Design Like DaVinci

Brian Sullivan
Brian SullivanDirector, User Research and Usability at Sabre Corporation
Design Like DaVinci
“Beyond this place
 there be dragons.”
In Instanbul (1502)…
A Strange Request is Made
Golden Horn Bridge Sketch
Da Vinci Details the Design
Da Vinci’s Bridge to Nowhere
In 1991, It’s Built in Norway
Why Da Vinci?
Hi, my name is
 Brian Sullivan.




  @bigdesign
@BrianKSullivan
    #davinci
Design Like DaVinci
Design Like DaVinci
My Friends and I run the Big Design Conference.
Top 10 Thinkers of All-Time
  1. Leonardo Da Vinci
  2.    William Shakespeare
  3.    The Pyramid Builders
  4.    Johanne Wolfgang van Goethe
  5.    Michelangelo
  6.    Sir Isaac Newton
  7.    Thomas Jefferson
  8.    Alexander the Great
  9.    Phidias (the Architect of Rome)
  10.   Albert Einstein
                  source: Tony Buzan’s Book of Genius (1994)
Design Like DaVinci
7 Steps to Everyday Genius
1.   Be curious. You should be constantly learning.
2.   Test knowledge. Learn from your mistakes.
3.   Improve your own experience. Make it multi-sensory.
4.   Embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty.
5.   Whole-brain thinking (science/art, logic/emotion).
6.   Know the physical world (grace, dexterity, fitness).
7.   Use system-thinking. See interconnections.


Every designer should have these characteristics
(and every problem-solver).
• Content
UX Sketch Books Published
UX Sketch Paper Created
•   A3 and A4 Sketching Paper
•   Four Dots Per Inch A4 Paper
•   iPhone Wireframe Sheets
•   Android Application Sheets
•   4 Cell Storyboard Paper
•   ZURB Sketch Sheets
•   6-UP Sketch Sheets
Sketch Software Released




• Sketch Flow   • Basalmiq
UX Sketching: Design Studio




 • Participants produce several sketches.
 • Discuss and critique, then re-sketch.
 • Merge ideas into one design concept.
Generate, Refine...Repeat




You use the creative and evaluate sides
of your brain in Design Studios.
Can Da Vinci Apply to UX?
Da Vinci’s
True Legacy
The Last Supper (1495-98)
Mona Lisa (1503-05)
Only 30 Finished Paintings
Sketches: Greatest Legacy
He Was a Prolific Sketcher


   13,000
        pages
13,000 Pages Equates To…
    Harry Potter Series          4,100
+   Chronicles of Narnia           768
+   Lord of the Rings Trilogy    1,011
+   Hunger Games Trilogy         1,155
+   Game of Thrones Series       4,197
+   9/11 Commission Report       1,181
+   NIV Bible                      585
                  Total Pages   12,997
6,000 Storyboards for Brave




               Source: Mashable (2012)
Under a Painting is a Sketch
Lots of Sketches Per Page
•    Vitruvian Man = 2
•    Shoulders = 7
•    Flowers = 20
•    Spike Ladder = 7
•    Glider = 8
•    Tank = 3

He is the most prolific
sketcher ever.
5 Sketching Secrets
Da Vinci’s Sketching Method
1.   Sketch by hand on sheets of paper.
2.   Do initial sketches alone.
3.   Review with others, later.
4.   Use annotations, arrows, and labels.
5.   Save and re-visit earlier sketches.
1. Use Separate Pages




      Codex Atlanticus (over 1,000 individual sketches)
No iPad
No Field Notes/Moleskine




  Bound pages are too constraining.
Separate Pages
Design Like DaVinci
Design Like DaVinci
Design Like DaVinci
Leonardo Lessons:
Sketch by Hand:
1. No constraints.
2. Quick and cheap.
3. No special skills.
On Separate Pages:
1. Portable.
2. Re-organized.
3. Grouped.
2. Do Initial Sketches Alone




Da Vinci dissected 10 cadavers for his
over 750 sketches on human anatomy.
Da Vinci Sketched Alone




He would initially sketch alone. Then, a
doctor reviewed for technical accuracy.
“Cause of a Sweet Death”
          Da Vinci asked an old man
          if he could him dissect him
          when he died. The old
          man accepted.

