraft capable of being
flown without a pilot
shall be flown without a pilot
over the territory of a
contracting State without
special authorization by
that State and in accordance
with the terms of such
Authorization.
Each contracting State
undertakes to insure that the
flight of such aircraft without a
pilot in regions open to civil
aircraft shall be so controlled
as to obviate danger to civil
aircraft.
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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UASSG
• First meeting Apr, 2008
• Mandate: review, develop and
recommend amendments to ICAO
Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs)
• Scope - three task groups
– Develop accident and incident investigation
requirements for UAS
– Develop a coordination and cooperation
framework for interaction with other standards-making
organizations
– Develop an outline of a regulatory guidance
document relating to unmanned aircraft
systems
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

5. Page 6
UASSG 2008-2014 - outcomes
• Ammendments to
– Annex 13 – Definition of
Accident
– Annex 2 – Certification and
special authorizations
– Annex 7 – Registration
– Circular -328 UAS
• Draft RPAS Manual
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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The challenge
• Scenario
– Lack of sufficient data/knowledge,
– Progressive growth of operational activities within
a wide scope of operational scenarios
– Lack of regulations to support operations
• Establishing priorities
– Need harmonization at high level, detailed
provisions to follow;
– Focus on IFR controlled airspace;
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

7. Page 8
ICAO’s role - Integration
• IFR operations in controlled airspace
• Integration in non-segregated airspace:
– Certification – airworthiness and operator
– Licence
– Special authorizations
– Command and control (C2)
– Detect and avoid
• Terminology
• Frequency Spectrum
10/9/2014 8

8. Page 9
UA versus RPA
Unmanned aircraft include:
– Free balloons
– Fully automatic and/or autonomous
aircraft
Remotely piloted aircraft
– Different varieties
– Airspace/aerodrome integration
requires “control”
– “control” provided by remote pilot
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

9. Page 10
UA versus RPA
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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The next step - RPAS Panel
Objectives:
• serve as the focal point and coordinator of all
ICAO RPAS related work, with the aim of ensuring
global interoperability and harmonization;
• develop an RPAS regulatory concept and
associated guidance material to support and
guide the regulatory process;
• review ICAO SARPs, propose amendments and
coordinate the development of RPAS SARPs with
other ICAO expert groups;
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

11. Page 12
RPAS Panel
Objectives cont.:
• assess impacts of proposed provisions on existing
manned aviation; and
• coordinate, as needed, to support development
of a common position on bandwidth and
frequency spectrum requirements for command
and control of RPAS for the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) World Radio
Conference (WRC) negotiations.
8th UAS Action Summit June 25, 2014

12. Page 13
Scoping - General
• Focus on international operations
• Focus on what is needed for global interoperability
– Priority is fundamentals to initiate international operations
• Certificate of airworthiness
• RPAS operator certificate
• Remote pilot licence
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

13. Page 14
Scoping
• IFR operations in controlled airspace
– Regardless of MTOM
– Regardless of category of operation
• e.g. general aviation, commercial, aerial work
– Regardless of flight level
• e.g. not precluding very low level ops (i.e. below
1000’/500’ AGL), but not a priority
– Regardless of type of command and control (C2) link
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

14. Page 15
Remote Pilots
• Single licence – Remote Pilot Licence (RPL)
• Requires class or type ratings for both remote pilot
station (RPS) and RPA
• Scalable from VLOS-only to highly complex RPAS
operations, may have associated ratings, limitations
or endorsements
– e.g. for take-off/landing only or en route only
• Competency-based approach
• Medical requirements based on Class 3 (ATC)
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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RPAS Operators
• Defining requirements for
– RPAS Operator certification
– Safety management systems
– Oversight of operators and service providers
• Defining responsibilities of remote pilots
– Implications on remote PIC
• Identifying consequences of locating an RPS in a
different State from the RPAS Operator
• Location(s) of Documents
– Media type (e.g. paper, electronic)
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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Airworthiness
• Type Certificate issued to the RPA provides implicit
design approval to RPAS as a system, including the
RPS(s) and the C2 link(s)
• Certificate of airworthiness issued to the RPA
encompasses the entire RPAS based on the RPA TC
and associated Type Design
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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Command and control
• Frequency bands
– in compliance with International Telecommunication Union
Radio Regulations (ITU RR)
– Aviation protected spectrum or commercial?
• Loss of C2 link
– RPA able to maintain safe flight to suitable landing location
– Considered an abnormal / degraded situation requiring
attention (may escalate into an emergency)
– Common Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) code
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

