Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017

Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Budget OfficeWebmaster at Congressional Budget Office
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Public Spending on Transportation
and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
October 2018
This publication updates the exhibits in CBO’s report Public Spending on Transportation and Water
Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014 (March 2015), www.cbo.gov/publication/49910.
1
CBO
Public Spending on Transportation
and Water Infrastructure
2
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Bureau of the Census.
a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 2017
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Water
Transportation
Billions of 2017 Dollars
Water Utilitiesa
($113 billion)
Water Resourcesb
($29 billion)
Aviation
($37 billion)
Water Transportation
($10 billion)
Rail
($5 billion)
Highways
($177 billion)
Mass Transit
($70 billion)
3
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
GDP = gross domestic product.
a. Those price indexes for government spending measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure.
b. That price index measures the prices of goods and services that make up the nation’s GDP.
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure Under
Alternative Adjustments for Inflation, 1956 to 2017
441
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
Based on
Infrastructure-Specific
Price Indexesa
Based on the GDP
Price Indexb
4
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
GDP = gross domestic product.
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a
Share of GDP, 1956 to 2017
2.3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Percentage of GDP
5
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’
Shares of Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by
Category of Spending, 2017
Federal
Government:
$72 Billion
(41%)
State and Local
Governments:
$102 Billion
(59%)
Capital
($174 Billion)
Federal
Government:
$27 Billion
(10%)
State and Local
Governments:
$240 Billion
(90%)
Operation and Maintenance
($266 Billion)
6
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure.
b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs
used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure.
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by
Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017
174
266
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
Capitala
Operation and Maintenanceb
7
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
Shares of Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and
Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level
of Government, 2017
Capital:
$102 Billion
(30%)
Operation and
Maintenance:
$240 Billion
(70%)
State and Local Governments
($342 Billion)
Capital:
$72 Billion
(73%)
Operation and
Maintenance:
$27 Billion
(27%)
Federal Government
($98 Billion)
8
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water
infrastructure.
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by
Level of Government, 1956 to 2017
342
98
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
State and Local Governments
Federal Government
9
CBO
Federal Spending on Transportation
and Water Infrastructure
10
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water
infrastructure.
Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure,
1956 to 2017
98
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Percentage of Total Federal Spending
11
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by
Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
Percent
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Highways
47
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Aviation
17
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Mass Transit and Rail
17
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Transportation
5
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Utilitiesb
4
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Resourcesa
10
12
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure.
b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs
used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure.
Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by
Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017
72
27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
Capitala
Operation and Maintenanceb
13
CBO
State and Local Spending on
Transportation and Water
Infrastructure
14
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies.
Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water
infrastructure.
State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water
Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
342
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
15
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies.
a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water
Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
Percent
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Highways
38
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Mass Transit and Rail
17
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Aviation
6
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Transportation
2
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Resourcesa
5
0
25
50
75
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Utilitiesb
32
16
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies.
a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs
used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure.
b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure.
State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water
Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017
102
240
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Billions of 2017 Dollars
Operation and Maintenancea
Capitalb
17
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
Federal grants include the value of federal loan subsidies for the purchase of transportation and water infrastructure capital.
Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water
infrastructure.
State and Local Capital Spending on Transportation and Water
Infrastructure, by Source of Funds, 1956 to 2017
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Percentage From Federal Grants
Percent
State and Local
Revenues
Federal Grants
0
50
100
150
200
250
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
By Source
Billions of 2017 Dollars
64
102
18
CBO
Public Spending on Transportation
and Water Infrastructure, by Type of
Infrastructure
19
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
GDP = gross domestic product.
a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a
Share of GDP, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
Percentage of GDP
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Highways
0.9
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Mass Transit and Rail
0.4
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Resourcesa
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Aviation
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Transportation
0.1
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Utilitiesb
0.6
20
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance
of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of
Infrastructure, 2017
36%
28%
31%
34%
28%
53%
64%
72%
69%
66%
72%
47%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Water Transportation
Water Resources
Aviation
Mass Transit and Rail
Water Utilities
Highways
Billions of Dollars
a
b
Capital Operation and Maintenance
21
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure.
