H2BR: An HTTP/2-based Retransmission Technique to Improve the QoE of Adaptive Video Streaming
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![Contents
● Motivation
● Contributions
● Proposed Method H2BR
o HTTP/2’s Features
o Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR
o Throughput Measurement
● Evaluation and Discussion
o Experimental Setup
o Performance Metrics
o Experimental Results
● Conclusions and Future Work
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-2-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Motivation
● Adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms choose the lowest-quality segments in the
startup phase.
● There are quality switches because of throughput fluctuations.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-3-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Contributions
● An extension component at the client
○ Improve the quality of the first segments in the startup phase.
○ Eliminate the downward switches in the video quality.
● A throughput measurement when handling concurrent segments.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-4-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Proposed Method H2BR
1. HTTP/2’s features
1.1 Server push
- Allowing multiple segments downloaded by one
request.
1.2 Stream priority
- Expressing how the client would prefer the
server to allocate resources when managing
concurrent streams.
1.3 Stream termination
- Terminating segment requests immediately.
Adaptive streaming over HTTP/1.1.
Adaptive streaming over HTTP/2 with server push.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-5-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d)
2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 6
Determine:
• The bitrate of retransmitted segments:
• The number of retransmitted segments (e.g., 2):
• The index of their first segment (e.g., i-2):
• The PRIORITY parameters of
RETRANSMISSION request ( ), and NEXT request ( )](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-6-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d)
2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR
Stream Priority
Server Push
High throughput, and
High buffer
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-7-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d)
2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR
● To avoid stalls, retransmitted segments will be terminated if
○ Current buffer is less than a certain threshold, or
○ The remaining time for downloading retransmitted segments is less than a pre-
defined threshold.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-8-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d)
3. Throughput Measurement
Segment size
Segment download time
Amount of data
Download period
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 9](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-9-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
1. Experimental Setup
● Two machines, one HTTP/2 server storing video content, one HTTP/2 client
○ Both are built on nghttp2 library.
○ Dummynet emulates a network trace.
● Video content
○ Big Buck Bunny: http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/download/
○ Length: 596 seconds
○ Segment duration: 1s, 2s, 4s, 6s
○ Quality: 20 versions
○ Resolution: 320x240, 480x360, 854x480, 1280x720, 1920x1080
● Compared method
○ SQUAD's retransmission
Dummynet
Throughput-based AGG
Buffer-based BBA
Hybrid SARA
Last throughput
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-10-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
2. Performance Metrics
● CDF of video quality: the cumulative distribution function of quality versions of
segments.
● Average video quality: the average quality level (levels 0-19) played out on
screen.
● Average switch step: the average of quality decrease.
● QoE: the overall quality score computed by ITU-T P.1203 QoE model mode 0.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-11-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
3. Experimental Results
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 12
CDF of video quality in an experimental run (segment duration = 4s)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-12-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
3. Experimental Results
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 13
Average video quality](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-13-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
3. Experimental Results
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 14
Average switch step](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-14-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Evaluation and Discussion
3. Experimental Results
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 15
Overall QoE score based on the ITU-T P.1203 QoE model mode 0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-15-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Conclusions and Future Work
● Conclusions
○ An HTTP/2-based retransmission technique, namely H2BR
■ Working as an extension of ABR algorithms.
■ Improving the QoE up to 13%.
○ A throughput measurement when downloading concurrent segments.
● Future Work
○ Implementing H2BR for streaming scalable encoded videos over HTTP/3.
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-16-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
![Thank you for your attention
… questions, comments, etc. are welcome …
June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/h2br200525-200529070554/75/h2br-an-http2based-retransmission-technique-to-improve-the-qoe-of-adaptive-video-streaming-17-2048.jpg?cb=1668196132)
H2BR: An HTTP/2-based Retransmission Technique to Improve the QoE of Adaptive Video Streaming
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HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS) plays a key role in over-the-top video streaming. It contributes towards reducing the rebuffering duration of video playout by adapting the video quality to the current network conditions. However, it incurs variations of video quality in a streaming session because of the throughput fluctuation, which impacts the user's Quality of Experience (QoE). Besides, many adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms choose the lowest-quality segments at the beginning of the streaming session to ramp up the playout buffer as soon as possible. Although this strategy decreases the startup time, the users can be annoyed as they have to watch a low-quality video initially. In this paper, we propose an efficient retransmission technique, namely H2BR, to replace low-quality segments being stored in the playout buffer with higher-quality versions by using features of HTTP/2 including (i) stream priority, (ii) server push, and (iii) stream termination. The experimental results show that H2BR helps users avoid watching low video quality during video playback and improves the user's QoE. H2BR can decrease by up to more than 70% the time when the users suffer the lowest-quality video as well as benefits the QoE by up to 13%.