18. Page 19
Detect and avoid
• Requirements
– remain-well-clear
– collision avoidance
– interoperability with ACAS
– weather / terrain / obstacle avoidance
– ground operations
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

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Partnership
• List of Organizations participating
Other
States
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

20. Page 21
Key Issues Underway - RPAS
• RPAS universality and standards moving forward
10/9/2014 21

21. Command and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations
Page 22
RPAS Matrix
Target Level of Safety
Performance/Technology Spectrum
Consult
Define Remote Pilot
License
Define Certificate of
Airworthiness Process
Airworthiness
Requirements
RPAS Operator
Certificate Process
QUESTION
Prescribed
or
Performance-based
Technology?

22. RPAS Matrix & Deliverables
Command and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations
Target Level of Safety Performance/Technology Spectrum Airworthiness
Page 23
Consult
JARUS (2014)
Requirements for Target Level
of Safety for Command and
Control (C2 Link)
RTCA (2013)
RTCA White Papers -
Descriptions/ Assumptions for
UAS Command & Control (C2)
Performance Standards
FAA (2015+)
Address Beyond-Line-of-Sight
(BLOS) C2 links
Spectrum available for LOS
and BLOS C2 link
RTCA (2016)
Phase 1 C2 Terrestrial Data
Link MOPS
EC/EASA (2017)
European Technical Service
orders for C2 Link and Detect
and Avoid
RTCA (2015)
Initial MOPS for UAS
subsystems involved in C2
Data Link for validation
EUROCAE (2016+)
Standards for Control and
Communications (C2) Link
ICAO (2020)
iKIT: Expanded regulatory
framework for RPAS
(Annexes 1,2, 6, 8,10,11;
Updated Guidance)

23. Target Level of Safety Performance/Technology Consult Spectrum Airworthiness
Page 24
RPAS Matrix & Deliverables
Command and Control Detect and Avoid Licensing Airworthiness / Operations
JARUS (2015)
Requirements for Target Level
of Safety for Detect and Avoid
(DAA)
EC/EASA (2017)
European Technical Service
orders for C2 Link and Detect
and Avoid
RTCA (2013)
RTCA White Papers -
Descriptions/ Assumptions for
UAS DAA (Detect & Avoid)
Performance Standards
RTCA (2015)
Prelim. Phase 1 Detect &
Avoid (DAA)Minimum
Operational Performance
Standards (MOPs);
RTCA (2016)
Phase 1 Detect & Avoid (DAA)
Minimum Operational
Performance Standards
EUROCAE (2015)
Standards for Detect & Avoid
(DAA)
ICAO (2020)
iKIT: Expanded regulatory
framework for RPAS
(Annexes 1,2, 6, 8,10,11;
Updated Guidance)

24. RPAS Matrix & Deliverables
Detect and Avoid Command and Control Licensing Airworthiness / Operations
TASK RESPONSIBLE ACCOUNTABLE CONSULT INFORM IN LINE W/ ICAO?
Page 25
Target Level of Safety JARUS / ICAO All
• Requirements for
Target Level of Safety
for C2 (2015)
JARUS ICAO
Performance /
Technology
EUROCAE / RTCA All ICAO
• Phase 1 C2 Terrestrial
Data Link MOPS
(2016)
RTCA ICAO
• Standards for C2 Link
(2016+) EUROCAE ICAO
Spectrum ITU / ICAO All
• iKIT: Expanded
Regulatory
Framework for RPAS
(2020)
ICAO X
Airworthiness ICAO / EASA / FAA All
• European TSO (2017) EC/EASA

25. Page 26
Timelines
• RPAS Manual publish by March 2015
• RPAS Symposium – Montreal, 23-25 March 2015
• Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)
March 2018
– RPAS Manual updated based on evolving SARPs
• Additional SARPs & guidance on biennial basis
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid

26. Page 27
Thank you
.
www.icao.int
Seminario RPAS - Octubre 7-8 , 2014 - Madrid