          Leonardo held the old
          man when he died. He
          started dissecting within a
          few minutes.
Two Artists, Same Interest




Da Vinci and Michaelangelo dissected
human cadavers—socially repugnant.
Sketch Alone
Leonardo Lessons:
Sketch Alone:
1. No distractions.
2. Generate faster.
3. Incubate time.
4. Reflect, inspire.
5. Breathing room.
6. Avoid group
   think.
3. Review with Others




Marcontonio della Torre reviewed the
human anatomy sketches for accuracy.
Reviewed by Generals




Da Vinci reviewed sketches of weapons
with generals and soldiers.
Review Together
Leonardo Lessons:
Review Together:
1. Need expertise.
2. Collaboration.
3. Validation.
4. Accuracy.
5. Consensus.
4. Annotate, Arrows, Labels




Da Vinci’s sketches were wireframes:
pictures with words, arrows, and labels.
Dissecting a Da Vinci Sketch
            1.   Picture in center.
            2.   Label on top.
            3.   Annotate on side.
            4.   Arrows point to
                 key content.
Wireframe are the Same
                 1.   Picture in center.
                 2.   Label on top.
                 3.   Annotate on side.
                 4.   Arrows point to
                      key content.
Yes, a picture is worth a 1,000 words.
Words with pictures equals clarity.
Leonardo Lessons:
Sketches Need:
1. Picture
2. Description
3. Arrows
4. Annotations
5. Labels
5. Save and Re-visit Later




Some scholars think Da Vinci used an
early form of the Cornell Method.
Da Vinci’s Shortcuts
 Main                           Questions
content                            and
 area                           Keywords




          Summary Information
Reorganized Sketches




      Codex Atlanticus (over 1,000 individual sketches)
Grouped Weapon Sketches




Da Vinci drew these sketches at different
times, but they are grouped together.
Grouped Anatomy Sketches




Marcontonio della Torre wanted to publish
this work, but he died of the Black Death.
Technology Helps Us Group

 Evernote            Fireworks




            Flickr               Facebook
Revisit Later
Leonardo Lessons:
Store & Re-visit:
1. Don’t throw out.
2. Store for later.
3. Cluster together.
4. Make findable.
5. Revisit later.
Generating Ideas
1.   Strive for Quantity
2.   Defer Judgment
3.   Seek New Combinations
4.   Use Your Imagination
1. Strive for Quantity
Vitruvian Man is an
iconic sketch of
human potential.
The Greek scholar,
Vitruvius, said a man’s
body could fit inside
a circle and a square.
750 Anatomy Sketches
Three Masterpieces



Innovation scholars predict that it takes
3,000 raw ideas for 1 successful idea.
• 13,000 sketches = 3 Masterpieces
• 750 anatomy sketches = Vitruvian Man
Leonardo Lessons:
1. Quantity Leads
   to Quality.
2. 13,000 sketches
   led to 3 classic
   masterpieces.
2. Defer Judgment
“It is easier to resist
 in the beginning
 than at the end.”
         - Da Vinci

Defer positive and
negative judgment.
Sketch of The Last Supper
Jesus and Judas Problems
Two Years Later…
EXCELLENT   SUPER



                     SPECTACULAR
            KILLER
            NEAT
            SWEET
COOL
AWESOME
 BEST            WOW
 #1              YES
REJECT



                    DENIED
PAINFUL
          NIX IT!
          NOPE
          WEAK
BLOWS
IT SUCKS!!!
 BAD            UGLY
 #2              NO
Leonardo Lessons:
1. Positive judgment
   shuts you down.
2. Negative judgment
   shuts you down.
3. Your own judgment
   blocks you, too.
4. Your sketch is a
   draft to re-visit.
3. New Combinations




