EHEALTH IN DEMENTIA.docx

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School of Health Nursing & Midwifery - Assessment Title Page Template
Section 1: To be completed by the Module Co-ordinator prior to issuing to
students
Module Code NURS11129
Module Title Introduction to ehealth
Assessment title APPLICATION OF EHEALTH IN
DEMENTIA
(In an essay of 4,000 words (up to a
maximum of 4,400 words) critically examine
the use and application of eHealth in an
area of practice. You may wish to focus on
a case example involving the management
of a chronic condition e.g. diabetes.)
Assessment wordage (if applicable) 4,000 (max 4,400)
Submission deadline (Date and Time)*
*The assessment must be submitted
prior to this deadline to avoid penalty
[03/05/2022]
(If the submission is via drop box, the time
must be 9 am)
Section 2: To be completed by the student prior to submitting assessment
Word count 4378
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B00495281

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CONTENTS
S No. Heading Page
No.
1. Introduction to eHealth 4-5
2. Application of eHealth in dementia at global, national and local levels 6-9
3. Advantages of eHealth applications in dementia 10-11
4. Disadvantages of ehealth applications in dementia 11-13
5. Barriers to implementation and usage of eHealth applications in
dementia.
13-15
6. Future of eHealth applications in dementia 15-16
7. Conclusion 16-17
8. References 18-29

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1. INTRODUCTION TO eHEALTH:
Over the recent few years, the delivery of global health services has developed
substantially due to the emergence of eHealth (Eysenbach, 2001). According to
Eysenbach, ehealth is a progressive field that combines public health, economics,
business, and information technology. The World Health Organisation describes
eHealth as utilising information and communication technologies for healthcare systems
(WHO, 2019). It is the modern way of thinking to improve the health of society
(Eysenbach, 2001). The safe use of technologies in health systems cost-effectively
consists of telehealth, mHealth, also known as mobile health, electronic health records,
health education, surveillance, and artificial intelligence (CDC, 2021). EHealth also
comprises health promotion, screening techniques and video teleconsultation with
consultants and therapists (Stevens et al., 2019). According to a study, eHealth
strategies are based on the behaviour and transformed to deliver via the internet system
(Ritterband et al., 2006). In recent years eHealth has become a powerful instrument in
attaining specific goals, such as decreasing the barriers between healthcare
professionals and patients and reducing costs and time of travelling to meet with the
professionals for chronic conditions (Bitar, Alismail, 2021). In debilitating diseases like
dementia, eHealth has played a pivotal role in supporting the lives of the patients and
their caretakers (Christie et al., 2021).
Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition characterised by progressive cognitive and
psychological dysfunction ranging from mild impairment to severe cognitive decline
(Christie et al., 2021). Globally, dementia has become a public health burden and is
prevalent in 50 million people, and this is estimated to increase by 2050 (Bastoni et al.,
2021). Additionally, the economic burden of dementia is a fundamental cause of
concern for various modern health systems around the globe (Howdon, Rice, 2018). In
the last two years since the COVID 19 pandemic began, there has been great stress on
the health care systems to provide sufficient care to the elderly suffering from dementia
(Bonavita et al., 2020). During the pandemic, the care for these individuals became
more strained as the healthcare services were reduced and were inaccessible due to
social distancing (Bastoni et al., 2021). Due to the lockdown and isolation protocols,

