2. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL
WORKS
1) Site Clearance
removal of grass and vegetation
along with any other objections
which might be there in the site
location.
3. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM
CIVIL WORKS
2) Demarcation of Site-
The whole area on which
construction is to be done is marked
so as to identify the construction
zone.
3) Positioning of Central coordinate
ie (0,0,0) as per grid plan-
A central point is to be marked and all
the other points of columns were to
be decided with this central point.
4. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM
CIVIL WORKS
4) excavation-
• Site excavation is a process in
which soil, rock, and other
materials are removed from a
site, typically with the use of
heavy earthmoving equipment
such as excavators and
bulldozers.
• During new construction on
buildings, roads, and other
structures, site excavation is one
of the earliest stages.The site is
excavated to create a level, clean
area to work, with the
foundations being established in
the excavated area
5. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM
CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
• After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is
PCC is done. A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was
not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the raft foundation
and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates
and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it. Plain
concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below
ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing.
Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be
kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining
there from during placing and for a period of seven days.When joint in
a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30
and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of
concrete.The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before
upper layer is laid.
6. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM
CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term
used for temporary timber, plywood,
metal or other material used to provide
support to wet concrete mix till it gets
strength for self support. It provides
supports to horizontal, vertical and
inclined surfaces or also provides
support to cast concrete according to
required shape and size.The form work
also produces desired finish concrete
surface.
7. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM
CIVIL WORKS
• Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the
weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and
compacting concrete inside or on the top of form work/shuttering.
It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying
cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of
water and mortar form cement concrete. Shuttering should
be easy in handling, erection at site and easy to remove when
cement concrete is sufficient hard.
8. 11) Deshuttering
Deshuttering in simple words is the removing of
shuttering and formwork.
12) Brickwork
Brick masonry is construction in which uniform units
("bricks"), small enough to be placed with one hand,
are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls.
Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other
mixtures.These characteristics and the kiln
temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of
colors and harnesses. In some regions, individual pits
yield clay or shale which, when ground and moistened,
can be formed and baked into durable brick. In other
regions, clay or shale from several pits must be mixed.
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL
WORKS
10. 13) Doors and windows frames
along with lintels
After brickwork. These frames are
made to fit door and windows.
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and
electrical purposes is now done
during construction itself so as to
to hide them after construction on
walls.
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL
WORKS
11. 15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers
to construction or ornamentation
done with plaster, such as a layer
of plaster on an interior wall or
plaster decorative moldings on
ceilings or walls. The process of
creating plasterwork,
called plastering, has been used
in building construction for
centuries.
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL
WORKS
12. PLUMBING
•Plumbing is the
system of pipes,
drains fittings,
valves, valve
assemblies, and
devices installed in a
building.
•Distribution of water
for drinking, heating
and washing, and
the removal of
waterborne wastes.
13.
14. SYSTEMS
•Types of system in plumbing are:
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
17. Materials Used
• These pipes can be of various types:
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper, brass, rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead, polythene
pvc
18. Pipe sizes
• It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture
units.
• A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily
selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. SEWERAGE
•Sewerage refers to
the infrastructure that
conveys sewage.
•It encompasses
components such as
receiving drains, manholes,
pumping stations, storm
overflows, and screening
chambers of the combined
sewer or sanitary sewer.
• Sewerage ends at the entry
to a sewage treatment
plant or at the point of
discharge into
the environment.
24. Introduction:
Sewage:
•Also known as waste water
•The liquid waste obtained from a community.
•Includes discharges from latrines, urinals, & stables
•Discharges from industry & rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage:
a. Sanitary Sewage
b. Industrial Sewage
c. Combined Sewage
a. Sanitary Sewage:
• Also known as Domestics
Sewage
• The foul discharges from
residential & commercial area
• It mainly includes discharges
from latrines, urinals, laundry
b. Industrial Sewage:
• The foul discharges
from industries
• It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c. Combined Sewage:
• Combination of Sanitary
sewage & Storm water
• Storm water is rain & snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops, paved
streets, highways & parking
25. Sewerage System:
Sewerage:
• Sewage is produced everyday in towns & cities.
• Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
• Sewage has to be removed as early as possible.
• If not removed, it will cause insanitary condition
• The network of collecting & conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage.
• Components of sewerage system are :
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
Drain:
Is a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
Includes pumps
&equipments for pumping
fluids.
Supplies water to remove
Man hole:
Pumping Station:
26. Sewer:
III. Combined Sewer:
• Type of sewer system
• Collects sanitary sewage & storm water run off in a single pipe system.
• Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
• Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather.
• This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities.
27. Features Of Sewerage System:
A. Collection & Conveyance :
• Sewage is collected & conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
• The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
• Where sewerage system is not provided,
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are :
A. Collection B. Conveyance C. Treatment D. Disposal
C. Sewage Treatment:
• Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
• Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
• Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms,
28. Sewage Treatment :
Working Of Drain field:
1. The final treatment takes place in
drain field.
