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Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
“Capitalism only triumphs when it becomes 
identified with the state, when it is the state. 
In its first great phase, that of the Italian city-states 
of Venice, Genoa and Florence, power lay in the 
hands of the moneyed elite. In seventeenth-century 
Holland the aristocracy of the Regents governed for 
the benefit and even according to the directives of 
the businessmen, merchants, and money-lenders. 
Likewise, in England the Glorious Revolution of 
1688 marked the accession of business similar to 
that in Holland.” (Braudel 1977) 
The fusion of state and capital was the vital 
ingredient in the emergence of a distinctly capitalist 
layer on top of, and in antithesis to, the layer of 
market economy.
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
the distinction of sectors between what I 
have called the ‘economy’ (or the market 
economy) and ‘capitalism’ does not seem to 
me to be anything new, but rather a 
constant in Europe since the Middle Ages. 
There is another difference too: I would 
argue that a third sector should be added to 
the pre-industrial model – that the lowest 
stratum of the non-economy, the soil into 
which capitalism thrusts its roots but which 
it can never really penetrate. 
This lowest layer remains an enormous one. 
(Fernand Braudel, Civilization and 
Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: The 
Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 
1982, pp.229-30.).
Above it, comes the favoured 
terrain of the market economy, 
with its many horizontal 
communications between the 
different markets: 
here a degree of automatic 
coordination usually links supply, 
demand and prices. 
(Fernand Braudel, Civilization and 
Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: 
The Wheels of Commerce, London: 
Collins, 1982, pp.229-30.).
Then alongside, or rather above this 
layer, comes the zone of the anti-market, 
where the great predators 
roam and the law of the jungle 
operates. This – today as in the past, 
before and after the industrial 
revolution – is the real home of 
capitalism.” 
(Fernand Braudel, Civilization and 
Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: The 
Wheels of Commerce, London: 
Collins, 1982, pp.229-30.).
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Going beyond Braudel’s original argument, household production can be 
considered as a case in point for such daily, unconscious routines. This 
then signals one trajectory for understanding aspects of social 
reproduction over time. 
Indeed the politics of the everyday offers a current consideration of the 
separation of life purposes (such as working life, family life and sex life) 
and the social construction of such spaces. 
It should be noted that, despite Braudel’s many valuable conceptual 
inroads, he does not apply gender to his analysis and does not explicitly 
consider the sexual division of labour in his trilogy. 
However… his conceptualisations of material life can aid us in 
understanding the historical dynamics that underpin social reproduction. 
Isabella Bakker (2007) ‘Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered 
Political Economy’, New Political Economy 12:4.
Going beyond Braudel’s original argument, household production can be 
considered as a case in point for such daily, unconscious routines. This 
then signals one trajectory for understanding aspects of social 
reproduction over time. 
Indeed the politics of the everyday offers a current consideration of the 
separation of life purposes (such as working life, family life and sex life) 
and the social construction of such spaces. 
It should be noted that, despite Braudel’s many valuable conceptual 
inroads, he does not apply gender to his analysis and does not explicitly 
consider the sexual division of labour in his trilogy. 
However… his conceptualisations of material life can aid us in 
understanding the historical dynamics that underpin social reproduction. 
Isabella Bakker (2007) ‘Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered 
Political Economy’, New Political Economy 12:4.
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Social Reproduction 
Renewing life is a form of work, a kind of production, as 
fundamental to the perpetuation of society as the production of 
things. 
Moreover, the social organization of that work, the set of social 
relationships through which people act to get it done, has varied 
widely and that variation has been central to the organization of 
gender relations and gender inequality. 
From this point of view, societal reproduction includes not only the 
organization of production but the organization of social 
reproduction, and the perpetuation of gender as well as class 
relations. 
Barbara Laslett and Johanna Brenner, ’ Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical 
Perspectives,’ Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 15 (1989): 383
Conventional androcentric assumptions have not been critically 
examined in scientific and technological (S&T) culture; in the 
international, national and local mediating agencies that deliver 
S&T development; or in the communities that are the recipients 
of development. 
However, because women are primary deliverers of community 
welfare on a daily basis to children, the sick and elderly, their 
households, and the larger social networks that maintain 
communities, the failure of development projects with respect to 
women is automatically felt by social groups who depend on their 
labour and social services. 
Sandra Harding (1995) ‘Just add women and stir?’ Missing Links: Gender Equity in 
Science and Technology for Development.
Over the past thirty years, despite 
being essential to human life, 
neoliberal restructuring across the 
world has privatised, eroded and 
demolished our shared resources, 
and ushered in a ‘crisis of social 
reproduction.’ 
‘Cuts are a Feminist Issue’, 
Soundings (Dec 2011), p.73.
As a concept social reproduction 
has been key to feminist social 
theory, because it challenges the 
usual distinctions that are made 
between productive and 
reproductive labour, or between 
the labour market and the home. 
Feminist Fightback, Cuts are a Feminist Issue
Labour in this sphere is often 
devalued and privatised, and is 
typically performed by women in 
their ‘double day’ or ‘second 
shift’, alongside paid wage 
labour. 
