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Towards an evidence-based approach to agroecology and climate change adaptation and mitigation in low- and middle-income countries: A rapid evidence review
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Presented by Sieglinde Snapp, Michigan State University, on 2 June 2021, at the webinar 'Towards an evidence-based approach to agroecology and climate change adaptation and mitigation in low- and middle-income countries.' The webinar was the second in a series, 'Building evidence for transforming agricultural innovation systems under climate change,' hosted by CCAFS & FCDO to set a path for transformation in agricultural innovation systems, in the lead up to COP26. Watch the webinar: https://www.slideshare.net/cgiarclimate/towards-an-evidencebased-approach-to-agroecology-and-climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation-in-low-and-middleincome-countries-a-rapid-evidence-review Learn more about the review: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/news/agroecology-key-piece-climate-adaptation-mitigation
CCAFS | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
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Towards an evidence-based approach to agroecology and climate change adaptation and mitigation in low- and middle-income countries: A rapid evidence review
- A Rapid Evidence Review Rapid Evidence Review Sieglinde Snapp, MSU Yodit Kebede, IRD Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS Towards an evidence-based approach to agroecology and climate change adaptation and mitigation in low and middle-income countries 2 June 2021
- Purpose of the review: Synthesize evidence for impacts on climate change mitigation and adaptation in LMICs and large-scale agroecological transitions Evidence base: • 18 synthesis papers representing 10,212 studies (~50% LMICs) • 138 papers on agroecological nutrient management and pest and disease management in LMICs • Interviews with twelve agricultural development organizations in LMICs Link to report
- How did we define the scope of agroecology? Field, farm and landscape-level approaches that relied on enhanced ecological processes and services. Including - diversified cropping systems; - cover crops; - hosts for beneficial insects; - crop-livestock integration; - agroforestry; - organic farming. …where approaches increased autonomy from external inputs
- 1. Agroecology approaches support adaptation • Farm diversification had the strongest evidence for impacts on climate change adaptation. Yet simplification is underway.
- 2. Modest evidence for agroecology’s impact on climate change mitigation • Agroforestry, organic farming enhance C sequestration • Organic nutrient sources = minimal N2O emissions
- 3. Agroecology approaches support local adaptive capacity for adaptation and mitigation • co-creation and sharing of knowledge adapted practices to local conditions for improved climate change adaptation and mitigation
- More data needed on GHGs, livestock, resilience to extreme events Organic nutrients decrease N2O - Diversification, agroforestry, organic agriculture improve adaptation - Agroforestry and organic agriculture increase C seq - Local adaptive capacity improves all climate outcomes E v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e R e s e a r c h n e e d e d + – – + Summary of Evidence
- Farmer co-design of practices Systemsfit to local contexts Stronger farmers' organizations & knowledge networks Multi- objective monitoring Farmers' accessto finance Supporting markets, institutions & policies Programme elements for scaling up agroecology and climate change objectives. (TAPE)
- Actions needed • Assess the performance of agricultural development using an outcome-based approach - move beyond labels & contestation • Direct investment and scaling of practices where evidence is strongest: agricultural diversification, agroforestry and local adaptation.
- Actions needed • Increase action on resilience to extreme weather and climate change mitigation, quantify GHGs, build capacity in global South. • Compare the cost-effectiveness and outcomes of agroecology approaches with other agricultural development interventions at multiple scales, including the valuation of environmental and social benefits Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- The reasons we came to the recommendation in the RER that agreement on an outcome-based approach to assessing performance of agricultural development is helpful
- guided by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 10 Elements of Agroecology and Gliessman’s (2016) framework. We focused on the science and practice of agroecology rather than on social movements, value chains or business aspects Critiques of agroecology rightly point out that landscape scale analysis is required to fully assess outcomes, yet the evidence is primarily at the field and farm scale
- Agroecological approaches associated with diversification supported climate change adaptation (strong evidence and high agreement), and to a lesser extent, climate change mitigation (weak evidence, medium agreement). This included positive impacts of diversification on pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, water regulation and soil fertility. Soil carbon regulation was the most frequently observed form of mitigation. Agroforestry and organic agriculture were both associated with gains in carbon sequestration, with the evidence base being particularly strong for agroforestry. There were evidence gaps in agroecological approaches that included livestock integration and landscape-scale redesign. There was limited data on GHG emissions for the tropics and no evidence regarding agroecological approaches response to extreme weather events. There was also a lack of published information on the linkages and trade-offs associated with socio-economic conditions and other indicators of climate change adaptation. Findings suggest that agroecological approaches prioritise adaptive capacity, and this improves climate change outcomes (medium evidence, high agreement). In addition, whole system approaches of agroecology could provide more benefits than single practices for climate change adaptation and mitigation (medium evidence, high agreement). Evidence for trade-offs between yields and other climate change adaptation and mitigation services exists. Diversification was associated with increased or maintained yields in most cases, but not all, compared to conventional agriculture (medium evidence, high agreement). Modestly lower or variable yields were reported for organic agriculture (medium evidence, medium agreement). Agroecology was widely associated with capacity building and participatory processes at the farmer- or community-level to support agricultural innovation (medium evidence, high agreement).