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there has been a massive effect on providing care for these patients, such as shutting
down outpatient department services (Bonavita et al., 2020). Since these patients are
vulnerable and have high morbidity, they are advised to maintain social distancing and
stay within their domestic environments (Cuffaro et al., 2020). The lack of care has led
to increased psychological symptoms of dementia and an increased burden on the
caregiver (Cuffaro et al., 2020). In this scenario, eHealth has become more prominent
due to social distancing, and face to face consultations have been converted to remote
consultations (Hollander, Carr, 2020).
Furthermore, the ten principles of ehealth postulated by Eysenbach have revolutionised
the usage of ehealth in taking care of dementia patients in care homes by integrating
health and social care to facilitate the flow of information between the hospitals and care
homes or the patient’s home to improve the health outcomes of the patients
(Monaghesh, Hajizadeh, 2020). The previous restrictions on sharing confidential patient
information have been relaxed due to the COVID 19 pandemic (GOV.UK, 2020). These
restrictions have previously tampered with providing adequate care to the patients, and
as a result, there was no improvement in the health outcomes of these patients
(Haralambous et al., 2019).
Additionally, the expansion of ehealth has led many nations around the globe to shift
their focus from elderly homes or other institutes to home-based care so that the
patients and their caretakers can live in their domestic environment (Dalgarno et al.,
2021). So, to give them adequate home care, innovative technologies have been
adopted to support both parties (Christie et al., 2018). These technologies include
providing smart appliances like tablets and smartphones for care and daily activities,
cognitive functioning, social interactions and emergency circumstances (Topo, 2008).
Various literature has been recorded to show that eHealth has had positive outcomes in
the care of dementia (Bastoni et al., 2021). This report will highlight the various ehealth
applications around the globe, in the UK and Scotland, the multiple advantages and
disadvantages of ehealth, barriers in implementing ehealth and the future developments
of ehealth in the domain of dementia.

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2. APPLICATION OF eHEALTH IN DEMENTIA AT GLOBAL, NATIONAL AND
LOCAL LEVELS:
2.1. Global:
2.1.a. The Dementia Action Plan by WHO:
This plan introduced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) suggested that
technologies like the internet and mobile phones should be made use of in promoting
health information, make health services more accessible and affordable, and also help
caretakers to enhance their knowledge regarding the disease and alleviate their stress
(WHO, 2017). According to the plan, systematic surveillance of the population should be
performed regularly, and a data program should be set up to record the details of the
patients, such as the progress of their condition and the information regarding their
caretakers, to help them cope better (WHO, 2017). This action plan is followed by 50%
of the countries globally by collecting vital information from their health and social
systems every two years, thus integrating these two systems (WHO, 2017).
2.1.b. eHM Dementia Portal:
This interactive portal for dementia care, developed by the European eHealthMonitor
project (eHM) focused on providing the caretakers of dementia patients with individual
support (Schaller et al., 2013). The portal included a chat room so that the caretakers
could discuss their issues and an active search engine to explore various issues related
to dementia which in turn provided positive feedback from the caretakers in terms of
their improved well being and their acceptance of ehealth systems (Schaller et al.,
2015).
2.1.c. Partner in Balance and Myinlife:
Regions worldwide have different eHealth interventions to help patients and their
caretakers (Christie et al., 2021). For example, the Dutch Alzheimer’s Association
introduced two eHealth interventions in a few municipalities in the Netherlands known
as Partner in Balance and Myinlife (Christie et al., 2021). These applications were
initiated to train the caregivers of dementia patients (Christie et al., 2021). Partner in