   Da Vinci had a pet dragon.
Leonardo’s Pet Dragon
  Da Vinci created a pet
  dragon by gluing other
  animal parts to a lizard.
  •   He added fish scales.
• •   He gave it a bat ears.
  •   He painted the lizard.
  •   He added wings that
      flapped when it walked.
•


    Da Vinci always looked to put
    things to another use.
The First Automobile
  Using the existing tools
  of his day, he made the/
  the first automobile.
  •   Steering columns.
• •   Rack and pinions.
  •   Wheels.
  •   Cranks.
  •   Springs.
Leonardo Lessons:
1. New combinations
   from existing parts.
2. Put old things to a
   new uses.
3. Take an element
   and make it bigger
   or smaller.
4. Use Your Imagination
“Why does the eye
 see a thing more
 clearly in dreams
 than the imagination
 when awake?”
        - Da Vinci
Design Like DaVinci
Common Response Zone
Da Vinci’s Flying Machines
Successful Glider Test




In 2006, scientists flew a Da Vinci Glider,
using available material from his time.
Leonardo Lessons:
1. Avoid the common
   response zone.
2. More ideas force
   you to use your
   imagination.
3. Let ideas incubate.
   Re-visit with a new
   perspective.
1.   Strive for Quantity
2.   Defer Judgment
3.   Seek New Combinations
4.   Use Your Imagination
Refining Ideas
1.   Use Positive Judgment
2.   Consider Novelty
3.   Stay Focused
4.   Redirect Yourself
1. Use Positive Judgment
“The greatest
 deception men
 suffer is from their
 own opinions.”
         - Da Vinci
65,000 thoughts per day.
65% are negative, roughly 42,000.
He Struggled Personally
REJECT




                    DENIED
PAINFUL
          NIX IT!
          NOPE
          WEAK
BLOWS
IT SUCKS!!!
 BAD            UGLY
 #2              NO
Leonardo Lessons:
1. Use positive
   judgment first.
2. Explore for value
   and benefit.
3. Avoid the natural
   tendency to think
   initially negative.
2. Consider Novelty
“There are three
 classes of people:
 those who see, those
 who see when they
 are shown, those
 who do not see.”

       - Da Vinci
The City of Venice called one of
Da Vinci’s inventions “impractical”.
Pope Leo X Bans Autopsies
Da Vinci’s dissections
of cadavers was seen
as disgusting. It was
outlawed by the Pope.
Sultan Rejected His Bridge
            “Swoop and poop!
             The executive
             seagull maneuver.”
                  - Jared Spool
Leonardo Lesson:
1. Don’t dismiss novel
   ideas immediately.
2. Novel ideas might
   lead to innovations.
3. Many of Leonardo’s
   ideas were rejected.
4. Your idea may be
   ahead of its time.
3. Stay Focused
“As every divided
 kingdom falls, so
 every mind divided
 between many
 studies confounds
 and saps itself.”

       - Da Vinci
Perfectionist & Procrastinator
Break       Lunch       Break

You will lose focus from time to time.
Take a break. Go for a walk. Re-focus.
The Da Vinci Dilemma
Too many talents, not enough time.
• Mathematician
• Scientist
• Anatomist
• Military Strategist
• Civil Engineer
• Artist
• Sketcher
A Death Bed Confession
“I have offended God
 and mankind because
 my work didn't reach
 the quality it should
 have.”
            - Da Vinci
Leonardo Lessons:
1. Stay focused on
   what’s important.
2. Take breaks or
   walks to re-focus.
3. Focus on one thing
   at a time.
4. Don’t procrastinate.
5. Perfectionism kills
   productivity.
4. Redirect Yourself
Cesar Borgia, Short Bio
•   Son of a Pope
•   Cardinal by age 17
•   Killed his brother
•   Dictator in his land
•   Survived poisoning
•   Killed many followers
•   Died in war
•   Patron of Da Vinci
    for a short time
Machiavelli, Short Bio
          • Politician for 14 years
          • Head of Florence militia
          • Wrote The Prince

