实施进展
Implementation progress
魏莎 Wei Sha
中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS
CCAFS 国际合作项目
中国规模化奶牛养殖场低排放措施示范和推广
Piloting and scaling of low emission development options
in large-scale dairy farms in China

 项目进度 Project progress
 下一步计划 Next steps
报告提纲 Outline

项目活动 Activities
 已完成中国奶牛养殖场缓解方案清单可行性报告
 中国环境评估模型的方法学正在建立中
 Finished the report “Feasibility of mitigation options
CN dairy farms”
 The methodology of Chinese environmental
assessment model is on going
CAAS
1. 中国奶牛养殖场温室气体减排措施
实施的可行性清单
2. 试点农场的监测和评估
3. 建立中国奶牛养殖场温室气体和其
他环境指标评估模型
4. 提供政策建议
5. 合作交流

项目进度 Project progress——Feasibility report
1. The need for mitigation options
缓解方案的需求
2. Defining mitigation options
定义缓解措施
3. List of mitigation options
缓解措施清单
4. Best options for different regions
不同地区的最佳选择
5. Best options for different farm scale
不同农场规模的最佳选择
 Feasibility of mitigation options CN dairy farms report
中国奶牛养殖场缓解措施的可行性报告

可行性报告 Feasibility report
System boundary for carbon footprintThree questions are essential:
1. What are the best mitigation options relevant
to improve in Chinese situation?
2. What are the best mitigation options for
dairy farm in different regions of China?
3. What are the best mitigation options for
dairy farm in different farm scale of China?
三个关键问题 碳足迹的系统边界
1. 在中国的情况下，什么是最好的缓解方案？
2. 中国不同地区奶牛场的最佳缓解方案是什么？
3. 中国不同规模奶牛场的最佳缓解方案是什么？

减排措施清单 List of mitigation options
利益相关者会议
Stakeholder meeting
专家会议
The expert meeting
Top
5
减排措施
Mitigation options
Impact on影响
GHG Profit
1
Optimize rations (match cow requirements)
优化配给（符合奶牛要求） +++ ++
2
Optimize feed quality and composition
优化饲料品质和成分 +++ ++
3
Innovative techniques to improve manure
management 改进粪便管理的创新技术 +++ ++
4 Improve health management 改善健康管理 +++ ++
5 Optimize fertilization efficiency优化施肥效率 +++ ++
O 没影响 + 影响小 ++ 平均 +++ 影响大
减排措施
Mitigation options
Impact on影响
GHG Profit
1 种群管理 Herd management +++ ++
2 圈舍 Stable +++ +
3 饲喂 Feeding +++ ++
4 育种 Breeding ++ ++
5 饲料生产 Feed production ++ +
6 土壤固碳作用 Carbon sequestration in soils o +
7 粪便管理 Manure management +++ +
8 能源管理 Energy management +++ +
O No impact + Low ++ Average +++ High
8类措施，31项技术清单
A list of 8 types of measures, 31 technologies

减排措施清单 List of mitigation options
减排措施
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
促进健康管理
Improve health management
+++ ++
淘汰产能低的奶牛
Remove idle cows
+++ ++
增长寿命
Increase longevity
++ +
优化青年牛管理
Optimize young stock management
++ +
降低母牛生产头胎的年龄
Decrease age at first calving
++ +
优化转栏周期
Optimize transition period
+ +
种群管理
Herd management
减排措施
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
良好的圈舍有助于牛群表现
Good construction contributes to herd
performance
+++ +
关闭或修缮运动场
Close or modify playground
+++ +
粪便收集／移出 (漏缝或封闭地板)
Manure collection/removal (slatted vs
closed floor)
++ +
封闭圈舍的空气洗涤
Air scrubbing in more closed barns
+ +
圈舍
Stable