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Balance offers an eight-week management course delivered online (Boots et al., 2016).
Myinlife is a mobile application available on the google play store (Dam et al., 2019).
This social network is designed to share positive caretaker experiences (Dam et al.,
2019). Partner in Balance showed high levels of success and was hence continued
(Boots et al., 2018).
2.1. d. Alzheimer’s Association and Alzheimer’s Society:
These organisations provide online tools such as factsheets about the disease and
helpline numbers and email addresses to get in touch with health professionals to
receive support (Alzheimer’s Association, 2022; Alzheimer’s Society, 2022). The
Alzheimer’s Association has also introduced the Caregiver Stress Check to support
caretakers (Alzheimer’s Association, 2022).
2.1.e. PRODEMOS:
The mobile application known as PRODEMOS (Prevention of Dementia using Mobile
Phone Applications) has been undergoing trials in various countries like China and the
United Kingdom (UK) (Alzheimer Europe, 2021). The study suggests that this mobile
application with remote health coach support will help people aged between 55 and 75
years who are underprivileged (NHS, 2020). Furthermore, this application will also
reduce the risk of developing dementia as the health coach will be providing information
on how to lead a healthy and positive lifestyle (Eggnik et al., 2021), and it aims to
reduce the risk of dementia by overcoming socioeconomic barriers between the patients
and healthcare professionals (Alzheimer Europe, 2021). Finally, the platform aims to
implement a culturally appropriate application for different healthcare systems to adapt
globally (PRODEMOS, 2020). After the initial trial, the users shared positive feedback
and found the mobile intervention acceptable and very effective, which paved the way
for the further development of the application (Hafdi et al., 2021).
2.1.f. Assistive Technology:
EHealth also signifies the use of assistive technologies such as electronic devices that
monitor the daily activities and movements of and aid the patient and their caretakers to
enhance their safety (Gibson et al., 2014). Some of them are electronic pillboxes,

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picture phones and tracking devices (van der Roest et al., 2017). According to Cahill,
even electronic memory support gadgets can help the patient with their memory and
reduce the burden on their carers instead of a traditional journal or diary (Cahill et al.,
2007). Recently a study concluded that most of these electronic devices were used in
home-care settings by the caregivers rather than the patients to overcome
communication barriers (Gibson et al., 2016). The University of Surrey, in association
with the NHS, has introduced an artificial intelligence (AI) system known as Technology
Integrated Health Management (TIHM) for dementia patients (Enshaeifar et al., 2018). It
is a network of devices like sensors, monitors and trackers installed at home and
connected by the internet (Enshaeifar et al., 2018). These devices can monitor and
keep track of their physical and psychological well being. It also detects an emergency
and helps them with hospital admission (Enshaeifar et al., 2018). This electronic system
will reduce the financial burden on the NHS and will promote independent living for
individuals with dementia (Enshaeifar et al., 2018).
2.1.g. Telehealth:
Telehealth, a crucial part of eHealth, plays a significant role in healthcare delivery (Barth
et al., 2018). The prominence of Video Teleconferencing (VTC) has increased,
especially since the pandemic (Barth et al., 2018). A study showed that
neuropsychological test scores obtained during video consultation and face-to-face
consultation were very similar (Brearly et al., 2017). The tests are overall reliable, just
like face to face assessments (Lindauer et al., 2017). Another form of telehealth is
telephonic interviews used to screen for dementia (Castanho et al., 2014). The most
popular method in this category is the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS),
designed based on Mini-Mental State Exam (Gosse et al., 2021).
2.2. National:
2.2.a. Dementia UK:
Currently, there are 944,000 dementia patients in the UK, which is estimated to rise in
the coming years (Alzheimer’s Research UK, 2022). Therefore, online portal like

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Dementia UK provide information about the disease and its screening methods,
methods to maintain a healthy lifestyle despite the disease and also financial and legal
support (Dementia UK, 2022). In addition, the organisation has provided a helpline
number to contact the healthcare professionals for guidance, counselling and care from
specialist nurses (Dementia UK, 2022). They have also introduced health education via
videos and downloadable pamphlets for the patients about the prognosis of the disease
and information for caretakers on how to manage their patients (Dementia UK, 2022).
2.2.b. Online PDF document by NHS:
During the Covid 19 pandemic, the NHS released a PDF document called “Dementia
Wellbeing in Covid 19 Pandemic” with vital information about strategies to lead a
healthy lifestyle despite the illness and various helpline numbers for professional help in
case of crisis (NHS, 2020).
2.3. Local:
2.3.a. Renfrewshire Partnership
In Scotland, dementia is a significant public health challenge, and therefore, the
government has adopted an eHealth strategy known as the Renfrewshire Partnership
that facilitates care for dementia patients via telecare (The Scottish Government, 2013).
The programme was adopted by 325 dementia patients living in a community between
2007 and 2012 (The Scottish Government, 2013). According to Scotland’s Joint
Improvement Team, the outcomes of the systems are quite positive and have delayed
admissions to hospitals and care homes (The Scottish Government, 2013). It has also
improved the lives of the patients and the caregivers physically, psychologically, and
financially (Craig et al., 2013).
2.3.b. Age Scotland:
Specific organisations like Age Scotland provide information about the disease and
helpline numbers to contact health professionals for care and support (Age Scotland,
2021).