          • “Ends justify the means.”
          • “Better to be feared
             than loved.”
          • “Too much freedom can
             lead to the soul's decay.”
Borgia: Machiavelli’s Prince
Da Vinci Caught in Middle
Design Like DaVinci
Suffered Severe Trauma
Da Vinci had "a profound
psychological change . . .
as a result of his terrifying
experiences“ with Borgia.
source: Paul Strathern (2010)
Da Vinci Built Maps
Improved Borgia’s Fortress




It had rounded walls to counter the
direct impact of a cannonball. Interior
walls led to fortified positions.
Designed a Movable Bridge
Da Vinci’s “Grotesque Error”
Imagine what Borgia
would done with:
• Glider
• Crossbow
• Tank
• Cluster Bomb
• Machine Gun
• Helicopter
• Hand-crank catapult
Da Vinci Redirects His Work
Da Vinci gives Borgia
defensive items:
• Map of Milan
• Map of Imola
• Hedometer
• Movable Bridges
• Improved Ladder
• Fortress Redesign
Da Vinci Redirects His Work
“I will not publish, nor divulge such things
 because of the evil nature of men.”
                                  - Da Vinci
Stores Them in a Codex




      Codex Atlanticus (most of his military sketches)
“I have wasted
 my hours.”
     Final words of Da Vinci
Leonardo Lessons:
1. You cannot avoid
   politics.
2. Maintain your own
   values, to the end.
3. Design can be done
   under duress.
4. Re-direct yourself
   to positive things.
Final Thoughts
5 Sketching Secrets
1.   Sketch by hand. Use sheets of paper.
2.   Do initial sketches alone.
3.   Review with others, later.
4.   Use annotations, arrows, and labels.
5.   Save and re-visit earlier sketches.
• Content
1.   Strive for Quantity
2.   Defer Judgment
3.   Seek New Combinations
4.   Use Your Imagination
1.   Use Positive Judgment
2.   Consider Novelty
3.   Stay Focused
4.   Redirect Yourself
1.   Strive for Quantity     1.   Use Positive Judgment
2.   Defer Judgment          2.   Consider Novelty
3.   Seek New Combinations   3.   Stay Focused
4.   Use Your Imagination    4.   Redirect Yourself
Design Like DaVinci
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Design Like DaVinci