减排措施清单 List of mitigation options
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Optimize rations (match cow requirements) +++ ++
Avoid excess protein feeding +++ +
Direct feeding of compound ingredients +++ +
Additives to reduce enteric methane +++ ++
Optimize feed quality and composition ++ +
Reduce losses during feed storage ++ +
Feeding
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation +++ ++
Anaerobic digestion +++ +
Innovative techniques to improve manure
management +++ +
Change manure land application methods
from spread to injection ++ +
Slurry acidification + +
Manure management
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Production of renewable energy
(wind/solar/manure) +++ +
Reduce fossil energy use energy saving
technologies in：
• Farm (milking, cooling), processing
• Feed cultivation (machines,
transport)
• Feed processing
• Milk processing
+++ +
Select crops with low energy requirements ++ +
Energy management
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Optimize fertilization efficiency +++ ++
Grazing management to avoid
degradation of soils under natural
grasslands
+++ +
Increased crop yields ++ ++
Increase nutritional value crops (feed
quality) ++ +
Improve grazing management ++ +
Slow release fertilizer + +
Feed production

减排措施清单 List of mitigation options
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Optimize rations (match cow requirements) +++ ++
Avoid excess protein feeding +++ +
Direct feeding of compound ingredients +++ +
Additives to reduce enteric methane +++ ++
Optimize feed quality and composition ++ +
Reduce losses during feed storage ++ +
Feeding
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation +++ ++
Anaerobic digestion +++ +
Innovative techniques to improve manure
management +++ +
Change manure land application methods
from spread to injection ++ +
Slurry acidification + +
Manure management
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Production of renewable energy
(wind/solar/manure) +++ +
Reduce fossil energy use energy saving
technologies in：
• Farm (milking, cooling), processing
• Feed cultivation (machines,
transport)
• Feed processing
• Milk processing
+++ +
Select crops with low energy requirements ++ +
Energy management
Mitigation option
Impact on
GHG Profit
Optimize fertilization efficiency +++ ++
Grazing management to avoid
degradation of soils under natural
grasslands
+++ +
Increased crop yields ++ ++
Increase nutritional value crops (feed
quality) ++ +
Improve grazing management ++ +
Slow release fertilizer + +
Feed production

减排措施的减排潜力: 现状到75%企业平均值
Mitigation potential: baseline to top 25%
Case study: Farm 1
Number of cows: 90 head
Productivity: 7.30t
基础情景
Basic
scenario
措施1：提高
产奶量
Option 1
Increased
productivity to
9.0 ton/head/yr
2.34
1.81
措施2：提高
精粗比
Option 2
Increased
Concentrate to
roughage ratio
from 34% to
44%
1.62
1.12
措施3：提高
成乳牛比例
Option 3
Increased adult
cows ratio from
41% to 54%
1.26
措施4：减少
自然堆放
Option 4
Decrease ratio
of solid manure
storage
-22.6%
-10.5% -22.2%
-11.1%
农场案例
存栏数量: 90头
单产: 7.3吨

不同区域最优措施 Best options for different regions
Best options Impact
Direct feeding of compound ingredients +++
Optimize fertilization efficiency +++
Improve health management +++
Additives to reduce enteric methane ++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Optimize feed quality and composition ++
Best options Impact
Improve health management +++
Innovative techniques to improve
manure management
+++
Change manure land application
methods from spread to injection
+++
Optimize rations (match cow
requirements)
+++
Optimize feed quality and composition ++
Production of renewable energy ++
Best options Impact
Direct feeding of compound ingredients +++
Optimize fertilization efficiency +++
Improve health management +++
Additives to reduce enteric methane ++
Innovative techniques to improve manure ++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Best options Impact
Avoid excess protein feeding +++
Improve health management +++
Additives to reduce enteric methane +++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation +++
Innovative techniques to improve
manure management
++
Close or modify playground ++
Best options Impact
Optimize rations (match cow
requirements)
+++
Optimize fertilization efficiency +++
Improve health management +++
Additives to reduce enteric methane +++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Avoid excess protein feeding ++
Best options Impact
Improve health management +++
Avoid excess protein feeding +++
Reduce losses during feed storage +++
Optimize fertilization efficiency ++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Additives to reduce enteric methane ++
North
Northeast
Northwest
Central
East
South

