LOW EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT
IN LARGE-SCALED FARM IN CHINA
Dr. Wei Wang Prof. Shengli Li
王蔚 副教授 李胜利 教授
2020-09-28
CCAFS LED PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

General Picture of
China dairy sector

2001- backyard dairy farm

2001- cooperative dairy farming

2018- Large-scaled dairy farm

装备水平和饲料条件提高
Equipment and feed quality improving
装备水平大幅提升、产业素质显著提升
Better facilities with improved efficiency
19.5
26.8
30.6
32.9
37.2
41.1
45.2
49
53
58
61
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
%
规模化养殖比例提升40个百分点
40% increase in large-scale farm percentage
36.8%
50% 52%
90%
100%
90%
TMR使用率 机械化挤奶 青贮使用率
2008 2018
TMR penetration Mechanized milking Silage penetration

奶牛产业十年来持续转型升级，单产
提升60%，总产量保持稳定，满足牛
奶的有效供给
In the recent 10 years, the dairy sector is
keeping transformation and upgradation. Unit-
yield level has increased by 60%, while the
general production can fulfill the market
demand.
奶业由数量增长向质量、效益转型升级
From numeric increase to quality improvement
4.6
4.8 4.8
5.4 5.5 5.5
6.0 6.0
6.4
7.0
7.4
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
牛奶产量（万吨,左轴）
来源：中国奶业统计资料

Ø 牧业集团的养殖集中度提高
Dairy farming concentration ratio of animal husbandry
group increases quickly
Ø 2018年前40位养殖集团存栏192万头、日
产量2.66万吨，比2015年增长40%、60%
In 2018, the top 40 dairy fam had a total of 1.92
million heads in stock with a daily milk production of
26,600 tons, increase of 40% and 60% over 2015,
respectively.
来源：国家奶牛产业技术体系
大型牧场发展迅速，成为乳企奶源主力军
Booming of the large scaled dairy farming and modernized source milk base
Diary herd
(left axis, 10k heads)
Milk production
(right axis, 10k MT/day)

中国奶业与欧洲奶业生产对比
China dairy V.S. EU dairy production
EU-15
l Average herd size at 80-
150 heads
l Integration system of
dairy and crop farming
l Relying much on self-
plant crops
China
l Average herd size at
800-1000 heads
l Separation of dairy and
crop farming
l Relying much on
imported forage like
alfalfa and oat hay

奶牛养殖对环境的影响持续吸引关注
Growing attention on environmental impact of dairy sector

奶牛养殖对环境的影响持续吸引关注
Growing attention on environmental impact of dairy sector
(Rotz et al., 2017)

Carbon equivalent per milk produced-
a new performance parameter
p How much the carbon equivalent number
will be for Chinese dairy farms?
p Is the “ high-input-high-output-high-
emission” mode a sustainable
development mode for China dairy
farming?
p Will the evolution towards environmental
protection cost too much?
Source: DairyCo UK
Questions for China Dairy sector
Carbon contents are assigned to milk (12 g of C/g of milk N) and animal tissue
(0.23 g of C/g of animal mass) based upon their protein, carbohydrate, and lipid
contents (USDA, 2005).

The CCFAS LED
project
Phase I. Survey on different scaled diary farms in China
Phase II. Total farm approach design and implement on demo
farms, cooperating with giant dairy processor

Phase I Survey
济南
郑州
合肥
南京
上海
台北
福州
南昌
杭州
广州
长沙
南宁
贵阳
昆明
武汉
重庆成都
兰州
银川
呼和浩特
西宁
拉萨
乌鲁木齐
西安
太原
石家庄
北京
沈阳
长春
天津
哈尔滨
香港
澳门
海口
Under the support of the National Dairy Industry and Technology System (NDITS),
data were collected from 107 pilot dairy farms in the sysem.
Max farm size: 20159 heads
Average size: 1884 heads
Regions Province
Surveyed
number
Northern
China
Beijing 11
Hebei 8
Tianjin 6
Shanxi 3
Inner Mongolia 10
Northeast Heilongjiang 17
Liaoning 1
East China Shandong 15
Fujian 2
Central and
southern
China
Guangdong 2
Henan 11
Northwest
China
Ningxia 7
Shaanxi 3
Xinjiang 5
Southwest
China
Chongqing 4
Guizhou 1
Total 107

Global emissions from cattle milk and beef supply chains

Provide information according to the
questionnaire designed by CAAS
Feed input:
Detailed TMR
information
Purchased roughage
Transport distance
…
Energy input:
Electricity
Gas
Petrol
Water
Diesel
…
Manure treatment:
Lagoon
Bedding
Back to cropland
Biogas
Compost
…

