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1. The Economic value of Open Source Software Carlo Daffara European Working Group on Libre Software TransferSummit 2011 - Oxford Conecta Research

2. The Economic value of Open Source Software (for Europe) Carlo Daffara European Working Group on Libre Software TransferSummit 2011 - Oxford Conecta Research

3. “GPL poses a threat to the intellectual property of any organization making use of it. It fundamentally undermines the independent commercial software sec tor because it effectively makes it impossible to distribute software on a basis where recipients pay for the product rather than just the cost of distribution. ... In effect, it puts at risk the continued vitality of the independent software sector.” (Craig Mundie, Microsoft, talk at NY University, 2001) The economic value of Open Source Software

4. “[..] the aim of free software is not to enable a healthy business on software but rather to make it even impossible to make any income on software as a commercial produc t.” (Thomas Lutz, Microsoft representative at Tunis WSIS) The economic value of Open Source Software

5. “It is quite possible that the open source movement will ultimately result in a collapse of the indus tr y , and that would not be a good thing.“ (Gene Quinn, patent attorney) The economic value of Open Source Software

6. “[OSS supporters] ... they need to accept the ground rules that most of us live in a capitalist society, we have the right to raise and provide for a family, and that until we all wake up in a FOSS developer’s paradise, we have to live and work inside of that context. I’d love to hear how a proprietary-free software world could work.” (James Turner, O'Reilly radar) The economic value of Open Source Software

7. “(SBU) If the law passes in current form, the provisions for mandatory use of OSS will have grave repercussions ... By nature, OSS requires code sharing, and could pose security concerns for important BRV institutions, such as PDVSA, EDELCA (the electric company), or CADIVI (the Foreign Exchange Control Authority). Though OSS software has only a one-time license fee -- and therefore seems more cost-effective -- critics claim the system can be less-user friendly and requires frequent technical support (which can often be costlier than licensing). According to Microsoft, no government in the world has successfully used Linux for large operations”. Wikileaks, 06CARACAS1778 The economic value of Open Source Software

8. “The GPL effectively prevents profit-making firms from using any of the code since all derivative products must also be distributed under the GPL license” (Evans, D., in “Government policy toward open source software”, R.W.Hahn, editor, AEI-Brookings JCRS) The economic value of Open Source Software

9. “Open-source software is deliberately developed outside of market mechanisms... the nonmarket coordination mechanism fails to contribute to the creation of value in development, as opposed to the commercial software market. [It] does not generate profit, income, jobs or taxes … In the end, the developed software cannot be used to generate profit.” (Kooths S., Lagenfurth M. “Open Source-Software: An Economic Assessment” University of Muenster, Muenster Institute for Computational Economics) The economic value of Open Source Software

10. “[Open Source] ... suppresses quality competition between OS firms and restricts their output much as an agreement to suppress competition on quality would. .. We find that the first-best solution in our model is to tax OS firms and grant tax breaks to [proprietar y sw] firms .” (Engelhardt, Maurer, 2010 Goldman School of Public Policy) The economic value of Open Source Software

11. “Rail travel at high speed is not possible because passengers, unable to breathe, would die of asphyxia.” Dr. Dionysus Lardner (1793-1859), Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at University College, London. “Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.” Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), ca. 1895, British mathematician and physicist The economic value of Open Source Software

12. “A study carried out between January and June 2010 shows that despite the desired affirmative action for open source products, in almos t half (47.5%) of the tenders there is s till a preference for closed source vendors or products. This preference inevitably results in not giving vendors of FLOSS a fair chance to win the bid. (Mathieu Paapst, Center for Law and IT, University of Groningen, the Netherlands) The economic value of Open Source Software

13. ● The vendor must employ MS certified employees. ● Asking for an operating system to be used together with the Microsoft Campus Agreement. ● If your bid is open source you should give extra guarantees concerning the stability of the open source community. ● Not allowing “zero-price” licenses. ● Demanding that offered applications must be certified by Microsoft, are Oracle 10 compliant and using the official Microsoft style guide as much as possible. The economic value of Open Source Software

14. Measuring value is complex. A bad way of doing it: “First we listed the major open source products. Then we looked at the commercial equivalents. Next we looked at the average cost of both the open source products and the commercial products, giving us a net commercial cost. We then multiplied the net cost of the commercial product by our open source shipping estimates.” (Jim Johnson, Standish group) The economic value of Open Source Software

15. Some groups measured the total revenues of OSS firms; so Pierre Audoin Consultants found a total market of 7B€ in 2008. Unfortunately, HP alone made 2.5B$ in Linux-related consulting in 2003, while IBM made 4.5B$ in OSS-related revenues in 2005. In fact, the majority of OSS-related revenues are not made by OSS companies at all. And the software market is not that easy to define as well. The economic value of Open Source Software

16. The economic value of Open Source Software

18. This provides us with an overall IT spending estimate for Europe: 492B€ approximately 24% is hardware software and services market: 374B€ software market: 244B€ The economic value of Open Source Software

23. Total OSS package adoption value: 41B€ The economic value of Open Source Software

31. How much Open Source is inside the average codebase? The economic value of Open Source Software

32. ● Black Duck analysis of large code projects (avg. 700MB of code): 22% is OSS, up to 80% of new development is avoided through OSS ● On average, 30% of implemented functionalities is based on reused OSS code (Sojer M., Henkel J. “Code reuse in Open Source Software Development”) ● “sampling continues to find that between 30% and 70% of code submitted is .. in the form of OSS components and commercial libraries” (Veracode, “State of Software Security Report volume 3”, 2011) The economic value of Open Source Software