不同区域最优措施 Best options for different regions
Sale out to
surrounding
counties
Milk
Weightgain
Agricultural Ecological Park
Fertilizer
Biological N fixation
Dry and wet
deposition
Importfeed crop
and concentrate
Crop sale out
Biogas plant Power grid
Best options Impact
Improve health management +++
Optimize rations (match cow requirements) +++
Reduce losses during feed storage +++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Optimize fertilization efficiency ++
Reduce fossil energy use energy saving technologies ++
Best options Impact
Improve health management +++
Remove idle cows +++
Good construction contributes to herd performance +++
Optimize rations (match cow requirements) ++
Additives to reduce enteric methane ++
Covered lagoon with methane oxidation ++
Best options Impact
Improve health management +++
Remove idle cows +++
Optimize rations (match cow requirements) +++
Innovative techniques to improve manure
management ++
Anaerobic digestion ++
Air scrubbing in more closed barns +
Small-scale farm
Large-scale farm
Intensive-scale
farm

中国养殖场环境评估模型方法学
Methodology of environmental assessment model in China
碳足迹
Carbon Footprint
养分循环
Nutrient cycling
水足迹
Water Footprint
已完成
进行中
未来

模型培训Training of ANCA model
培训会时间Time：2020.03.24; 2020.04.08; 2020.04.15
培训会内容 Content：荷兰ANCA模型建立背景和过程
荷兰ANCA模型框架和饲料部分计算过程及模型展示
荷兰ANCA模型粪便管理、环境排放和其他计算过程
中国养殖场环境评估模型方法学
Methodology of environmental assessment model in China

中国养殖场环境评估模型方法学
Methodology of environmental assessment model in China
模型的目标 The goal of the model
 用定量指标值证明牛奶是可持续生产的
To prove that milk is produced in a sustainable way by using quantitative indicator values;
 为促进农民最有效地利用资源提供便利的工具
To provide a convenient tool to promote the most efficient use of resources by farmers;
 为农场管理提供一套具体的解决方案，最有效地利用资源，减少环境排放
To provide a set of specific solution on farm management, use resources most effectively
and reduce environmental emissions
目标用户 The intended users
 科学研究 Research
 奶牛养殖场和公司 Dairy farm and enterprise
 牛奶加工企业 Milk processors
 政府 Ministries

模型的模块化结构
A modular structure of the model

模型建立步骤
The steps for development of ANCA-China model
Calculation of
input and
output
Development of
surplus
Development of
other losses
Development of
model including
crop system
Water
footprint
assessment
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Input
Output
N/P
Surplus and
efficiency
N/P losses N/PUE
Water use
efficiency
输入输出计算 养分盈余计算 养分损失计算 种养结合计算 水足迹计算

系统边界
System boundary

物质流和循环
Material flows and detail cycles

Step 1 ： 模型输入和输出
Input and output of the model
1. Calculation of feed intake
2. Calculation of N and P output by milk and growing animals
𝑁(𝑃)𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 × 𝑁(𝑃)𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
𝑁(𝑃)𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁(𝑃)𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 − 𝑁(𝑃)𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
3. Calculation of excretion N and P
Where, 𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 is output of animal products include milk and weight gain (meat, bone and blood, etc).
𝑁(𝑃)𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 is nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) output of animal product;
𝑁(𝑃)𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 is N or P content of animal product.
Where, 𝑁(𝑃)𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 means N or P intake of feed material by dairy herd;
𝐼𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 is feed i intake of herd;
𝑁 𝑃 𝐶 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖
is N or P content of feed i
Where, 𝑁(𝑃)𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 means N or P output of excretion
𝑁(𝑃)𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 = 𝐼𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 × 𝑁 𝑃 𝐶 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖

Step 2 ： 养分盈余
Nutrient surplus
1. Calculation of N and P surplus on farm level
𝑁(𝑃)𝑆 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 𝑁 𝑃 𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 + 𝑁 𝑃 𝐼 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 + 𝑁 𝑃 𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 + 𝑁𝐼 𝐵𝑁𝐹 + 𝑁𝐼 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 −
(𝑁 𝑃 𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝑁 𝑃 𝑂 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 + 𝑁 𝑃 𝑂 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 + 𝑁 𝑃 𝑂𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒)
Where, 𝑁(𝑃)𝑆 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 is N or P surplus at farm level, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑃 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 is purchased animal, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑃 𝐼 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 is chemical fertilizer N input, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐼 𝐵𝑁𝐹 is biological N fixation, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐼 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is dry and wet deposition of N, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑃 𝑂 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 is manure N sold out of farm, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑃 𝑂𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 is crop N sold out for farm, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑃 𝑂 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 is N in dead and eliminated animal, kg N/yr.