  • 2. “Beyond this place there be dragons.”
  • 6. Da Vinci Details the Design
  • 7. Da Vinci’s Bridge to Nowhere
  • 8. In 1991, It’s Built in Norway
  • 10. Hi, my name is Brian Sullivan. @bigdesign @BrianKSullivan #davinci
  • 13. My Friends and I run the Big Design Conference.
  • 14. Top 10 Thinkers of All-Time 1. Leonardo Da Vinci 2. William Shakespeare 3. The Pyramid Builders 4. Johanne Wolfgang van Goethe 5. Michelangelo 6. Sir Isaac Newton 7. Thomas Jefferson 8. Alexander the Great 9. Phidias (the Architect of Rome) 10. Albert Einstein source: Tony Buzan’s Book of Genius (1994)
  • 16. 7 Steps to Everyday Genius 1. Be curious. You should be constantly learning. 2. Test knowledge. Learn from your mistakes. 3. Improve your own experience. Make it multi-sensory. 4. Embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty. 5. Whole-brain thinking (science/art, logic/emotion). 6. Know the physical world (grace, dexterity, fitness). 7. Use system-thinking. See interconnections. Every designer should have these characteristics (and every problem-solver).
  • 18. UX Sketch Books Published
  • 19. UX Sketch Paper Created • A3 and A4 Sketching Paper • Four Dots Per Inch A4 Paper • iPhone Wireframe Sheets • Android Application Sheets • 4 Cell Storyboard Paper • ZURB Sketch Sheets • 6-UP Sketch Sheets
  • 20. Sketch Software Released • Sketch Flow • Basalmiq
  • 21. UX Sketching: Design Studio • Participants produce several sketches. • Discuss and critique, then re-sketch. • Merge ideas into one design concept.
  • 22. Generate, Refine...Repeat You use the creative and evaluate sides of your brain in Design Studios.
  • 23. Can Da Vinci Apply to UX?
  • 25. The Last Supper (1495-98)
  • 27. Only 30 Finished Paintings
  • 29. He Was a Prolific Sketcher 13,000 pages
  • 30. 13,000 Pages Equates To… Harry Potter Series 4,100 + Chronicles of Narnia 768 + Lord of the Rings Trilogy 1,011 + Hunger Games Trilogy 1,155 + Game of Thrones Series 4,197 + 9/11 Commission Report 1,181 + NIV Bible 585 Total Pages 12,997
  • 31. 6,000 Storyboards for Brave Source: Mashable (2012)
  • 32. Under a Painting is a Sketch
  • 33. Lots of Sketches Per Page • Vitruvian Man = 2 • Shoulders = 7 • Flowers = 20 • Spike Ladder = 7 • Glider = 8 • Tank = 3 He is the most prolific sketcher ever.
  • 35. Da Vinci’s Sketching Method 1. Sketch by hand on sheets of paper. 2. Do initial sketches alone. 3. Review with others, later. 4. Use annotations, arrows, and labels. 5. Save and re-visit earlier sketches.
  • 36. 1. Use Separate Pages Codex Atlanticus (over 1,000 individual sketches)
  • 38. No Field Notes/Moleskine Bound pages are too constraining.
  • 43. Leonardo Lessons: Sketch by Hand: 1. No constraints. 2. Quick and cheap. 3. No special skills. On Separate Pages: 1. Portable. 2. Re-organized. 3. Grouped.
  • 44. 2. Do Initial Sketches Alone Da Vinci dissected 10 cadavers for his over 750 sketches on human anatomy.
  • 45. Da Vinci Sketched Alone He would initially sketch alone. Then, a doctor reviewed for technical accuracy.
  • 46. “Cause of a Sweet Death” Da Vinci asked an old man if he could him dissect him when he died. The old man accepted. Leonardo held the old man when he died. He started dissecting within a few minutes.
  • 47. Two Artists, Same Interest Da Vinci and Michaelangelo dissected human cadavers—socially repugnant.
  • 49. Leonardo Lessons: Sketch Alone: 1. No distractions. 2. Generate faster. 3. Incubate time. 4. Reflect, inspire. 5. Breathing room. 6. Avoid group think.
  • 50. 3. Review with Others Marcontonio della Torre reviewed the human anatomy sketches for accuracy.
  • 51. Reviewed by Generals Da Vinci reviewed sketches of weapons with generals and soldiers.
  • 53. Leonardo Lessons: Review Together: 1. Need expertise. 2. Collaboration. 3. Validation. 4. Accuracy. 5. Consensus.