34. 35% of code created in the last 5 years The economic value of Open Source Software

35. What value does OSS reuse brings in? (Abts, Boehm, Bailey Clark “Empirical observations on COTS software integration effort based on the initial COCOTS calibration database”) The economic value of Open Source Software

36. Total OSS source adoption value: 41B€ The economic value of Open Source Software

37. “Figures suppor t the idea that FOSS solu tions are more innovative than proprietar y ones: indeed, in all the three dimensions, experts’ evaluations are higher for FOSS than for proprietary software. … FOSS software not only show different levels of innovativity, but, as far as, new to the world products are concerned, they are also shaped by different innovation processes: radical innovation in the FOSS vs. incremental innovation in proprietary field.” (Rossi, Lorenzi, “Innovativeness of Free/Open Source solutions”) The economic value of Open Source Software

38. "The growing rate, or the number of functions added, was greater in the open source projects than in the closed source projects. This indicates that the OSS approach may be able to provide more features over time than by using the closed source approach. (Paulson, Succi, Eberlein “An Empirical Study of Open Source and Closed Source Software Products”) The economic value of Open Source Software

39. (Mohagheghi, Conradi, Killi and Schwarz “An Empirical Study of Software Reuse vs. Defect- Density and Stability”) The economic value of Open Source Software

40. "Findings indicate that community Open Source applications show a slower growth of maintenance eﬀort over time.” (Capra, Francalanci, Merlo “The Economics of Community Open Source Software Projects: An Empirical Analysis of Maintenance Effort”) “The fourth law of software evolution, implying constant incremental effort, might be violated (Koch “Evolution of Open Source Software Systems – A Large-Scale Investigation”) The economic value of Open Source Software

41. Deshpande, Riehle “The Total Growth of Open Source” The economic value of Open Source Software

42. Total value of OSS reuse per year: 116B€ The economic value of Open Source Software

44. “While IBM initially contributed software that was valued at 40M$, external contributors to the project created software representing a value of roughly 1.7B$ over the examined period.” (Spaeth, Stuermer, von Krogh “Enabling knowledge creation through outsiders: towards a push model of open innovation”) The economic value of Open Source Software

47. “[non-code] outside contributions are signicant. Open Cascade estimates that they represent about 20 % of the value of the software. Matra Datavision had to inject approximately 2M€ per year to continue to develop its tools. In 2000, the company limited the costs to 1.2 million.” (Jullien, Clement- Fontaine, Dalle “New Economic Models, New Software Industry Economy”) The economic value of Open Source Software

49. With proprietary software, 86% of SW spending goes outside of Europe-and reduces local company margins Ecosystem Revenues compared with MS revenues by partner type Product- Services- Retail Logistics Logistics-Oriented Oriented Oriented Value-Added Partner Partner (e.g., Large Microsoft Partner (e.g., Large Partner (e.g., Partner (e.g., (e.g., VAR) Retail Electronics Account Reseller) ISV, IHV) SI, Hoster) Store) $1 $4.09 $2.44 $2.30 $2.70 $2.93 1 24% 40.9% 43.5% 37% 34% Source: Partner Opportunity in the Microsoft Ecosystem, IDC 2011; analysis by Daffara The economic value of Open Source Software

50. If the savings are reinvested in ICT, the company gains an advantage in terms of efficiency is substantially larger than the investment value: “the measured long-run contributions of computerization are significantly above computer capital costs - a factor of five or more in point estimates” (Brynjolfsson, Hitt “Computing productivity: firm-level evidence”) The economic value of Open Source Software

52. Revenue per employee rating (FLOSS firms vs. Industry average) Computer Equipment 182% Software consultancy and supply 427% Services (excl. software cons. and supply) 211% Manufacturing (excl. computer equip.) 136% Other 204% ALL: 221% Source: MERIT The economic value of Open Source Software

53. Revenue ratio: FLOSS firms vs. Industry average (FLOSS firms vs. Industry average) Computer Equipment 1115% Software consultancy and supply 262% Services (excl. software cons. and supply) 177% Manufacturing (excl. computer equip.) 4501% Other 1045% ALL: 758% Source: MERIT The economic value of Open Source Software

54. Source: Venice International University TEDIS study The economic value of Open Source Software

55. So – we know now that OSS is a good thing for Europe and its economy. What can we do to improve things further? A few hints: ● Government: don't give out big money in big projects. They end up all in large SIs with limited real impact on OSS. ● Try to enforce fair tenders – after all, Government and PAs are one of the largest market in Europe. ● Knowledge and tools to increase the reuse percentage The economic value of Open Source Software

57. Source: Dirk Riehle, “The open source big bang” The economic value of Open Source Software

58. value appropriated collaborate and redefine champion contribute use Time engineering driven business driven denial single product multiple projects step 1: crossing the chasm between denial and use. It requires knowledge on what is available, countering wrong beliefs and FUD, best practices for adoption and migration The economic value of Open Source Software

59. value step 2: from users to contributors. It requires appropriated Information on legal aspect, how to cooperate and interact with projects, partnering collaborate and redefine champion contribute use Time engineering driven business driven denial single product multiple projects The economic value of Open Source Software

60. value step 3: from contributors to champions. Requires appropriated information on business models, on sustainability, on relative profitability of models and the interaction between licensing and community collaborate and redefine champion contribute use Time engineering driven business driven denial single product multiple projects The economic value of Open Source Software

61. Thanks! Carlo Daffara cdaffara@conecta.it http://carlodaffara.conecta.it

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