Step 2 ： 养分盈余
Nutrient surplus
2. Calculation of soil N and P surplus
𝑁𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑁𝐼𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 + 𝑁𝐼 𝐵𝑁𝐹 + 𝑁𝐼 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑁𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑁𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤
+ 𝑁𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − (𝑁𝑂ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 + 𝑁𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑁𝑂 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
𝑃𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑃𝐼𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤 − (𝑃𝑂ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 + 𝑃𝑂𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
Where, 𝑁𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 is soil N surplus. 𝑁𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 is the manure N applicate to arable land.
𝑁𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤 is crop straw N used in arable land.
𝑁𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is N mineralization in soil.
𝑁𝑂ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 is N output by harvested crop for feeding.
𝑁𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 and 𝑁𝑂 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 is gaseous N emissions and other N losses from arable land (N leaching and runoff).
Where, 𝑃𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 is soil P surplus. 𝑃𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 is the manure P applicate to arable land.
𝑃𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑤 is crop straw P used in arable land.
𝑃𝑂ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 is P output by harvested crop for feeding.
𝑃𝑂𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 is P losses from arable land by leaching and runoff.

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Nitrogen）
𝑁𝐿 = 𝑁𝐿𝑖
 The total N loss is the sum of the N losses from barn, storage, treatment and land application.
Where, 𝑁𝐿 is total nitrogen losses. 𝑁𝐿𝑖 is nitrogen losses from stage i.
Stage i include manure in barn, storage, treatment and land application.
 In each stage, environmental losses include gaseous emissions, direct discharges to water,
leaching and runoff.
𝑁𝐿𝑖 = 𝑁𝐿𝑖,𝑁𝐻3
+ 𝑁𝐿 𝑖,𝑁2 𝑂 + 𝑁𝐿𝑖,𝑁2
+ 𝑁𝐿𝑖, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + 𝑁𝐿𝑖, 𝐿&𝑅
Where, 𝑁𝐿𝑖,𝑁𝐻3
is NH3-N losses from stage i.
𝑁𝐿 𝑖,𝑁2 𝑂 is N2O-N losses from stage i.
𝑁𝐿 𝑖,𝑁2
is N2-N losses from stage i.
𝑁𝐿𝑖, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 is N discharge from stage i.
𝑁𝐿𝑖, 𝐿&𝑅 is N leaching and runoff from stage i.

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Phosphorus）
 The total P loss is the sum of the P losses from barn, storage, treatment and land application
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿𝑖
 In each stage, P losses include direct discharges to water, leaching and runoff.
𝑃𝐿𝑖 = 𝑃𝐿𝑖, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝐿𝑖, 𝐿&𝑅
Where, 𝑃𝐿𝑖, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 is P discharge from stage i.
𝑃𝐿𝑖, 𝐿&𝑅 is P leaching and runoff from stage i.
Where, P𝐿 is total phosphorus losses. 𝑃𝐿𝑖 is phosphorus losses from stage i.
Stage i include manure in barn, storage, treatment and land application.

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Nitrogen）
 Calculation of NH3, N2O, other gaseous N and other N losses in barn
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛+𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
Where, 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is NH3-N losses from barn, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is N2O-N losses from barn, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is other gas N losses from barn, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is other N losses (leaching and runoff) from barn, kg N/yr.
𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛, 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
,𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 and 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛 is emission factor of
NH3-N, N2O-N, other gaseous N and other N losses from barn, %.