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3. ADVANTAGES OF eHEALTH APPLICATIONS IN DEMENTIA:
EHealth strategies for dementia have provided cost-effective dementia care for the
patient and informal care for the caregiver (Christie et al., 2018).
3.1. Online Portals:
Patients and caregivers are provided with online courses administered via a mobile or
tablet application and chat rooms to discuss personal issues (Armstrong, Alliance,
2019) to help them improve their physical, behavioural, and emotional well-being (Topo,
2009). Recent studies have shown that these strategies have been beneficial to
caregivers to develop a positive attitude toward their patients and reduce stress and
anxiety (Vidales et al., 2017). Furthermore, this positive attitude has increased self-
efficacy and confidence among the patients and the caretakers (Tyack, Camic, 2017).
3.2. Assisted Technologies:
Certain innovative technologies have also been adopted that have multiple purposes in
the lives of dementia patients, such as assisting in their daily activities like grooming,
providing cognitive and psychological support, monitoring their behaviour and health,
helping them to communicate better with their caretakers and aid in case of any medical
crisis (Ienca et al., 2017). In addition, specific devices like GPS trackers help monitor
the patients’ whereabouts and prevent any health risks (Holthe et al., 2018). According
to a study, these ehealth strategies sometimes facilitate socialisation and
intergenerational talks between the patients and their young caretakers, such as
reminiscence of the old gadgets used by the patients like an old-fashioned radio or TV
and helping them with the new technologies like a touchscreen (Hung et al., 2021). In
addition, there are certain Assistive Technologies for helping patients refresh their
memory and orient themselves to their surroundings, such as smart homes and
navigation systems (Guisado-Fernandez et al., 2019). Furthermore, studies have shown
that sometimes technological applications involving leisure activities like musical
interventions and physical and cognitive exercises are very meaningful for the patients
and the caretakers and improve their well-being (Yousaf et al., 2019).

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3.3. Telemedicine:
eHealth strategies for dementia are easily accessible and can reach more remote
communities that struggle to obtain traditional healthcare (Topo, 2009). For example,
video teleconferencing (VTC) has been beneficial in remote and rural communities in
making a new clinical diagnosis of dementia (Loh et al., 2007). Telemedicine in the form
of Video teleconferencing is highly feasible (Gosse et al., 2021). It can help patients and
caretakers to manage medications, provide support and determine whether they need
further diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to assess cognitive decline (Gosse et
al., 2021). The telephonic interview is also helpful as it effectively differentiates patients
with mild cognitive impairment from apparently healthy individuals (Knopman et al.,
2010).
3.4. eHealth during COVID 19:
The existing ehealth systems have made it easier for patients and caretakers to tackle
critical issues during the COVID 19 pandemic (Bitar, Alismail, 2021). The usage of
eHealth interventions has led to a reduction in the financial burden for dementia and
these funds have been allocated for COVID 19 resources (Stevens et a., 2019). There
has been a transformation of face to face consultations into remote video consultations,
which some patients found more comfortable and accessible (Stevens et al., 2019).
Since the pandemic, there has been a massive utilisation of telemedicine, tele-
education, and mobile applications. A case study shows evidence that this was a
massive success in China, and they generated an optimal telemedicine model which the
rest of the world can follow (Hong et al., 2020).
4. DISADVANTAGES OF eHEALTH APPLICATIONS IN DEMENTIA:
4.1. Telemedicine:
In a video consultation, there could be failures in the communication between the
patient or caretaker and the health professional, but this is not taken seriously (Griffiths
et al., 2017). Sometimes the health professional forgets to record the session or check

