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Canaries 2014 ssnof1_la palma

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Présentation du volcanisme des Canaries, sur cette première partie, celui de l'ile de La Palma. Contexte géodynamique, morphologies et dynamismes.

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Canaries 2014 ssnof1_la palma

  1. 1. Le volcanisme de la Palma – Canaries Morphologies et dynamismes C. Esteyries J.J. Guillou – Octobre 2014
  2. 2. Sommaire Le contexte géotectonique des îles Canaries Localisation Chimisme Contexte de point chaud Différences avec les points chauds de la plaque pacifique La Palma Evolution de l’île La caldera de Taburiente – La Cumbre Nueva – El Bejenado La dorsale sud : La Cumbre Vieja – El Teneguia Un problème d’origine, les différents sens de « caldera » : un cas typique de caldera d’effondrement à La Réunion
  3. 3. Contexte géotectonique - Localisation
  4. 4. Contexte géotectonique - Chimisme
  5. 5. Contexte géotectonique – Point chaud (1/3)
  6. 6. Contexte géotectonique – Point chaud (2/3)
  7. 7. Contexte géotectonique – Point chaud (3/3)
  8. 8. Contexte géotectonique – Différences avec Hawaï (1/2)
  9. 9. Contexte géotectonique – Différences avec Hawaï (2/2)
  10. 10. Stades d’évolution des différentes îles
  11. 11. La Palma - Les grandes unités géologiques 2- Formations Taburiente 1.72 – 0.58 Ma 5- Volcan Bejenado 0.55 – 0.40 Ma 1- Complexe basal sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma 4- Face du glissement sectoriel Aridane 0.56 Ma 7- Cumbre Vieja < 0.125 Ma Rift zone N-S 3- Cumbre Nueva 0.83 – 0.57 Ma 6- Formation de Los Roques 0.40 Ma 8- El Teneguia, dernière éruption 1971
  12. 12. Chronologie des formations - Cumbre Vieja (< 0.125 Ma), coulées basanitiques, dômes phonolitiques et cônes de scories dont El Teneguia (1971) - Caldera d’érosion (3 à 5m/ka), dépôts torrentiels - Formation de Los Roques et phonolites de la caldera de Taburiente (0.40 Ma) - El Bejenado (0.55 à 0.40 Ma), basaltes à phonolites - Caldera d’avalanche issue du glissement sectoriel Aridane (0.56 Ma) - Cumbre Nueva (0.83 à 0.57 Ma) - Formations de Taburiente 1.72 à 0.58 Ma Formations supérieures (0.83 à 0.58 Ma), basanites Dépôts détritiques (1.1 à 0.71 Ma) Formations intermédiaires (1.12 à 0.83 Ma), Coulées basanitiques horizontales Sur 400m de puissance dans une dépression ouverte vers le sud, puis débordent Caldera d’érosion creusée dans le complexe Garafia, surface de glissement entre les formations sous-marines et sub-aériennes (1.20 à 1.13 Ma) Complexe de Garafia sub-aérien (1.72 à 1.21 Ma) en discordance sur le complexe basal : Basaltes et trachy-basaltes + dykes de basalte, trachyte, phonolite - Complexe basal sous-marin (pillow-lava) en cours de soulèvement (4 à 2 Ma) + gabbros + dômes de trachyte. Premiers glissements sectoriels à 2 Ma. - Sédiments pliocène supérieur reposant sur la croûte océanique datée à 180 Ma
  13. 13. Evolution d’un volcan-bouclier Croûte océanique Intrusions sous forme de sills Remaniement des sédiments Coulées à pillows Failles listriques et glissement Eruption surtseyenne Cône phréato-magmatique Coulées de débris Isolement des centres éruptifs / mer Construction de delta de coulées Hyaloclastites en base de coulées Mares de lave (pression)
  14. 14. Paramètres d’instabilité
  15. 15. Complexe sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma Pillow lava Pédoncules
  16. 16. Hyaloclastites issues de la fragmentation de la croûte vitreuse des pillows Vacuoles remplies de zéolites Complexe sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma
  17. 17. Intrusions de dykes dans les pillow-lava Croûte vitreuse des pillows Complexe sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma
  18. 18. Conduits d’amenée de la lave Les pillows se forment en bout de conduit Les pillows se forment lorsque la lave s’écoule sur une pente assez forte Complexe sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma
  19. 19. Remaniement des pillows Coulées de débris polygéniques Complexe sous-marin 4 à 2 Ma
  20. 20. Dôme de trachyte recoupé de dykes basiques - Montée de Los Brecitos Trachyte et gabbro associés au complexe sous-marin Pyroxénite (gabbro)
  21. 21. Formations intermédiaires à supérieures 1.12 à 0.58 Ma Empilement de coulées basanitiques (400 m) surmontant des pyroclastites (70 m)
  22. 22. Formations intermédiaires et supérieures 1.12 à 0.58 Ma
  23. 23. Cumbre Nueva 0.83 à 0.57 Ma Dyke basanatique recoupant des coulées – Détail bordure figée du dyke
  24. 24. Phonolites au sommet de la caldera de Taburiente 0.40 Ma Pillow lava Pédoncules
  25. 25. Phonolites au sommet de la caldera de Taburiente 0.40 Ma Dyke phonolitique Coulée phonolitique Retombées basanitiques