 The calculation of NH3-N losses is based on total ammonium nitrogen (TAN)
Step 4 ： 环境损失-NH3
Nutrient losses-NH3
𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑁 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑁𝐼𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑,ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑑 × 𝐷𝐶 𝐶𝑃 ∗ 0.91 − 𝑁𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑁 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒) × 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 10%
𝑁𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 25%
Where, 𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 is total N from barn, kg/yr.
𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 is TAN in urine, kg N/yr.
𝑁 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is mineralization of organic N, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is mineral N converted into organic N, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒 is N output of excretion urine, kg N/yr

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Nitrogen）
 Calculation of NH3, N2O, other gaseous N and other N losses during external storage
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛) × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛) × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒+𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
Where, 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is NH3-N losses during external storage, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is N2O-N losses during external storage, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is other gas N losses during external storage, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is other N losses (leaching and runoff) during external storage, kg N/yr.
𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 and 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is emission
factor of NH3-N, N2O-N, other gaseous N and other N losses during external storage, %.

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Nitrogen）
 Calculation of NH3, N2O, other gaseous N and other N losses during manure treatment
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑁𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖+𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖+
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
Where, 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is NH3-N losses during manure treatment, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is N2O-N losses during manure treatment, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is other gas N losses during manure treatment, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is other N losses (leaching and runoff) during manure treatment, kg N/yr.
𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖, 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖, 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 and 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 is
emission factor of NH3-N, N2O-N, other gaseous N and other N losses during manure treatment, %.

Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Nitrogen）
 Calculation of NH3, N2O, other gaseous N and other N losses during manure application
𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂,𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
× 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁,𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑁𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑁𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁,𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝐿 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Where, 𝑁𝐿 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is NH3-N losses during manure application, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is N2O-N losses during manure application, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is other gas N losses during manure application, kg N/yr.
𝑁𝐿 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is other N losses (leaching and runoff) during manure application, kg N/yr.
𝐸𝑓𝑁𝐻3, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐸𝑓𝑁2 𝑂, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 and 𝐸𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑁, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is
emission factor of NH3-N, N2O-N, other gaseous N and other N losses during manure application, %.

𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 = 𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
𝑃𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛= 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛+𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛
Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Phosphorus）
 Calculation of P losses from barn
𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔) × 𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔) × 𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑃𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒= 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒+𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒f
 Calculation of P losses from external storage
Where, 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 is P leaching and runoff from barn. 𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 is P discharge from barn.
𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from barn. 𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆,𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑛 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from barn
Where,𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is P leaching and runoff from external storage. 𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is P discharge from external storage.
𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from external storage.
𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆,𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from external storage

𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) × 𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑃𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡+𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Phosphorus）
 Calculation of P losses from manure treatment
Where, 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is P leaching and runoff from manure treatment.
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 is P discharge from manure treatment.
𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅,𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from manure treatment.
𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from manure treatment.

𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑃𝑂 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑃𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝐿 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Calculation of P losses from manure land application
Where, 𝑃𝐿 𝐿&𝑅, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is P leaching and runoff from manure land application.
𝑃𝐿 𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is P discharge from manure land application.
𝐸𝑓𝐿&𝑅, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from manure land application.
𝐸𝑓𝐷𝐼𝑆, 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is emission factor of leaching and runoff from manure land application.
Step 4 ： 环境损失
Nutrient losses（Phosphorus）

模型参数数据库 Databaseofthemodel
1. Dairy database
2. Feed database
3. Manure database
4. Emission factor database
5. Mitigation database
Built-in database
1. Production data
2. Crop data
3. Chemical fertilizer input
4. Feed intake
Active data
Data input module
Database
• Livestock and crop farm
• Feed company (possible)
• CAU (1, 2 and 5)
• CAAS (3,4 and 5)

