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LID and Policy:
     Sustainable
Development Practices

What is Stopping Us?

                  Jon Barsanti Jr.
Developers




Policy Makers
                 Who                 Designers




                 Decision Makers
                (Municipal/County)
Competitive Advantage
                      (Others are not Doing it)




It is good for the
     economy,                                         Others are
   good for the
    community,
and good for the
                           Why                      Doing It; Can
                                                     do It Better
   environment




                       Others are doing it and if
                     I/We don’t adopt/adapt I/We
                         will lose out to other
                       communities/developers
Don’t want to learn new way
                                 of doing business




  Want to do it;
Have designer to
     do it;
Have planners on
                                  Why                            Want to do it;
                                                                  Don’t have a
     board;                                                        designer to

Meeting resistance
  from elected
                                  Not                               show how


     officials




                                   Want to do it;
                     Have a designer who knows how to do it;
                      Having a difficult time getting approved
All Development Occurs in a
                             Watershed




 Need to change
  thinking from
Water as Waste to          LID                    All Land Uses
                                                  Have a Water
                                                         Profile
Water as Resource




                      Water Quality and Water
                       Quantity will improve
All Development Occurs
     in a Watershed
   Three Parts of a Watershed
       Watershed Critical Areas
    Watershed Protected Areas
   Remainder of the Watershed
   Barriers:
   • “Highest and Best Use of the Land;”
   • One person’s/community’s out-flow is another’s
   intake
All Development Occurs
     in a Watershed
  Wetlands are nature’s filtration
             system
  Wetlands manage volume and
         sediment load
    Wetlands are key to wildlife
      habitat preservation
   Barrier: Wetland is undevelopable; Can fill and replace,
      although manufactured is not as good as natural
All Development Occurs
      in a Watershed
            Stream Buffers protect
        encroachment on ecosystem by
                development
              Stream Buffers Protect
                development from
           encroachment by ecosystem
                  (e.g. floods.)
Barriers: Inconsistent setbacks between communities; Vertical versus
Horizontal Setbacks
All Development Occurs in a
                             Watershed




 Need to change
  thinking from
Water as Waste to          LID                    All Land Uses
                                                  Have a Water
                                                         Profile
Water as Resource




                      Water Quality and Water
                       Quantity will improve
All Land Uses have a
      Water Profile
              Volume of water flow
   Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
           Suspended Solids)
Temperature of water flowing off the land
 Toxins (Oil, antifreeze, other chemicals)
        Bacteria (Pet Waste, etc.)
        From Kimberly Brewer’s Presentation to the TJCOG Smart Growth Committee
                ftp://ftp.tjcog.org/pub/tjcog/regplan/smrtgrow/devwq.pdf
All Land Uses have a
                   Water Profile
 Sources                                       Land-Use                       Contribution                   Contribution
                                                                              to N Load                      to P Load
 Residential (SF)                                   14%
                                                                                       29%                            12%
 Residential (MF)                                    1%

 Agriculture                                        20%                                36%                            51%
 Forest                                             56%                                19%                            15%
 Commercial/                                         3%                                  9%                            6%
 Industrial
 Other                                               6%                                  7%                           16%

Data from A Nutrient Credit Trading Framework for the Jordan Lake Watershed: Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Make Watershed Restoration
                                                              More Cost-Effective
                                     http://www.cfra-nc.org/documents/FinalReport-FullReport_000.pdf
All BMPs have a
    Volume/Pollutant Profile

                                 Volume of water flow
                                      Suspended Solids
                                                 Nitrogen
                                             Phosphorus

STORMWATER FLOW AND QUALITY, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PROPRIETARY STORMWATER TREATMENT MEASURES — A REVIEW
AND GAP ANALYSIS (2004) Monash University (Australia) http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200408.pdf
All Land Uses have a
                 Water Profile

         Barriers: It takes time and money to
        measure predevelopment conditions and
             post-development conditions




STORMWATER FLOW AND QUALITY, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PROPRIETARY STORMWATER TREATMENT MEASURES — A REVIEW
AND GAP ANALYSIS (2004) Monash University (Australia) http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200408.pdf
All Development Occurs in a
                             Watershed




 Need to change
  thinking from
Water as Waste to          LID                    All Land Uses
                                                  Have a Water
                                                         Profile
Water as Resource




                      Water Quality and Water
                       Quantity will improve
LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water Quantity

         How we develop
        Where we develop
      (and where we do not)
    What we do with the Run-off
       (Pipe or Percolate)
LID Can Improve Water
          Quality & Water Quantity




http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_resource.htm   http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_density.htm
LID Can Improve Water
          Quality & Water Quantity
                                                                  • Impacts on Land Start At the
                                                                  Grading Stage
                                                                  • Fertilizers can have an impact
                                                                  on water quality, even in LID
                                                                  Neighborhoods
                                                                  • Volume and Peak Flows were
                                                                  kept at predevelopment levels.
                                                                  • Need to Control Compaction,
                                                                  Minimize Soil Disturbance, and
                                                                  have on-site supervision.
http://www.jordancove.uconn.edu/jordan_cove/publications/final_report.pdf
LID Can Improve Water
          Quality & Water Quantity
                                                               Development Impacts Water Quality
                                                               • Alters Stormwater and Wastewater Flows
                                                               • Negatively Impacts water-related
                                                               ecosystems
                                                               • Impacts water Quality through
                                                                   • Creation of Impervious Surfaces
                                                                   • Spatial Position of Development
                                                                   relative to natural features
                                                                   • Introduction of Contaminants
                                                               • Impacts Wastewater through consumption
                                                               of water and the Stormwater it generates

http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
LID Can Improve Water
          Quality & Water Quantity
                                                               National Association of Home-Builders has
                                                               a large amount of information regarding
                                                               costs and benefits of Low Impact
                                                               Development

                                                               Perceived Barrier: It costs more and
                                                               does not provide a benefit to the builder


                                                               Actual Barrier: Educating the entire
                                                               community to the value versus costs of
                                                               LID (Lower Stormwater Costs, more land
                                                               can be developed; cost savings to the
                                                               community, etc.)

http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water Quantity
                                        … (In) the vast majority of cases,
                                        significant savings were realized due to:

                                        • reduced costs for site grading and
                                        preparation,

                                        • stormwater infrastructure, site paving, and
                                        landscaping.