2. Effluent trickles out of the pipes,
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3. The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4. The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5. Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6. These processes work best where the
29. Sewage Treatment :
II. Waste Water Treatment
Plant:
• It includes physical, chemical,
and biological processes to
remove physical, chemical and
biological contaminants.
• Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
• Sewage treatment involves four
stages:
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
30. Sewage Treatment Process:
1) Preliminary Treatment:
• Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials.
• Protects pumps and equipment from damage
• Consists of following:
a. Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks, bottles, pieces of
wood, etc
b. Grit Chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken
glass, etc
c. Mesh Screen removes diapers, combs, towels,
plastic bags, syringes, etc
A
B C
31. Sewage Treatment Process:
2) Primary Treatment:
• It is a physical process.
• Also known as sedimentation stage
• Sewage flow is slowed down
• Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
• The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
• Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank.
• Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment.
32. Sewage Treatment Process:
3) Secondary Treatment:
• The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air.
• Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria.
• The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier.
• Microbes & organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier.
• Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank.
• The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment.
33. Sewage Treatment Process:
4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment:
• It is a chemical process.
• Nitrogen, phosphorus, fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
• Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms.
• Common disinfectants used are ozone , chlorine & ultra violent rays.
• Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body.
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment:
• Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
• Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
• Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
• Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
• Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes.
35. Features Of Sewerage System:
D. Sewage Disposal :
• Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage.
• Purpose of Sewage disposal:
To conserve water resources.
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies.
To help promote health & comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses.
• Various way of disposing sewage are:
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration : Dumping of effluent into
seas.
36. • Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories:
domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers.
Sometimes a combined system provides only one
network of pipes, mains, and outfall sewers for all types
of sewage and runoff.The preferred system, however,
provides one network of sewers for domestic and
industrial waste, which is generally treated before
discharge, and a separate network for storm runoff,
which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or
piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river.
37. High voltage
•The term high voltage usually means electrical
energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm
or death upon living things.
• high voltage, it needs to be 100kV and above!
•Equipment and conductors that carry high
voltage warrant particular safety requirements
and procedures.
•In certain industries, high voltage means voltage
above a particular threshold.
38. High voltage
•High voltage is used in electrical power distribution,
• in cathode ray tubes,
• to generate X-rays and particle beams, to
demonstrate arcing,
• for ignition,
•in photomultiplier tubes,
•and in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other
industrial and scientific applications.
39. Low voltage
•Low voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface.
• low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install.
•The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the
range 50–1000V AC or 120–1500V DC.
•One disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that
the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to
being damaged.
•Low voltage lighting equipment is relatively
inexpensive.
40. Low voltage
•For automatic control,some low voltage lighting
transformers have light sensor or motion sensor
mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and
on at off.
• one short coming of low voltage lighting
generally means less lighting power.
41. H.V.A.C
(HEATVENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
•HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the
technology of indoor and vehicular environmental
comfort.
•Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality.
•HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles
of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
44. HVAC Systems
Types
•Several types of configurations for space heating
•HVAC systems are categorized by the method
used to convey energy
•All-air systems
•Air-and-water systems
•All-water systems
45. HVAC Systems
All-Air Systems
•All heating, cooling, and humidification is supplied to
a space by the air
•Single-duct systems
• Constant volume
• Multi-zone, variable-air volume (VAV)
• Multi-zone with re-heat
•Dual-duct systems
51. HVAC Systems
All-Water Systems
•Hot and chilled water are distributed to terminal
units and equipment
•Free-standing radiators
•Baseboard radiators
•Wall, floor, ceiling panels
•Fan coil units
59. Fire Protection
•High Rise Buildings
• Determined by length of fire ladder
• Around 75 feet
• Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there
designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire
marshals.
• Consideration for interior materials is paramount
• Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire
Codes.
60. Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems
Wet Sprinkler System
Dry Sprinkler System
Deluge Sprinkler System
Pre-Action Sprinkler System
61. Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems
Most installed
Most reliable
Simple
Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers
An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping.
62. Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will
freeze water in a wet pipe system.
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated
buildings, in parking garages, in outside canopies
attached to heated buildings
64. Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs. Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a
fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-
sensitive liquid.
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal
element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy.
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the
ambient temperature reaches a specified level
65. Fire Protection
•Glass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir
that holds a heat-sensitive liquid.
•This glass bulb holds the pip cap in place.
•When the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a
certain level, the liquid expands causing the glass bulb
to break, which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing
water.
66. Fire Protection
Deluge
DelugeValves are used in special areas
Sprinkler heads are open at all times
Used in High Hazard areas
DelugeValve opens during a smoke or heat
detection
Deluge systems are needed where high velocity
suppression is necessary
82. Fire Protection
FoamWater Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion
foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies
associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids
airport hangars.