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the patient’s medical history prior to communicating with them (Griffiths et al., 2017).
One of the most critical disadvantages for dementia patients is the inconsistencies
recorded in their teleneuropsychological tests due to poor and slower internet systems
(Brearly et al., 2017) and often do not consider patients with other disabilities like
cognitive, visual or auditory impediments (Iiboshi et al., 2020). Due to these factors,
sometimes they had worse scores than patients who underwent face to face
assessments (Carotenuto et al., 2018). A study also demonstrated a lack of monitoring
of the patients’ vitals like their blood pressure and pulse rate in a video consultation, and
as a result, the patients had high blood pressure recordings because it was not
monitored carefully (Petrella et al., 2014). The patients were less compliant to
treatment, and there was poor cooperation (Chang et al., 2013). Diagnostic challenges
can arise from video teleconferencing, such as using paper-based cognitive
assessment tests for an online check-up and difficulty in neurological examination
(Gosse et al., 2021). Telephonic interviews have a few challenges, like limitation in
categorising people in the cognitive decline spectrum (Knopman et al., 2010) and
analysing visuospatial impairments (Carlew et al., 2020).
4.2. Assistive Technologies:
eHealth interventions have shown to be very limited (Suijkerbuijk et al., 2019) and
challenging to implement in the older population with progressive motor incapability and
cognitive and perceptual decline as they have difficulty grasping new technologies
(Preschl et al., 2011). Moreover, patients are highly suspicious of new technology,
especially those in denial of their disease (Guisado-Fernandez et al., 2019), and they
also have a massive fear of breaking expensive gadgets or equipment which causes the
rejection of the gadgets (van Boekel et al., 2019).
4.3. Research in eHealth:
One of the significant disadvantages of eHealth interventions is a insufficient research
studies done to demonstrate whether there are adverse effects caused by them
(Benvenuti et al., 2014). A research study has demonstrated that implementing eHealth
interventions is very different in the real world compared to academic theoretical
research and has not considered certain organisational and societal factors (Christie et

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al., 2018). Some of the critical factors include the attitude of the patients and their
carers, ethical problems, design-related and dementia associated challenges (Bastoni
et al., 2021). In addition, a few studies have shown that there are low adoption rates of
eHealth interventions for dementia in the home care system (Wilson et al., 2014, Doyle
et al., 2013), which leads to the extinction of these strategies (Barr et al., 2009).
5. BARRIERS AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND USAGE
OF EHEALTH APPLICATIONS IN DEMENTIA:
5.1. Technological barriers:
One of the main barriers to implementation is technology associated barriers, such as
the stigmatising design of the equipment or gadgets, that are often rejected by the
patients and caretakers (Novitzky et al., 2015). It should not possess the typical
“handicap” like appearance that it embarrasses the patients in public (Novitzky et al.,
2015). They should match the user for adoption (Holthe et al., 2018). The unfamiliarity
with the gadgets leads to abandonment by the patients and caretakers (Guisado-
Fernandez et al., 2019). The technology should be simple and require minimal training
(Sanders, Scott, 2020).
Another barrier is the timing of introducing a new assistive technology or an application
(Suijkerbuijk et al., 2019). It is always important to consider the different stages of the
disease while introducing new technology to match the patient's cognitive skills (Tyack,
Camic, 2017). Unfortunately, this is often disregarded (Armstrong, Alliance, 2019). For
example, people with mild cognitive impairment have minimal difficulty grasping new
technology (Suijkerbuijk et al., 2019), but they may not find it necessary to use them as
they are in denial about their condition (Guisado-Fernandez et al., 2019). In contrast,
when the same technology is suddenly introduced at a late stage of the disease, it
becomes difficult for the patient to learn and adapt, and therefore they reject it
immediately (van Boekel et al., 2019). Therefore, the best solution is to gradually
introduce the new technology to integrate it into their lives slowly (Guisado-Fernandez
et al., 2019).