b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs
used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure.
c. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
d. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance
of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of
Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
Billions of 2017 Dollars
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Highways
Capitala
Operation and Maintenanceb
94
83
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Mass Transit and Rail
49
26
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Aviation
26
11
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Transportation
7
4 0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Resourcesc
21
8 0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Utilitiesd
82
31
22
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau.
a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’
Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of
Infrastructure, 2017
44%
35%
45%
23%
4%
26%
56%
65%
55%
77%
96%
74%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Water Transportation
Water Resources
Aviation
Mass Transit and Rail
Water Utilities
Highways
Billions of Dollars
b
a
Federal State and Local Governments
23
CBO
Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water
infrastructure.
a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’
Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of
Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
Billions of 2017 Dollars
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Highways
State and Local
Governments
Federal Government
131
46
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Mass Transit and Rail
17
58
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Aviation
17
20
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Transportation
4
6
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Resourcesa
10
19
0
50
100
150
1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Water Utilitiesb
4
109
24
CBO
The Congressional Budget Office updated this material using the methods that
were described in an appendix to a 2010 report, modified by changes described
in an appendix to a 2015 report. See Public Spending on Transportation and
Water Infrastructure (November 2010), www.cbo.gov/publication/21902, and
Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014
(March 2015), www.cbo.gov/publication/49910.
Specifically, CBO obtained data about federal outlays from the Office of
Management and Budget and about state and local governments’ outlays from
the Census Bureau. CBO then converted those nominal (current-dollar) data into
real (inflation-adjusted) data, using two sets of price indexes created by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis that track government expenditures and
investment. One set of indexes measures the prices of materials and other inputs
used by state and local governments to build transportation and water
infrastructure and was applied to nominal capital spending to convert it into
constant dollars; the other set measures the prices of materials and other inputs
used to operate and maintain that infrastructure and was applied to spending for
operation and maintenance.
How Did CBO Prepare This Update?
25
CBO
All years referred to are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1
to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which
they end.
Numbers in the figures may not add up to totals because of rounding.
Detailed spending tables are available as a supplement to this
publication at www.cbo.gov/publication/54539.
Nathan Musick prepared this publication with contributions from
Joseph Kile, Jeffrey Kling, Benjamin Plotinsky, Jorge Salazar, Chad
Shirley, and David Wylie.
Notes and Acknowledgments
1 of 26

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Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017

  • 1. CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 October 2018 This publication updates the exhibits in CBO’s report Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014 (March 2015), www.cbo.gov/publication/49910.
  • 2. 1 CBO Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure
  • 3. 2 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Bureau of the Census. a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 2017 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Water Transportation Billions of 2017 Dollars Water Utilitiesa ($113 billion) Water Resourcesb ($29 billion) Aviation ($37 billion) Water Transportation ($10 billion) Rail ($5 billion) Highways ($177 billion) Mass Transit ($70 billion)
  • 4. 3 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. GDP = gross domestic product. a. Those price indexes for government spending measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. b. That price index measures the prices of goods and services that make up the nation’s GDP. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure Under Alternative Adjustments for Inflation, 1956 to 2017 441 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars Based on Infrastructure-Specific Price Indexesa Based on the GDP Price Indexb
  • 5. 4 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. GDP = gross domestic product. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a Share of GDP, 1956 to 2017 2.3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Percentage of GDP
  • 6. 5 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’ Shares of Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 2017 Federal Government: $72 Billion (41%) State and Local Governments: $102 Billion (59%) Capital ($174 Billion) Federal Government: $27 Billion (10%) State and Local Governments: $240 Billion (90%) Operation and Maintenance ($266 Billion)
  • 7. 6 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017 174 266 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars Capitala Operation and Maintenanceb
  • 8. 7 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. Shares of Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government, 2017 Capital: $102 Billion (30%) Operation and Maintenance: $240 Billion (70%) State and Local Governments ($342 Billion) Capital: $72 Billion (73%) Operation and Maintenance: $27 Billion (27%) Federal Government ($98 Billion)
  • 9. 8 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government, 1956 to 2017 342 98 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars State and Local Governments Federal Government
  • 10. 9 CBO Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure
  • 11. 10 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 98 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars 2.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Percentage of Total Federal Spending