  • 54. 4. Annotate, Arrows, Labels Da Vinci’s sketches were wireframes: pictures with words, arrows, and labels.
  • 55. Dissecting a Da Vinci Sketch 1. Picture in center. 2. Label on top. 3. Annotate on side. 4. Arrows point to key content.
  • 56. Wireframe are the Same 1. Picture in center. 2. Label on top. 3. Annotate on side. 4. Arrows point to key content. Yes, a picture is worth a 1,000 words. Words with pictures equals clarity.
  • 57. Leonardo Lessons: Sketches Need: 1. Picture 2. Description 3. Arrows 4. Annotations 5. Labels
  • 58. 5. Save and Re-visit Later Some scholars think Da Vinci used an early form of the Cornell Method.
  • 59. Da Vinci’s Shortcuts Main Questions content and area Keywords Summary Information
  • 60. Reorganized Sketches Codex Atlanticus (over 1,000 individual sketches)
  • 61. Grouped Weapon Sketches Da Vinci drew these sketches at different times, but they are grouped together.
  • 62. Grouped Anatomy Sketches Marcontonio della Torre wanted to publish this work, but he died of the Black Death.
  • 63. Technology Helps Us Group Evernote Fireworks Flickr Facebook
  • 65. Leonardo Lessons: Store & Re-visit: 1. Don’t throw out. 2. Store for later. 3. Cluster together. 4. Make findable. 5. Revisit later.
  • 67. 1. Strive for Quantity 2. Defer Judgment 3. Seek New Combinations 4. Use Your Imagination
  • 68. 1. Strive for Quantity Vitruvian Man is an iconic sketch of human potential. The Greek scholar, Vitruvius, said a man’s body could fit inside a circle and a square.
  • 70. Three Masterpieces Innovation scholars predict that it takes 3,000 raw ideas for 1 successful idea. • 13,000 sketches = 3 Masterpieces • 750 anatomy sketches = Vitruvian Man
  • 71. Leonardo Lessons: 1. Quantity Leads to Quality. 2. 13,000 sketches led to 3 classic masterpieces.
  • 72. 2. Defer Judgment “It is easier to resist in the beginning than at the end.” - Da Vinci Defer positive and negative judgment.
  • 73. Sketch of The Last Supper
  • 74. Jesus and Judas Problems
  • 76. EXCELLENT SUPER SPECTACULAR KILLER NEAT SWEET COOL AWESOME BEST WOW #1 YES
  • 77. REJECT DENIED PAINFUL NIX IT! NOPE WEAK BLOWS IT SUCKS!!! BAD UGLY #2 NO
  • 78. Leonardo Lessons: 1. Positive judgment shuts you down. 2. Negative judgment shuts you down. 3. Your own judgment blocks you, too. 4. Your sketch is a draft to re-visit.
  • 79. 3. New Combinations Da Vinci had a pet dragon.
  • 80. Leonardo’s Pet Dragon Da Vinci created a pet dragon by gluing other animal parts to a lizard. • He added fish scales. • • He gave it a bat ears. • He painted the lizard. • He added wings that flapped when it walked.
  • 81. Da Vinci always looked to put things to another use.
  • 82. The First Automobile Using the existing tools of his day, he made the/ the first automobile. • Steering columns. • • Rack and pinions. • Wheels. • Cranks. • Springs.
  • 83. Leonardo Lessons: 1. New combinations from existing parts. 2. Put old things to a new uses. 3. Take an element and make it bigger or smaller.
  • 84. 4. Use Your Imagination “Why does the eye see a thing more clearly in dreams than the imagination when awake?” - Da Vinci
  • 88. Successful Glider Test In 2006, scientists flew a Da Vinci Glider, using available material from his time.
  • 89. Leonardo Lessons: 1. Avoid the common response zone. 2. More ideas force you to use your imagination. 3. Let ideas incubate. Re-visit with a new perspective.
  • 90. 1. Strive for Quantity 2. Defer Judgment 3. Seek New Combinations 4. Use Your Imagination
  • 92. 1. Use Positive Judgment 2. Consider Novelty 3. Stay Focused 4. Redirect Yourself
  • 93. 1. Use Positive Judgment “The greatest deception men suffer is from their own opinions.” - Da Vinci
  • 94. 65,000 thoughts per day. 65% are negative, roughly 42,000.