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To obtain the services of assistive technologies, a good internet connection and internet
literacy are necessary, and sometimes this can be a significant roadblock in
implementation (Thordardottir et al., 2019). For example, patients with young caretakers
will not have much difficulty as youngsters are internet literate (Hopwood et al., 2018).
However, patients with older caretakers like their own spouses will have difficulty
exploring and grasping new technology and will not understand the benefits of these
ehealth aids (Hopwood et al., 2018). This is known as the “digital divide” (Hopwood et
al., 2018).
5.2. Ethical issues:
Often patients and caretakers are concerned with the ethical issues related to the
implementation and usage of these ehealth interventions, which causes psychological
turmoil for them (Christie et al., 2018). Caregivers are primarily concerned for the safety
of their patients regarding ethical responsibility and legal issues due to any wrongful use
of the technology (Novitzky et al., 2015). They are also concerned about the privacy of
their patients through the GPS trackers installed at home (Vermeer et al., 2019).
5.3. Societal Barriers:
Studies have revealed that there has been too much dependency on eHealth
interventions, and therefore there has been less human contact and socialisation
among dementia patients (Mehrotra et al., 2013, Bodker, Nielsen, 2015). In addition,
research has shown that sometimes patients and caretakers have unrealistic
expectations about technology, and therefore there is always a mismatch between the
observed and expected benefits (Thordardottir et al., 2019). This can lead to
disappointment and abandonment of the technology (Thordardottir et al., 2019).
Sometimes the personal knowledge and behaviour of the caretakers can influence the
implementation of eHealth strategies (Holthe et al., 2018). A few of the factors include
attitude, ethnicity, internet literacy, motivation, skills training, workload (Christie et al.,
2018), fear of being replaced by technology (Novitzky et al., 2015) and privacy concerns
(Christie et al., 2018). Due to these factors, they choose to ignore technological aid and
attempt to assist patients on their own (Christie et al., 2018).

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5.4. Organisational Barriers:
Quite often, the organisation implementing the interventions become a barrier to them
(Bastoni et al., 2021). These are the least regarded barriers but are equally crucial
(Bastoni et al., 2021). To overcome the barriers, the organisation should have the
capacity to provide sufficient guidance on how to operate the technology and provide
face to face support in case of any technical glitches (Guisado-Fernandez et al., 2019).
In addition, software should be regularly updated, and trained staff should be employed
to correct any technical glitches for a sustainable implementation (Christie et al., 2019).
5.5. Political Barriers:
The effect of healthcare policies is a significant barrier (Bastoni et al., 2021). Over the
years, governments across the globe have recognised the need to implement eHealth
interventions and their possible advantages (Christie et al., 2021). However, health
insurance officers have always preferred a traditionally delivered health care system,
which has posed a significant threat to implementation and advancement in eHealth
(Christie et al., 2021).
6. FUTURE OF EHEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN DEMENTIA:
6.1. Automated Telephone Communication Systems (ATCS):
This is an eHealth system that will be adopted in the upcoming years (Car et al., 2017).
It can help health professionals to deliver recorded messages to their dementia patients,
provide support to them by 24 hours health advice remotely and monitor their chronic
disorders like hypertension and diabetes mellitus (Car et al., 2017). This system also
helps book appointments and organises repeat prescriptions (Sheikh, Car, 2004).
6.2. Computer Assisted History Taking Systems (CAHTS):
eHealth is trying to digitise medical history storage by a system known as Computer
Assisted History Taking Systems (Pappas et al., 2011). This system can increase the
quality and privacy of data management and reduce data errors (Pappas et al., 2011).
Furthermore, it can be accessed remotely from any location, beneficial for dementia