  • 12. 11 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 Percent 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Highways 47 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Aviation 17 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Mass Transit and Rail 17 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Transportation 5 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Utilitiesb 4 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Resourcesa 10
  • 13. 12 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017 72 27 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars Capitala Operation and Maintenanceb
  • 14. 13 CBO State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure
  • 15. 14 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 342 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars
  • 16. 15 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 Percent 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Highways 38 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Mass Transit and Rail 17 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Aviation 6 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Transportation 2 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Resourcesa 5 0 25 50 75 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Utilitiesb 32
  • 17. 16 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. State and local spending is net of federal grants and loan subsidies. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2017 102 240 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Billions of 2017 Dollars Operation and Maintenancea Capitalb
  • 18. 17 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. Federal grants include the value of federal loan subsidies for the purchase of transportation and water infrastructure capital. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Capital Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Source of Funds, 1956 to 2017 38 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Percentage From Federal Grants Percent State and Local Revenues Federal Grants 0 50 100 150 200 250 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 By Source Billions of 2017 Dollars 64 102
  • 19. 18 CBO Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure
  • 20. 19 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. GDP = gross domestic product. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a Share of GDP, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 Percentage of GDP 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Highways 0.9 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Mass Transit and Rail 0.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Resourcesa 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Aviation 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Transportation 0.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Utilitiesb 0.6
  • 21. 20 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 2017 36% 28% 31% 34% 28% 53% 64% 72% 69% 66% 72% 47% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Water Transportation Water Resources Aviation Mass Transit and Rail Water Utilities Highways Billions of Dollars a b Capital Operation and Maintenance
  • 22. 21 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. c. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). d. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 Billions of 2017 Dollars 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Highways Capitala Operation and Maintenanceb 94 83 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Mass Transit and Rail 49 26 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Aviation 26 11 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Transportation 7 4 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Resourcesc 21 8 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Utilitiesd 82 31
  • 23. 22 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’ Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 2017 44% 35% 45% 23% 4% 26% 56% 65% 55% 77% 96% 74% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Water Transportation Water Resources Aviation Mass Transit and Rail Water Utilities Highways Billions of Dollars b a Federal State and Local Governments
  • 24. 23 CBO Source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of freshwater (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’ Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 Billions of 2017 Dollars 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Highways State and Local Governments Federal Government 131 46 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Mass Transit and Rail 17 58 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Aviation 17 20 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Transportation 4 6 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Resourcesa 10 19 0 50 100 150 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016 Water Utilitiesb 4 109
  • 25. 24 CBO The Congressional Budget Office updated this material using the methods that were described in an appendix to a 2010 report, modified by changes described in an appendix to a 2015 report. See Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure (November 2010), www.cbo.gov/publication/21902, and Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014 (March 2015), www.cbo.gov/publication/49910. Specifically, CBO obtained data about federal outlays from the Office of Management and Budget and about state and local governments’ outlays from the Census Bureau. CBO then converted those nominal (current-dollar) data into real (inflation-adjusted) data, using two sets of price indexes created by the Bureau of Economic Analysis that track government expenditures and investment. One set of indexes measures the prices of materials and other inputs used by state and local governments to build transportation and water infrastructure and was applied to nominal capital spending to convert it into constant dollars; the other set measures the prices of materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain that infrastructure and was applied to spending for operation and maintenance. How Did CBO Prepare This Update?
  • 26. 25 CBO All years referred to are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. Numbers in the figures may not add up to totals because of rounding. Detailed spending tables are available as a supplement to this publication at www.cbo.gov/publication/54539. Nathan Musick prepared this publication with contributions from Joseph Kile, Jeffrey Kling, Benjamin Plotinsky, Jorge Salazar, Chad Shirley, and David Wylie. Notes and Acknowledgments