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Deep Sequencing of Small RNA: a Generic
Method for Diagnosis, Discovery and
Sequencing of viruses
IlluminaSeminarSeries
Mexico,August2009
Jan F. Kreuze, Ana Perez, Milton Untiveros, Dora Quispe, Segundo
Fuentes, Giovanna Muller, Ian Barker, Reinhard Simon, Claude Fauquet,
Wilmer Cuellar
Anti-viral RNA silencing in eukaryotic
organisms
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
siRNA
InitiationRnase
RdRp
Maintenance,
amplification
Complementary ssRNA or dsRNA
Targeted RNA
degradation
DNA-virus
(e.g. geminivirus)
overlapping ssRNAs
Systemic signal
RISC
nuclease complex
”Degradative
PCR”
dsRNA (RNA virus)
Replicating RNA virus
Anti-viral RNA silencing in eukaryotic
organisms
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
siRNA
InitiationRnase
RdRp
Maintenance,
amplification
Complementary ssRNA or dsRNA
Targeted RNA
degradation
DNA-virus
(e.g. geminivirus)
overlapping ssRNAs
Systemic signal
RISC
nuclease complex
”Degradative
PCR”
dsRNA (RNA virus)
Replicating RNA virus
1. High throughput
sequencing
2. assembly into
contigs
3. search for
similarity in
databases
using BLAST
Deep sequencing of small RNAs from virus
infected sweetpotato
Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV; genus
Potyvirus, family Potyviridae), Sweetpotato
chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; genus Crinivirus; family
Closteroviridae) and SPFMV+SPCSV infected
sweetpotato leaf samples
Virus strains not sequenced
Short sequence assemblers may be able to assemble
viral siRNAs?
Assembly of small RNA sequences into
virus specific contigs
De novo assembly of short reads (21-24 bp): SSAKE;
VCAKE; Velvet
Hundreds of contigs 50-3150
Blast against database (virus sequences):
Sequencing by siRNA: complete nucleotide
sequence of SPFMV-Piu3 (EA strain)
SPFMV-Piu3
10996 bp
P1 HC-pro P3
Pipo
6K1
CI
6K2
VPg Pro NIb CP
siRNA contigs could be further assembled into bigger
contigs
Complete coverage of genome at average sequencing
depth of 470x
Sequence confirmed by Sanger: 99.8% agreement
Sequencing by siRNA: Guide-strand assisted
assembly of SPCSV
Too few contigs to assemble SPCSV genome de novo
Assembly using MAQ and sequenced strain as a guide
could assemble >95% of genome
Confirmed by Sanger sequencing
P22 gene missing
In M2-47!
RNase
p7
p22pPro Helicase Methyltransferase RdRp
Sequencing by siRNA: ~ 50% genome of three
novel viruses
300
1250
2350
2500
550
1200
1750
1/2
3550
1/2
3150
1/24000
6700
6500
1/2
5800
1/2
5200
1/2
4600
Sweetpotato pakakuy
virus A & B
7961 bp
Two pararetroviruses: Sweetpotato pakakuy virus A & B (genus
Badnavirus; family Caulimoviridae)
One single stranded DNA virus (genus ?; family Geminiviridae)
Apparently symptomless, but can be transmitted by grafting to
indicator host
Sweetpotato
mastrevirus?
2075 bp
MP
CP
Rep
Possibilities for improvement: most viral
specific siRNAs are of 22nt size class
Possibilities for improvement: biased
distribution across virus genome
SPFMV GAF1 & GAF3
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Frequency
Linsen et al., Nature methods 2009: bias by cloning method
Possibilities for improvement
Similar results obtained when using only 22nt siRNAs
Simulation with random subsets indicate 120.000 21-
24 nt reads required to identify SPCSV
Only 30.000 22nt reads sufficient to recognize SPCSV
siRNA cloning methods with less bias may improve
coverage
Bulking of samples may allow hundreds of samples to
be analyzed in single lane of Illumina
Improved extraction and sample preparation
techniques needed
How broadly applicable is it:
Results from other plant species
Cassava infected with Cassava brown streak virus
(genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae):
>97% genome sequence at 153x depth, confirmed by Sanger
Two additional viruses detected
Potato infected with Potato virus T (Family:
Flexiviridae):
>98.5% genome sequence at 32x depth
Cavemovirus sequences detected
Nicotiana benthamiana infected with new potato
disease of unknown etiology:
Identified as novel RNA virus
How broadly applicable is it:
Other organisms
Copious amounts of virus specific siRNAs reported
from nematodes, fungi & insects:
Will probably work
Abundant virus specific siRNAs not yet reported from
virus infected mammalian cells!
Chotkowski et al., Virology 2008
Zhang et al., J Virology 2008
Conclusions
Howard Buffett
Foundation
Generic method for detection of viruses in plants
RNA, DNA and reverse transcribing viruses
Complete genomes can be assembled
Sensitive: low titer symptomless infection & ELISA
negative plants
New viruses: no prior knowledge required
Most likely also applicable to invertebrate animals &
fungi
Mammals?
