3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• To state what a circulatory
system is,
• To state the three components
of circulatory system in
humans & animals
• To state the medium of
transport humans & animals
• To state the composition of
human blood
• Explain the function of blood &
haemolymph in transport
4. CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• The mass flow of fluid through the tissues &
organ of the organism.
• The bodily system consisting of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood that circulates
blood throughout the body, delivers nutrients
and other essential materials to cells, and
removes waste products
• Allows for the transport & exchange of
nutrients, oxygen & waste products.
• Also protecting the body against infection.
• 3 main components : a medium (blood),
vessels (arteries, capillaries & veins) & a
pump (heart).
5. Blood &
Haemolymph
• Blood – medium of transport in human &
animals
• Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones
& waste products.
• Regulate the pH of body fluid, the body
temperature & the water content of
cells.
• Protects the body against diseases,
blood clots to protect the body against
excessive blood loss following an injury.
6. • Haemolymph – in many arthropods
(such as insects) and certain molluscs,
fills in the entire body cavity
(haemocoel).
• A circulating blood-like fluid with an
open circulatory system
• Transport water, inorganic salts &
organic compounds
• The haemolymph bathes the tissues &
internal organ directly.
8. 2 main components of human blood
55% plasma 45% blood cells
1. Pale yellow liquid 1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells
2. 90% of water
10% of a variety of 3. platelets
dissolved substances
> nutrient
> mineral ions
> antibodies
> enzymes
> hormones
9. •Contain 5 million RBC in every millilitre of human
blood
•Erythrocytes is shaped like a biconcave disc
(thinner at the centre than at its edge) large
TSA/V ratio for gaseous exchange
•7.5-8.0 µm in diameter
•Has a thin plasma membrane
•Small biconcave shape + thin flexible plasma
membrane enable the RBC to squeeze through
the narrow blood capillaries.
10. • Mature RBC have no nucleus more space to
pack in haemoglobin (respiratory protein
containing iron).
• Haemoglobin contains haem groups which
gives the erythrocytes its red colour.
• The haem group contains an iron atom & is
the site of O2 binding.
11. • Each blood cells contains about 250
million haemoglobin molecules. Each
haemoglobin can combine with 4 O2
molecules oxyhaemoglobin
• Lifespan of an erythrocytes is only 120
days destroyed by the phagocytes in
the liver & spleen.
• Continuously produced by the bone
marrow of the long bones, ribs, skull &
vertebrae.
• More than 2 million RBC are destroyed &
replaced every second in the human
body.
12. Colourless & have a nucleus, not
contain haemoglobin
Larger than RBC
Classified as either granular or granular
6000 – 10000 WBC in every millilitre of blood.
Do not have fix shape, can move by
changing body shape
Produced in the bone marrow, some migrate to
the thymus gland & others to lymph nodes during
their growth & development stages.
13. LEUCOCYTES
Have granular cytoplasm Basophils : Secrete heparin to prevent
& a lobed nucleus blood clotting
Granulocyte • produced in bone
Eosinophils : Help to control allergic
marrow
s responses
• 72% leukocytes are
granulocytes Neutrophils : Phagocytes granulocytes.
They engulf foreign material (bacteria) by
phagocytosis & destroy them.
Monocytes : The largest of the leucocytes.
Agranulocyte Circulate in the bloodstream for a few days
s • relatively clear body tissues to become phagocytic
cytoplasm & nucleus is macrophage
not lobed. Lymphocytes : The smallest leucocytes.
Important in the body’s defence against
pathogens. Some produce antibodies to aid
in the destruction of pathogens or neutralise
the toxins
14.
15. •Small irregular shaped cell fragments
produced in the bone marrow
•Play an important role in blood
clotting to reduce blood loss & to
prevent the entry of pathogens
through the wounds into the body.
•Each millilitre of blood contains about
250000 platelets., do not have a
nucleus.
16. • The pale yellow liquid part of the blood
CONTENT DESCRIPTION
Water •90% of plasma content.
Plasma protein • Albumin
• Globulin – type of antibody
• Fibrinogen- helps blood clotting
Mineral ions • sodium, potassium & chloride
Absorbed food • glucose, amino acids, cholesterol &
substances other lipids
Waste products Urea, CO2, uric acid, creatinine and a little
ammonium ion.
Dissolved O2, CO2 & Nitrogen
gases
Hormones & Insulin, adrenaline, ADH
enzymes
17. • Blood serum – plasma from which
fibrinogen & other clotting factors have
been removed