  26. 26. Phonolites au sommet de la caldera de Taburiente 0.40 Ma Dyke phonolitique nourrissant les coulées Coulées phonolitiques
  27. 27. Phonolites au sommet de la caldera de Taburiente 0.40 Ma Dyke phonolitique Bordure de dyke
  28. 28. Caldera de Taburiente Glissement sectoriel de 180 à 200 km3 (0.56 Ma) au niveau de la Cumbre Nueva, construction d’El Bejenado, puis érosion formant la Caldera de Taburiente se surimposant à un premier glissement (1.20 – 1.13 Ma) affectant le complexe de Garafia
  29. 29. Caldera de Taburiente 1700 m de dénivelé
  30. 30. Les dépôts en mer issus de l’érosion et du glissement
  31. 31. Evolution après glissement sectoriel Complexe sous-marin Alluvions issues des Faces d’arrachement Alluvions issues du Complexe sous-marin Glissement sectoriel Aridane 0.56 Ma Erosion régressive Construction du Volcan Bejenado Blocage du barranco de la Cumbrecita Destruction du flanc Nord du Bejenado Caldera Taburiente Amphithéâtre d’érosion
  32. 32. Caldera de Taburiente Les dépôts torrentiels du Barranco de Las Angustias
  33. 33. Caldera de Taburiente – Les dépôts torrentiels Litage décimétrique, éléments roulés, hétérométriques et polygéniques
  34. 34. Caldera de Taburiente – Les dépôts torrentiels Basaltes du complexe sous-marin et éléments épidotitisés Phonolites à débit en lauze
  35. 35. Cumbre Vieja < 0.124 Ma Flanc d’un cône strombolien avec des retombées pyroclastiques litées basaltiques (lapilli)
  36. 36. Cumbre Vieja Spatter-cone basaltique issu d’une Fontaine de lave
  37. 37. El Teneguia 1971 Cône strombolien et coulées associées partant vers la mer
  38. 38. Cône adventice du Teneguia Cône strombolien formé de retombées (lapilli) à cratère dissymétrique
  39. 39. El Teneguia 1971 Coulée lavique prismée basaltique Coulée lavique de type aa
  40. 40. Revenons sur un facteur de confusion : il y a caldera et caldera, le même mot pouvant servir (1) pour un phénomène proprement volcanique, l’effondrement de la partie centrale du massif, donnant une dépression circulaire cernée d’une falaise comme à Tenerife. (2) pour des glissements sectoriels (effondrements gravitaires) Tenerife et La Palma (3) pour des phénomènes d’érosion régressive qui forme un amphithéâtre comme la caldera de Taburiente à La Palma (2) et (3) affectent surtout les parois du volcan. Pour plus de clarté, illustrons le premier cas à La Réunion.
  41. 41. La Réunion. Un panorama de la côte Ouest
  42. 42. La Réunion. Un panorama de la côte Ouest
  43. 43. Caldera double du Piton de la Fournaise
  44. 44. La Réunion. Caldera 1 vue de la falaise bordière : « rempart 1»
  45. 45. La Réunion. Fond de la caldera 1 et falaise bordière : « rempart 1»
  46. 46. Fond de la caldera 1
  47. 47. Fond de la caldera 2. Le piton de la Fournaise à l’horizon
  48. 48. Fond de la caldera 2 et cône strombolien
  49. 49. Fond de la caldera 2 et falaise bordière : « rempart 2» Tunnel de lave au premier plan
  50. 50. Fond de la Caldera 2, « rempart 2», le « rempart 1 » à l’arrière A l’horizon le Piton des Neiges
  51. 51. //www.lave.be/main/expeditions/Tenerife_2009/complexe_volcanique_du_teide.htm //www.earth-of-fire.com/article-tenerife-la-caldera-del-rey-121786999.html //monchujo.blogspot.fr/2009/01/teide.html //www.webtenerifefr.com/sites-destinations/parc-national-teide/geolog%C3%ADa.htm ://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/123713/filename/Doctorat_2002.pdf logical and Geodynamic Context of the Teide Volcanic Complex, Carracedo et al., 2013 arque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente, Guia Geologica, (2009) nerife Guide n°49, Geologist’s Association, (2003) olcanism, H.U. Schmincke, (2004) he Canary Islands: an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic-island anoes, J.C. Carracedo, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 60 (1994) 225-241 olution of ocean-island rifts : The northeast rift zone of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Carracedo et al., GSA Bulletin; March/April (2011) v. 123; no. 3/4; p. 562-584 mplications for the early shield-stage evolution of Tenerife from K/Ar ages and magnetic tigraphy, H. Guillou, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222 (2004) 599-614 fectiveness of combined unspiked KeAr and 40Ar/39Ar dating methods in the 14C age ra uillou et al., Quaternary Geochronology 6 (2011) 530-538 aldera Volcanism : analysis, modeling and response, J. Gottsman et J. Marti, (2008) plosive Volcanism of Tenerife, Canary Islands, R. Cas et al., IAVCEI Field Guide Series, 1, (2010) s Roques de Garcia formation, J. Marti et al., Stratigraphy and geology of volcanic areas (2010) orphologies of conductive structures inside and around the Las Cañadas caldera, N. Coppo, (2008) Références

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