Kreuze, J.F., Perez, A., Untiveros, M., Quispe, D., Fuentes, S., Barker, I., Simon, R. (2009) Complete viral
genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for
diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses. Virology 388: 1-7

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Deep Sequencing of Small RNA: a Generic Method for Diagnosis, Discovery and Sequencing of viruses

  • 1. Deep Sequencing of Small RNA: a Generic Method for Diagnosis, Discovery and Sequencing of viruses IlluminaSeminarSeries Mexico,August2009 Jan F. Kreuze, Ana Perez, Milton Untiveros, Dora Quispe, Segundo Fuentes, Giovanna Muller, Ian Barker, Reinhard Simon, Claude Fauquet, Wilmer Cuellar
  • 2. Anti-viral RNA silencing in eukaryotic organisms Cytoplasm Nucleus siRNA InitiationRnase RdRp Maintenance, amplification Complementary ssRNA or dsRNA Targeted RNA degradation DNA-virus (e.g. geminivirus) overlapping ssRNAs Systemic signal RISC nuclease complex ”Degradative PCR” dsRNA (RNA virus) Replicating RNA virus
  • 3. Anti-viral RNA silencing in eukaryotic organisms Cytoplasm Nucleus siRNA InitiationRnase RdRp Maintenance, amplification Complementary ssRNA or dsRNA Targeted RNA degradation DNA-virus (e.g. geminivirus) overlapping ssRNAs Systemic signal RISC nuclease complex ”Degradative PCR” dsRNA (RNA virus) Replicating RNA virus 1. High throughput sequencing 2. assembly into contigs 3. search for similarity in databases using BLAST
  • 4. Deep sequencing of small RNAs from virus infected sweetpotato Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae), Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; genus Crinivirus; family Closteroviridae) and SPFMV+SPCSV infected sweetpotato leaf samples Virus strains not sequenced Short sequence assemblers may be able to assemble viral siRNAs?
  • 5. Assembly of small RNA sequences into virus specific contigs De novo assembly of short reads (21-24 bp): SSAKE; VCAKE; Velvet Hundreds of contigs 50-3150 Blast against database (virus sequences):
  • 6. Sequencing by siRNA: complete nucleotide sequence of SPFMV-Piu3 (EA strain) SPFMV-Piu3 10996 bp P1 HC-pro P3 Pipo 6K1 CI 6K2 VPg Pro NIb CP siRNA contigs could be further assembled into bigger contigs Complete coverage of genome at average sequencing depth of 470x Sequence confirmed by Sanger: 99.8% agreement
  • 7. Sequencing by siRNA: Guide-strand assisted assembly of SPCSV Too few contigs to assemble SPCSV genome de novo Assembly using MAQ and sequenced strain as a guide could assemble >95% of genome Confirmed by Sanger sequencing P22 gene missing In M2-47! RNase p7 p22pPro Helicase Methyltransferase RdRp
  • 8. Sequencing by siRNA: ~ 50% genome of three novel viruses 300 1250 2350 2500 550 1200 1750 1/2 3550 1/2 3150 1/24000 6700 6500 1/2 5800 1/2 5200 1/2 4600 Sweetpotato pakakuy virus A & B 7961 bp Two pararetroviruses: Sweetpotato pakakuy virus A & B (genus Badnavirus; family Caulimoviridae) One single stranded DNA virus (genus ?; family Geminiviridae) Apparently symptomless, but can be transmitted by grafting to indicator host Sweetpotato mastrevirus? 2075 bp MP CP Rep
  • 9. Possibilities for improvement: most viral specific siRNAs are of 22nt size class
  • 10. Possibilities for improvement: biased distribution across virus genome SPFMV GAF1 & GAF3 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Frequency Linsen et al., Nature methods 2009: bias by cloning method
  • 11. Possibilities for improvement Similar results obtained when using only 22nt siRNAs Simulation with random subsets indicate 120.000 21- 24 nt reads required to identify SPCSV Only 30.000 22nt reads sufficient to recognize SPCSV siRNA cloning methods with less bias may improve coverage Bulking of samples may allow hundreds of samples to be analyzed in single lane of Illumina Improved extraction and sample preparation techniques needed
  • 12. How broadly applicable is it: Results from other plant species Cassava infected with Cassava brown streak virus (genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae): >97% genome sequence at 153x depth, confirmed by Sanger Two additional viruses detected Potato infected with Potato virus T (Family: Flexiviridae): >98.5% genome sequence at 32x depth Cavemovirus sequences detected Nicotiana benthamiana infected with new potato disease of unknown etiology: Identified as novel RNA virus
  • 13. How broadly applicable is it: Other organisms Copious amounts of virus specific siRNAs reported from nematodes, fungi & insects: Will probably work Abundant virus specific siRNAs not yet reported from virus infected mammalian cells! Chotkowski et al., Virology 2008 Zhang et al., J Virology 2008
  • 14. Conclusions Howard Buffett Foundation Generic method for detection of viruses in plants RNA, DNA and reverse transcribing viruses Complete genomes can be assembled Sensitive: low titer symptomless infection & ELISA negative plants New viruses: no prior knowledge required Most likely also applicable to invertebrate animals & fungi Mammals? Kreuze, J.F., Perez, A., Untiveros, M., Quispe, D., Fuentes, S., Barker, I., Simon, R. (2009) Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses. Virology 388: 1-7