- Agroecological approaches associated with diversification supported climate change adaptation (strong evidence and high agreement), and to a lesser extent, climate change mitigation (weak evidence, medium agreement). This included positive impacts of diversification on pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, water regulation and soil fertility. Soil carbon regulation was the most frequently observed form of mitigation. Agroforestry and organic agriculture were both associated with gains in carbon sequestration, with the evidence base being particularly strong for agroforestry. There were evidence gaps in agroecological approaches that included livestock integration and landscape-scale redesign. There was limited data on GHG emissions for the tropics and no evidence regarding agroecological approaches response to extreme weather events. There was also a lack of published information on the linkages and trade-offs associated with socio-economic conditions and other indicators of climate change adaptation. Findings suggest that agroecological approaches prioritise adaptive capacity, and this improves climate change outcomes (medium evidence, high agreement). In addition, whole system approaches of agroecology could provide more benefits than single practices for climate change adaptation and mitigation (medium evidence, high agreement). Evidence for trade-offs between yields and other climate change adaptation and mitigation services exists. Diversification was associated with increased or maintained yields in most cases, but not all, compared to conventional agriculture (medium evidence, high agreement). Modestly lower or variable yields were reported for organic agriculture (medium evidence, medium agreement). Agroecology was widely associated with capacity building and participatory processes at the farmer- or community-level to support agricultural innovation (medium evidence, high agreement).
- Agroecological approaches associated with diversification supported climate change adaptation (strong evidence and high agreement), and to a lesser extent, climate change mitigation (weak evidence, medium agreement). This included positive impacts of diversification on pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, water regulation and soil fertility. Soil carbon regulation was the most frequently observed form of mitigation. Agroforestry and organic agriculture were both associated with gains in carbon sequestration, with the evidence base being particularly strong for agroforestry. There were evidence gaps in agroecological approaches that included livestock integration and landscape-scale redesign. There was limited data on GHG emissions for the tropics and no evidence regarding agroecological approaches response to extreme weather events. There was also a lack of published information on the linkages and trade-offs associated with socio-economic conditions and other indicators of climate change adaptation. Findings suggest that agroecological approaches prioritise adaptive capacity, and this improves climate change outcomes (medium evidence, high agreement). In addition, whole system approaches of agroecology could provide more benefits than single practices for climate change adaptation and mitigation (medium evidence, high agreement). Evidence for trade-offs between yields and other climate change adaptation and mitigation services exists. Diversification was associated with increased or maintained yields in most cases, but not all, compared to conventional agriculture (medium evidence, high agreement). Modestly lower or variable yields were reported for organic agriculture (medium evidence, medium agreement). Agroecology was widely associated with capacity building and participatory processes at the farmer- or community-level to support agricultural innovation (medium evidence, high agreement).
- FAO’s Tools for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE) Example of multiple objective monitoring for climate change outcomes
- FAO’s Tools for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE)
- Improved climate change outcomes from agroecology and alternatives rely on understanding these topics and generating data that can inform policy. This is necessary to link agricultural performance assessments to environment and effective climate change adaptation pathways. There is currently almost no primary evidence on tropical agriculture GHGs and approaches that can mitigate these or how agroecology and other approaches can help buffer extreme weather events. Longer term studies and projects are required to research these topics, including innovative use of participatory modelling and community engaged research that includes agroecology practices and whole system design. Policy research is also needed on effective ways to promote the approaches that are most effective at achieving environmental services and other climate change outcomes without compromising productivity services. Agroecological approaches to adaptation through local engagement show promise, along with other agroecological elements such as diversity. Near- and medium-term investments in how to actualise agroecology transitions for large scale impacts is important. We highlight some key steps here as priorities for the world community.
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