  • 96. REJECT DENIED PAINFUL NIX IT! NOPE WEAK BLOWS IT SUCKS!!! BAD UGLY #2 NO
  • 97. Leonardo Lessons: 1. Use positive judgment first. 2. Explore for value and benefit. 3. Avoid the natural tendency to think initially negative.
  • 98. 2. Consider Novelty “There are three classes of people: those who see, those who see when they are shown, those who do not see.” - Da Vinci
  • 99. The City of Venice called one of Da Vinci’s inventions “impractical”.
  • 100. Pope Leo X Bans Autopsies Da Vinci’s dissections of cadavers was seen as disgusting. It was outlawed by the Pope.
  • 101. Sultan Rejected His Bridge “Swoop and poop! The executive seagull maneuver.” - Jared Spool
  • 102. Leonardo Lesson: 1. Don’t dismiss novel ideas immediately. 2. Novel ideas might lead to innovations. 3. Many of Leonardo’s ideas were rejected. 4. Your idea may be ahead of its time.
  • 103. 3. Stay Focused “As every divided kingdom falls, so every mind divided between many studies confounds and saps itself.” - Da Vinci
  • 105. Break Lunch Break You will lose focus from time to time. Take a break. Go for a walk. Re-focus.
  • 106. The Da Vinci Dilemma Too many talents, not enough time. • Mathematician • Scientist • Anatomist • Military Strategist • Civil Engineer • Artist • Sketcher
  • 107. A Death Bed Confession “I have offended God and mankind because my work didn't reach the quality it should have.” - Da Vinci
  • 108. Leonardo Lessons: 1. Stay focused on what’s important. 2. Take breaks or walks to re-focus. 3. Focus on one thing at a time. 4. Don’t procrastinate. 5. Perfectionism kills productivity.
  • 110. Cesar Borgia, Short Bio • Son of a Pope • Cardinal by age 17 • Killed his brother • Dictator in his land • Survived poisoning • Killed many followers • Died in war • Patron of Da Vinci for a short time
  • 111. Machiavelli, Short Bio • Politician for 14 years • Head of Florence militia • Wrote The Prince • “Ends justify the means.” • “Better to be feared than loved.” • “Too much freedom can lead to the soul's decay.”
  • 113. Da Vinci Caught in Middle
  • 115. Suffered Severe Trauma Da Vinci had "a profound psychological change . . . as a result of his terrifying experiences“ with Borgia. source: Paul Strathern (2010)
  • 116. Da Vinci Built Maps
  • 117. Improved Borgia’s Fortress It had rounded walls to counter the direct impact of a cannonball. Interior walls led to fortified positions.
  • 119. Da Vinci’s “Grotesque Error” Imagine what Borgia would done with: • Glider • Crossbow • Tank • Cluster Bomb • Machine Gun • Helicopter • Hand-crank catapult
  • 120. Da Vinci Redirects His Work Da Vinci gives Borgia defensive items: • Map of Milan • Map of Imola • Hedometer • Movable Bridges • Improved Ladder • Fortress Redesign
  • 121. Da Vinci Redirects His Work “I will not publish, nor divulge such things because of the evil nature of men.” - Da Vinci
  • 122. Stores Them in a Codex Codex Atlanticus (most of his military sketches)
  • 123. “I have wasted my hours.” Final words of Da Vinci
  • 124. Leonardo Lessons: 1. You cannot avoid politics. 2. Maintain your own values, to the end. 3. Design can be done under duress. 4. Re-direct yourself to positive things.
  • 126. 5 Sketching Secrets 1. Sketch by hand. Use sheets of paper. 2. Do initial sketches alone. 3. Review with others, later. 4. Use annotations, arrows, and labels. 5. Save and re-visit earlier sketches.
  • 128. 1. Strive for Quantity 2. Defer Judgment 3. Seek New Combinations 4. Use Your Imagination
  • 129. 1. Use Positive Judgment 2. Consider Novelty 3. Stay Focused 4. Redirect Yourself
  • 130. 1. Strive for Quantity 1. Use Positive Judgment 2. Defer Judgment 2. Consider Novelty 3. Seek New Combinations 3. Stay Focused 4. Use Your Imagination 4. Redirect Yourself