But reproductive labour of this 
kind is just as central to capitalist 
accumulation as are other forms 
of labour, which means that 
struggles over its structure and 
distribution are fundamental to 
any understanding of issues of 
power and the relationships 
between labour and capital, as 
well as the potential for their 
transformation. 
Feminist Fightback, Cuts are a Feminist Issue
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives
Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives

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Global Finance, Money and Power - Lecture 11: Alternatives

  • 42. “Capitalism only triumphs when it becomes identified with the state, when it is the state. In its first great phase, that of the Italian city-states of Venice, Genoa and Florence, power lay in the hands of the moneyed elite. In seventeenth-century Holland the aristocracy of the Regents governed for the benefit and even according to the directives of the businessmen, merchants, and money-lenders. Likewise, in England the Glorious Revolution of 1688 marked the accession of business similar to that in Holland.” (Braudel 1977) The fusion of state and capital was the vital ingredient in the emergence of a distinctly capitalist layer on top of, and in antithesis to, the layer of market economy.
  • 45. the distinction of sectors between what I have called the ‘economy’ (or the market economy) and ‘capitalism’ does not seem to me to be anything new, but rather a constant in Europe since the Middle Ages. There is another difference too: I would argue that a third sector should be added to the pre-industrial model – that the lowest stratum of the non-economy, the soil into which capitalism thrusts its roots but which it can never really penetrate. This lowest layer remains an enormous one. (Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: The Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 1982, pp.229-30.).
  • 46. Above it, comes the favoured terrain of the market economy, with its many horizontal communications between the different markets: here a degree of automatic coordination usually links supply, demand and prices. (Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: The Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 1982, pp.229-30.).
  • 47. Then alongside, or rather above this layer, comes the zone of the anti-market, where the great predators roam and the law of the jungle operates. This – today as in the past, before and after the industrial revolution – is the real home of capitalism.” (Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century vol.II: The Wheels of Commerce, London: Collins, 1982, pp.229-30.).
  • 50. Going beyond Braudel’s original argument, household production can be considered as a case in point for such daily, unconscious routines. This then signals one trajectory for understanding aspects of social reproduction over time. Indeed the politics of the everyday offers a current consideration of the separation of life purposes (such as working life, family life and sex life) and the social construction of such spaces. It should be noted that, despite Braudel’s many valuable conceptual inroads, he does not apply gender to his analysis and does not explicitly consider the sexual division of labour in his trilogy. However… his conceptualisations of material life can aid us in understanding the historical dynamics that underpin social reproduction. Isabella Bakker (2007) ‘Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered Political Economy’, New Political Economy 12:4.
  • 51. Going beyond Braudel’s original argument, household production can be considered as a case in point for such daily, unconscious routines. This then signals one trajectory for understanding aspects of social reproduction over time. Indeed the politics of the everyday offers a current consideration of the separation of life purposes (such as working life, family life and sex life) and the social construction of such spaces. It should be noted that, despite Braudel’s many valuable conceptual inroads, he does not apply gender to his analysis and does not explicitly consider the sexual division of labour in his trilogy. However… his conceptualisations of material life can aid us in understanding the historical dynamics that underpin social reproduction. Isabella Bakker (2007) ‘Social Reproduction and the Constitution of a Gendered Political Economy’, New Political Economy 12:4.
  • 55. Social Reproduction Renewing life is a form of work, a kind of production, as fundamental to the perpetuation of society as the production of things. Moreover, the social organization of that work, the set of social relationships through which people act to get it done, has varied widely and that variation has been central to the organization of gender relations and gender inequality. From this point of view, societal reproduction includes not only the organization of production but the organization of social reproduction, and the perpetuation of gender as well as class relations. Barbara Laslett and Johanna Brenner, ’ Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical Perspectives,’ Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 15 (1989): 383
  • 56. Conventional androcentric assumptions have not been critically examined in scientific and technological (S&T) culture; in the international, national and local mediating agencies that deliver S&T development; or in the communities that are the recipients of development. However, because women are primary deliverers of community welfare on a daily basis to children, the sick and elderly, their households, and the larger social networks that maintain communities, the failure of development projects with respect to women is automatically felt by social groups who depend on their labour and social services. Sandra Harding (1995) ‘Just add women and stir?’ Missing Links: Gender Equity in Science and Technology for Development.
  • 57. Over the past thirty years, despite being essential to human life, neoliberal restructuring across the world has privatised, eroded and demolished our shared resources, and ushered in a ‘crisis of social reproduction.’ ‘Cuts are a Feminist Issue’, Soundings (Dec 2011), p.73.
  • 58. As a concept social reproduction has been key to feminist social theory, because it challenges the usual distinctions that are made between productive and reproductive labour, or between the labour market and the home. Feminist Fightback, Cuts are a Feminist Issue
  • 59. Labour in this sphere is often devalued and privatised, and is typically performed by women in their ‘double day’ or ‘second shift’, alongside paid wage labour. But reproductive labour of this kind is just as central to capitalist accumulation as are other forms of labour, which means that struggles over its structure and distribution are fundamental to any understanding of issues of power and the relationships between labour and capital, as well as the potential for their transformation. Feminist Fightback, Cuts are a Feminist Issue