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H2BR: An HTTP/2-based Retransmission Technique to Improve the QoE of Adaptive Video Streaming
- 1. H2BR: An HTTP/2-based Retransmission Technique to Improve the QoE of Adaptive Video Streaming https://athena.itec.aau.at/ ◆ mailto: minh@itec.aau.at Minh Nguyen, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner
- 2. Contents ● Motivation ● Contributions ● Proposed Method H2BR o HTTP/2’s Features o Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR o Throughput Measurement ● Evaluation and Discussion o Experimental Setup o Performance Metrics o Experimental Results ● Conclusions and Future Work June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 2
- 3. Motivation ● Adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms choose the lowest-quality segments in the startup phase. ● There are quality switches because of throughput fluctuations. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 3
- 4. Contributions ● An extension component at the client ○ Improve the quality of the first segments in the startup phase. ○ Eliminate the downward switches in the video quality. ● A throughput measurement when handling concurrent segments. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 4
- 5. Proposed Method H2BR 1. HTTP/2’s features 1.1 Server push - Allowing multiple segments downloaded by one request. 1.2 Stream priority - Expressing how the client would prefer the server to allocate resources when managing concurrent streams. 1.3 Stream termination - Terminating segment requests immediately. Adaptive streaming over HTTP/1.1. Adaptive streaming over HTTP/2 with server push. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 5
- 6. Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d) 2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 6 Determine: • The bitrate of retransmitted segments: • The number of retransmitted segments (e.g., 2): • The index of their first segment (e.g., i-2): • The PRIORITY parameters of RETRANSMISSION request ( ), and NEXT request ( )
- 7. Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d) 2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR Stream Priority Server Push High throughput, and High buffer June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 7
- 8. Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d) 2. Proposed Retransmission Technique H2BR ● To avoid stalls, retransmitted segments will be terminated if ○ Current buffer is less than a certain threshold, or ○ The remaining time for downloading retransmitted segments is less than a pre- defined threshold. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 8
- 9. Proposed Method H2BR (cont’d) 3. Throughput Measurement Segment size Segment download time Amount of data Download period June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 9
- 10. Evaluation and Discussion 1. Experimental Setup ● Two machines, one HTTP/2 server storing video content, one HTTP/2 client ○ Both are built on nghttp2 library. ○ Dummynet emulates a network trace. ● Video content ○ Big Buck Bunny: http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/download/ ○ Length: 596 seconds ○ Segment duration: 1s, 2s, 4s, 6s ○ Quality: 20 versions ○ Resolution: 320x240, 480x360, 854x480, 1280x720, 1920x1080 ● Compared method ○ SQUAD's retransmission Dummynet Throughput-based AGG Buffer-based BBA Hybrid SARA Last throughput June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 10
- 11. Evaluation and Discussion 2. Performance Metrics ● CDF of video quality: the cumulative distribution function of quality versions of segments. ● Average video quality: the average quality level (levels 0-19) played out on screen. ● Average switch step: the average of quality decrease. ● QoE: the overall quality score computed by ITU-T P.1203 QoE model mode 0. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 11
- 12. Evaluation and Discussion 3. Experimental Results June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 12 CDF of video quality in an experimental run (segment duration = 4s)
- 13. Evaluation and Discussion 3. Experimental Results June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 13 Average video quality
- 14. Evaluation and Discussion 3. Experimental Results June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 14 Average switch step
- 15. Evaluation and Discussion 3. Experimental Results June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 15 Overall QoE score based on the ITU-T P.1203 QoE model mode 0
- 16. Conclusions and Future Work ● Conclusions ○ An HTTP/2-based retransmission technique, namely H2BR ■ Working as an extension of ABR algorithms. ■ Improving the QoE up to 13%. ○ A throughput measurement when downloading concurrent segments. ● Future Work ○ Implementing H2BR for streaming scalable encoded videos over HTTP/3. June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 16
- 17. Thank you for your attention … questions, comments, etc. are welcome … June 2020 Minh Nguyen [AAU] 17
Editor's Notes
- This technique is executed by an extension component namely Retransmission module
- the number of the lowest quality segments is smallest when the proposed method H2BR is deployed. In the AGG ABR, for instance, the percentage of the lowest-quality segments played out in H2BR is only 0.7% whereas these figures for SQUAD and No retransmission are more than 2.6%. In this case, as all the lowest-quality segments are downloaded at the beginning of the streaming session, H2BR is able to deal well with the aforementioned ABR algorithms’ issue in the startup phase
- shows that our H2BR method provides the highest average video quality in most cases when AGG and SARA ABR algorithms are implemented. Meanwhile, in regard to the BBA ABR, this figure for our proposed method is slightly less than that of No retransmission but still higher than that of SQUAD. The H2BR performance is the best in case of the throughput-based AGG ABR (Fig. 5 (a)). The H2BR’s average video quality is 12.58 when 𝜏 = 6𝑠, which is higher than SQUAD and No retransmission by 0.58 and 0.73, respectively.
- shows that our H2BR is able to eliminate large switch steps, which means it provides smoother adaptation behavior. In the SARA ABR, where the next bitrates depend on both estimated throughput and current buffer level, the SQUAD extension even results in more serious switch steps as compared to the original ABR. The figure for SQUAD is 8.27 whereas that of the original SARA ABR is 6.27 when 𝜏 = 1𝑠. If 4-second segments are delivered, this figure for SQUAD is 5.09, higher than the average switch step of the original SARA ABR by 57%. On the contrary, our proposed H2BR outperforms others if the segment duration is 1s, 2s, and 6s. Its average switch step is from 10% to 58% smaller than in the original ABR as shown in Fig. 6 (c).
- Finally, the methods are compared regarding the QoE score based on the ITU-T P.1203 QoE model mode 0. In general, our H2BR scheme performs well in all three ABR algorithms. When the AGG ABR is implemented, H2BR improves the QoE score by from 3.42% (𝜏 = 2𝑠) to 5.79% (𝜏 = 6𝑠), whereas SQUAD increases the QoE score by from 0.33% (𝜏 = 2𝑠) to 3.03% (𝜏 = 1𝑠). Our H2BR provides the most significant benefits when the client deploys the SARA ABR and the video segments have 6-second length. With the support of our proposed method, the QoE score gains nearly 13%, from 3.29 to 3.71. Meanwhile, the figure for SQUAD is lower than the original SARA ABR