模型数据库
Database of the model
饲料数据库 Feed database
 内置参数 Built-in database

模型数据库
Database of the model
粪尿产生系数数据库
Manure database

模型数据库
Database of the model
 排放因子数据库 Emission factor database
粪尿处理 manure treatment
Items Symbol Unit
Play
ground
Anaerobic
pond
Composting
with facility
Source
粪便处理系统的处理比例
Treatment percentage of manure
management system(MMS)
𝑀𝑆 𝑘,𝑠 %
Estimated Value
粪便管理N2O-N的直接排放因子
N2O-N direct emission factor of MMS
𝐸𝐹𝑑,𝑠,𝑁2𝑂
t N2O-
N/t
0.02 0 0.006 IPCC(2006)
通过NH3和NOX挥发的比例
Percentage of volatilization by NH3 and
NOX
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑀𝑆 % 20 35 35 IPCC(2006）
通过径流和淋溶引起的氮损失的百分比
Percentage of nitrogen loss by runoff and
leaching
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐 𝐿,𝑀𝑆 % 10 10 5 IPCC(2006)
粪便管理系统中总N损失
Total N lost of MMS
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝑀𝑆 % 30 77 40 IPCC(2006)

模型数据库
Database of the model
Item Symbol Value Unit Reference
氮肥以氮溶淋和径流引起的 N2O 排放的排
放因子
𝐸𝐹 𝑁,𝐿𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐻− 𝐻 0.0075 t N2O - N/t leaching and runoff N IPCC(2006)
氮肥以NH3 和 NOx 形式挥发的系数 𝐹rac 𝐺𝐴𝑆𝑀 0.1 t 挥发 N/t 施用氮 IPCC(2006)
氮肥通过溶淋/径流的氮损失系数 𝐹rac 𝐿𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐻− 𝐻 0.3 leaching and runoff/ t applicate N IPCC (2006)
粪便管理环节以氮挥发和沉降引起的N2O排
放因子
𝐸𝐹V,MMS 0.01 t N2O-N/t NH3 - N + NOx - N IPCC(2006)
粪便管理环节以氮溶淋和径流引起的 N2O
的排放因子
𝐸𝐹L,MMS 0.0075 t N2O - N/t leaching N IPCC(2006)
粪便田间施用环节N2O的直接排放系数 𝐸𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑,𝑁2𝑂,𝐷 0.02 t emission N/t applicate N IPCC (2006)
粪便田间施用环节通过氮挥发和沉降的引起
的N2O排放系数
𝐸𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑,𝐺𝐴𝑆𝑀,𝑁2𝑂
0.01 t N2O-N/（t NH3-N+NOx-N） IPCC(2006)
粪便田间施用环节通过氮淋溶和径流引起的
N2O排放系数
𝐸𝐹land,LEACH−(H),N2O
0.0075 t N2O-N/t leaching and runoff N IPCC(2006)
化肥和粪尿还田利用
Fertilizer and manure land application

2020
Items January February March April May June July August September October November December
Methodology
Framework of
methodology
structure
Preliminary
calculation formula
Draft of
methodology
Final methodology
document
Assessment indicators
Model structure (with
methodology)
Database
Feed
Standard value of
excretion
Emission factor
Other database
Software
module
Data input
Calculation and
results
Graphic output
Mitigation option
Software testing
时间安排 Time table

时间安排 Time table
2021
Items January February March April May June July August September October November December
Methodology
Framework of methodology
structure
Preliminary calculation formula
Draft of methodology
Final methodology document
Assessment indicators
Model structure (with methodology)
Database
Feed
Standard value of excretion
Emission factor
Other database
Software
module
Data input
Calculation and results
Graphic output
Mitigation option
Software testing

下一步工作计划 Next step
CAAS
1. 针对中国奶牛养殖场制定可行
性缓解方案
2. 试点农场的监测和评估
3. 为中国奶牛养殖场建立温室气
体和其他环境指标
4. 提供政策建议
5. 合作交流
 对试验和示范农场数据进行评估（2020）
Monitoring and evaluation results of pilot farms after the data
collection by CAU (2020)
 组织撰写中国奶牛养殖温室气体减排技术指南（2020-2021）
Organize Technical Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emission
Reduction (2020-2021)
 继续开发并完成中国奶牛养殖的温室气体和其他环境指标评估
模型（2020-2021）
Continue to develop GHG and other environmental indicators
assessment model for Chinese dairy sector (2020-2021)
 结合国家现有支持政策、减排技术指南、评估模型、减排措施
示范推广效果提出政策建议（2021）
Combined with the existing national policies, mitigation option
guideline, environmental assessment model, and effect of demonstration,
deliver policy recommendations (2021)