1. Functional
Programming for All
Zachary McCoy
みんなの関数型プログラミング

2. About Me
• Scala
• Iowa, USA
• twitter - @ZachAMcCoy
• email - zach.mccoy@banno.com

3. What is Functional
Programming?
• Programming… with functions
• Functions as the main abstraction
• Functions as first class values
「関数を用いたプログラミング」
「関数を主な抽象化の道具とする」「第一級値としての関数」

4. What is Functional
Programming?
• Controlled side effects
• Restricts how we write programs, but not what we
can express
「制御された副作用」
「表現の幅は狭めずに、プログラムの書き方を制約する」

5. Functional Programming
• Pure functional core with a layer of side effects on
the outside
• Side effect - an action in addition to return
values
• FP - Evaluating expressions
• Imperative - programs are composed of statements
中核は純粋関数でその外側の層で副作用が実行される
FP は式を評価するのに対し、命令型は命令文から成る

6. What is a function?
• An expression involving one or more variables
• Domain and Co-Domain
• Unique mapping from D -> CD
• Immutability, produces something new
関数とは1つもしくは複数の値に関する式
ドメインとコドメインの一意対応、イミュータブル

7. Pure Functions
• No observable side-effects
• Anything that isn’t returning a result
• Mutation
• I/O
• Depends only on arguments or subset of
純粋関数は副作用を持たず、結果は引数にのみ依存する

8. Pure Functions
• Examples
• Hashing
• Arithmetic
純粋関数例：ハッシュ化、算術演算

9. Why does purity matter?
• Side effects cause order of evaluation to matter
• Only have to use local reasoning
• Composition and reusability
副作用は実行／評価順の考慮が必要になる、局所化、
合成と再利用性

10. Why does purity matter?
• Separate the computation over the input from how
to obtain it
• Guarantees Referential Transparency
演算と入力を与える方法を分離、参照透過性を保証

11. Referential Transparency
• An expression can be replaced by its value,
provided the expression is pure
• A function can only be RT if the inputs are also RT
• Referential Transparency enables equational
reasoning
参照透過性 (RT): 純粋な式がその値と置き換え可能なこと
関数が参照透過であるためには、入力も透過である必要がある

12. Substitution Model
def greaterThan5(i: Int): Option[Int] =
if(i > 5) Some(i) else None
def createMessage(): String =
greaterThan5(3).map(x => "Was greater than 5") getOrElse "Was less than or equal to 5"
def createMessage2(): String =
(if(3 > 5)
Some(3)
else
None).map(x => "Was greater than 5") getOrElse "Was less than or equal to 5"
def createMessage3(): String =
None.map(x => "Was greater than 5") getOrElse "Was less than or equal to 5"
置き換えモデル

13. Formalize Referential
Transparency
• An expression, E, is said to be referentially
transparent if E can be replaced with its value
without changing the behavior of a program
• Same effect and output in the end
参照透過性の形式化：式をその値と置き換えることができる
プログラムの振る舞いは作用を含め変わってはいけない

14. Referential Transparency
• Mathematics!
• (2 * 2 = 4)
• Returning errors as values, rather than side
effecting
参照透過性は数学!
エラーは、副作用ではなく、値で返す

15. How does this tie together?
• Pure functions enable Referential Transparency
• RT enables the Substitution model and Equational
Reasoning
• Pure functions are a huge gain!
純粋関数 参照透過性 置き換えモデル＆等式推論
純粋関数 ウマー

16. Scala and FP
• Scala doesn't enforce Referential Transparency
• We have to work for it
• Limit your set of tools: no vars, pulling from out of
scope, exceptions
Scala は参照透過性を強制しないため、自前での対応が必要

17. Scala and FP
• Given an impure function of type A => C we can
split it into two functions
• Pure function of A => B, where B is the
description of the result
• Impure function of type B => C which is the
interpreter of the description
純粋でない関数 A C は、純粋関数 A B と
そのインタプリタ B C に分離することが可能

18. Calculate the oldest
最年長者の計算
case class Person(name: String, age: Int)
val p1 = Person("John", 30)
val p2 = Person("Jack", 100)

19. Calculate the oldest
これはテストするのが難しい
全部副作用で出力されているので参照透過ではない
def calculateOldest(): Unit = {
if(p1.age > p2.age)
println(s"${p1.name} is oldest")
else if(p2.age > p1.age)
println(s"${p2.name} is oldest")
else
println("They are the same age")
}

20. Separation of concerns
関心事の分離
def calculateOldest(p1:Person, p2:Person):Unit
= {
if(p1.age > p2.age)
println(s"${p1.name} is oldest")
else if(p2.age > p1.age)
println(s"${p2.name} is oldest")
else
println(s"They are the same age")
}

21. Return values
戻り値を使うことでテストしやすくなった
def calculateOldest(p1: Person, p2: Person):
Option[Person] =
if(p1.age > p2.age)
Some(p1)
else if(p2.age > p1.age)
Some(p2)
else
None

22. We can still split more
さらに細かく分ける
def result(maybePerson:Option[Person]): Unit =
maybePerson match {
case Some(Person(name, age)) =>
println(s"${p.name} is oldest")
case None =>
println("They are the same age")
}

23. A pure function core
これでコアが純粋関数になった
def calculateOldest(p1: Person, p2: Person):
Option[Person]
def result(maybePerson: Option[Person]):
String =
maybePerson.map {
case Person(name, age) =>
s"${name} is the oldest"
} getOrElse "They are the same age"
def combine(p1: Person, p2: Person): Unit =
println(result(calculateOldest(p1,p2)))

24. We’re Hiring!
zach.mccoy@banno.com
一緒に働きませんか?