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patients and their caretakers by providing the necessary care and requesting
appropriate diagnostic interventions (Car et al., 2017). It is said to be more effective
than face to face consultation and will be the future of healthcare systems (Pappas et
al., 2011). In this system, computerised decision support systems (CDSS) can keep the
patient safe by storing information about drug allergies and the computerised
prescription order entry (CPOE) stores the patients’ current and past prescription
information (Charles et al., 2014).
6.3. ePrescription:
This is a future eHealth system involving digitising medications for prescribing and
dispensing, which saves much time for the patients in terms of travelling (Knoer et al.,
2016). ePrescription reduces the technical workload of the pharmacists and sets aside
more time for their patients (Knoer et al., 2016). This system also reduces data errors
by direct electronic transmission from the prescribing healthcare professional to the
pharmacy, monitoring compliance of patients and refilling medications (McKibbon et al.,
2011).
6.4. The Internet of Things:
Another future advancement is the concept of the Internet of Things, an interconnected
system that combines doctor consultations and prescriptions to help patients monitor
their health from the comforts of their home (Gubbi et al., 2013). In addition, it will also
help medical professionals and caretakers to keep track of their patients (Gubbi et al.,
2013).
eHealth systems should be designed so that future technological systems can integrate
with the existing systems for the smooth facilitation of care (Vermeer et al., 2019).
7. CONCLUSION
The significance and various aspects of eHealth in dementia have been discussed in
this summative report. eHealth plays a pivotal role in delivering care to patients and
their caretakers. The prominence of eHealth has increased in the past two years due to

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the COVID 19 pandemic and its restrictions. Many countries around the world have
adopted several different forms of eHealth interventions. Strategies such as Video
teleconferencing and assistive technologies have reduced the cost spent by the health
systems, patients and carers and the time consumed on travelling to meet healthcare
professionals. In addition, many online portals and mobile applications have helped the
patients and caretakers to understand the disease more effectively through videos,
charts and audio. They have also provided helpline numbers in case of emergencies.
These strategies have increased the patients' morale and caretakers’ well-being and
have helped them overcome their behavioural and psychological instabilities.
Nevertheless, at the same time, these eHealth strategies have their challenges and
have made them more dependent on technology resulting in limited human interaction,
which can cause more cognitive decline. Moreover, barriers like privacy, internet
illiteracy, and newer or unfamiliar technology can discourage them from using these
interventions. Other than these, there are organisational and political barriers that
impede implementation. However, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
Therefore, measures must be taken by the government and policymakers to highlight
and promote the importance and benefits of eHealth in the community and provide skills
training so that all dementia patients and their carers will have easy access to care and
will adapt smoothly. In the future, eHealth advancements in telemedicine and mobile
health like the ePrescription, CAHTS, ATCS and Internet of Things, will become the
face of healthcare delivery systems.

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Age Scotland (2021). Dementia. Available at:
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(Accessed on 16/04/2022).
Alzheimer’s Association (2022). Alzheimer’s and Dementia Caregiver Center: Alzheimer
Stress Check. Available at: http://www.alz.org/care/alzheimers-dementia-stress-
check.asp (Accessed on 15/04/2022).
Alzheimer’s Association (2022). Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Available at:
https://www.alz.org/ (Accessed on 15/04/2022).
Alzheimer’s Research UK (2022). Numbers of people in the UK. Available at:
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on 16/04/2022).
Alzheimer’s Society (2022). Dementia Talking Point- our online community. Available at:
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/get-support/dementia-talking-point-our-online-community
Alzheimer Europe (2021). Prevention of Dementia using Mobile Phone Applications.
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using-mobile-phone-applications (Accessed on 18/02/2022).
Armstrong, M.J., Alliance, S. (2019). Virtual support groups for informal caregivers of
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Bastoni, S., Wrede, C., da Silva, M.C., Sanderman, R., Gaggioli, A., Braakman-Jansen,
A., Gemert-Pijnen, L.V. (2021). Factors influencing implementation of ehealth

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