Mean min max
daily intake in kg dry matter(dm) per day 6.12 0.00 12.00
Total alfalfa 2.56
Imported alfalfa 2.16 0.00 17.90
Domestic alfalfa 0.40 0.00 3.55
Hebei alfalfa 0.23 0.00 3.55
Total alfalfa silage 0.05
Domestic alfalfa silage 0.05 0.00 1.50
Hebei alfalfa silage 0.02 0.00 0.90
Total Oat grass 1.03 .
Imported Oat grass 0.27 0.00 2.23
Domestic Oat grass 0.76 0.00 3.12
Hebei Oat grass 0.00 0.00 0.62
Total corn silage (all domestic/Hebei) 6.62 1.20 8.70
Total peanut straw (all domestic/Hebei) 0.01 0.00 0.91
Total wheat straw (all domestic/Hebei) 0.05 0.00 4.28
Total Corn (all domestic) 2.06 0.00 5.54
Hebei Corn 1.98 0.00 5.54
Total Soybean meal 1.03 0.00 3.33
Domestic Soybean meal 0.29 0.00 2.70
Hebei Soybean meal 0.24 0.00 2.70
Total cotton seed (all domestic) 1.12 0.00 6.37
Hebei cotton seed 0.06 0.00 1.82
Total molasses (all domestic) 0.11 0.00 1.50
Hebei molasses 0.09 0.00 1.50
Total sugar beet pulp (all domestic) 0.33 0.00 1.81
Hebei beet pulp 0.08 0.00 1.35
Total brewers' grain (all domestic) 0.29 0.00 5.72
Hebei brewers grain 0.20 0.00 5.72
Concentrate composition information
(case study-Hebei province)

10.01
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100
tons/head/year
Farms
The average milk yield was 10.01 t (head/yr.) which ranged from 3.0 to 19.7 t (hea/ yr.).
It is higher than the national level in 2019.
Milking performance of different coutries
in 2019
country tons/head/year
ISRAEL 11.85
Canada 10.68
US 10.61
Netherlands 8.67
German 8.09
China 7.8
Australia 6.17
New Zealand 4.4
Milking performance of the investigated farms

Farm output value
Size
Milk
price
（RMB/
kg）
Total output
value
(RMB/head/
yr)
Total cost
(RMB/hea
d/yr)
Profit
(RMB/head/
yr)
profit margins（%）
large 3.91 32183 25513 6670 20.7%
middl
e
3.8 24731 20210 4520 18.3%
small 3.69 22561 16716 5845 25.9%
Avera
ge
3.8 26492 20814 5678.54
21.4%
Small-scale farm with the lowest milk price（3.69 RMB/kg） and production value, but it seems
to be the best model to make profit because of they have the highest profit margins.
Performance of the investigated farms
1.9
2.2 2.3
3.3
4.47
2.3
2.75 2.6
3.85
6.17
新西兰 荷兰 美国 中国 日本
成本 奶价
RMB/kg
New Zealand Netherlands
U.S.A China Japan

A large proportion of the manure were used as bedding material or were returned to cropland nearby.
0.0% 0 1.2%
3.5% 4.7% 4.7%
9.3% 10.5% 11.6%
16.3%
22.1%
26.7%
29.1%
37.2%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
01grasslands
14cesspitstorage
07
com
post（
intensive
m
anagem
ent）
08
com
post（
passivitypiled）
06
com
post（
staticalpiled）
13outside
storage
04palygrounddried
12m
ethaneproject
05com
postsealcell
10aerobictreatm
ent
03solidpilednaturally
11lagoon
02returnedto
cropland
09asbeddingm
aterial/ferm
entation…
methodsoutofthewholefarms
methods
Manure management
Manure management of investigated farms

Project Phase Ⅱ
JIALIHE
Ø Attract giant dairy processor and dairy farms on board
- Contract signed with: MENGNIU, YILI, JIALIHE dairy (Tianjin, 34265 heads in
total, 40% dairy product market share in Tianjin province)

Total farm approach design

Preliminary analysis of collected data from 25 farms
1
6
11
1
6
<500 500-1000 1001-2000 2001-3000 3000-5000
numberofsacledfarm
heads/farm
Statistical description of the scale of farms
选项 小计 比例
全株玉米青贮 corn silage 25 100%
黄贮 corn stalk silage 1 4%
牧草青贮 grass silage 2 8%
小麦青贮 wheat silage 0 0%
苜蓿青贮 alfalfa silage 4 16%
进口苜蓿 import alfalfa 18 72%
国产苜蓿 local alfalfa 16 64%
羊草 Chinese wildrye 7 28%
燕麦草 oat hay 23 92%
黑麦草 ryegrass 0 0%
玉米秸秆 corn stalk 2 8%
稻秸 rice straw 4 16%
麦秸 wheat straw 9 36%
花生秧 peanut straw 2 8%
地瓜秧 sweet potato vines 0 0%
甘蔗渣 bagasse 0 0%
全棉籽 whole cotton seed 23 92%
其他粗饲料 others 2 8%
本题有效填写人次 total participants 25
Depending largely on the imported alfalfa and oat hay
Little usage of local roughage sources
Roughage involvement by category

p We have the best technical experts with strong
theoretical basis and proficient practice
p We have the perfect standard operation process of
farm assessment and enough experience to push the
study toward.
p We can help the farm make a good plan to reduce
the cost and carbon emission.
Next steps:
Organizing experts to assess the model farm

Planned Farm Assessment
1
2
3
Theoretical
study
Farm
assessment
Summary

ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
Dr. Lini Wollenberg
Mr. Jelle Zijlstra
Mr. Nan Zhang 张楠 Mrs. Caixia Zhang 张彩霞 Mrs. Min Li 李敏
Dr. Na Lu 卢 娜
Dr. Kun Yao 姚 琨
Mr. Jianmin Xia 夏建民
Prof. Dr. Hongmin Dong 董红敏 研究员
Dr. Sha Wei 魏莎