                                        • Total capital cost savings ranged from 15
                                        to 80 percent when LID methods were
                                        used...



   http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water Quantity




   http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water Quantity




   http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
LID Can Improve Water
         Quality & Water Quantity
           • Site Design was 103 Lots on 24 Acres
           • Conventional Site Design required 270,000 Cu Ft of
           Stormwater Facilities
           • LID Required 55,000 cu ft of stormwater facilities
           • 62% of land was saved as open space
           • Cost Savings of 20% to the Developer
           • 10% More units were able to be built than
           conventional design would have allowed.
Managing stormwater in Pierce County: Kensington Estates case study sheds light on low impact development
http://www.djc.com/news/en/11135654.html
LID Can Improve Water
     Quality & Water Quantity
Type of Residential   Disturbed         Open Space           Conserved Space
Development           Space

Low Density           Could be entire   Yes – may be         No
(e.g. 1 unit/2a)      site              yard

Cluster               Could Be entire   Fragmented           No
                      site

Open Space            50% or less       50% or More          Open Space can
                                                             be undevelopable

Conservation          Less than 50%     More than 50%        Undevelopable
                                                             area excluded


Barrier(s): How each is defined varies by community/county
All Development Occurs in a
                             Watershed




 Need to change
  thinking from
Water as Waste to          LID                    All Land Uses
                                                  Have a Water
                                                         Profile
Water as Resource




                      Water Quality and Water
                       Quantity will improve
Need to Change thinking from
             stormwater as waste to
             stormwater as resource.
                                                                                           Barrier: Need
                                                                                           to change the
                                                                                           way we think
                                                                                           about water




http://waterparadigm.org/indexen.php?web=./home/homeen.html   http://www.onthecommons.org/media/pdf/original/OurWaterC
                                                              omonsOctober2008English.pdf
Need to Change thinking from
             stormwater as waste to
             stormwater as resource.
                                                                                     Barrier: We cannot
                                                                                     solve our problems
                                                                                     at the same level of
                                                                                     thinking that
                                                                                     created them


                                                                                     We need a new
                                                                                     way of looking at
                                                                                     our water quality
                                                                                     and water quantity
                                                                                     problems


http://www.clemson.edu/restoration/events/past_events/sc_water_re   http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM
sources/t4_proceedings_presentations/t4_zip/zimmer.pdf              ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
Need to Change thinking from
   stormwater as waste to
   stormwater as resource.
                                           “An urban area is an ecological system
                                           wherein humans, habitat,
                                           transportation and water infrastructure,
                                           and terrestrial and aquatic flora and
                                           fauna exist in symbiosis and
                                           interdependence. Urban fresh waters
                                           are the lifeline for ecological and
                                           economical sustainability, yet the fresh
                                           water resources are being impaired to
                                           a point that the integrity of urban
                                           waters has been damaged by excessive
                                           development and overuse….”


http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM
ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
Need to Change thinking from
   stormwater as waste to
   stormwater as resource.
                                           The concept of the Cities of the Future,
                                           the fifth paradigm of urbanization… is a
                                           paradigm of integration
                                           • Future, and existing, urban
                                           developments will accommodate
                                           landscape, drainage, transportation
                                           and habitat infrastructure systems
                                           • Cities will be resilient to extreme
                                           hydrological events and pollution
                                           • There will be adequate amounts of
                                           clean water for sustaining healthy
                                           human, terrestrial and aquatic lives
                                           • There will be an optimal balance
                                           between recreation, navigation and
                                           other economic uses of water.
http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM
ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
Barriers to Implementing
 LID Across the Region
• All Development Impacts Water Quality (Discharge,
Consumption, Compaction of Soil) (Includes 10%
Impervious Surface and above – as well as 10%
Compacted Surfaces and above.
• Highest Use of the land versus the Best Use of the land
• Need to Change the way we think (Paradigm Shift)
   • Water is Water
   • Wetlands and streams are undervalued
   • One Community’s Outflow is another Community’s
   Intake
Barriers to Implementing
  LID Across the Region
                                                     •
                                                     “Everybody
                                                     knows….” it
                                                     costs more.




http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
Barriers to Implementing
  LID Across the Region
                                                     •
                                                     Sometimes,
                                                     its is not
                                                     about the
                                                     costs (price,)
                                                     rather it is
                                                     really playing
                                                     up the
                                                     benefits



http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
Barriers to Implementing
 LID Across the Region
                                                     Cost premiums
                                                     ranging from ZERO%
                                                     to 6.27%


                                                     Energy Savings from
                                                     23% to 50%


                                                     Water Savings from
                                                     Zero to 78%



http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
Case Studies: Residential
        Development
                                                        Two Case Studies to highlight
                                                        • Asheville and Wilmington
                                                        • Asheville: Worked with Fire
                                                        Department
                                                        • Wilmington – Built before codes
                                                        ‘allowed’ LID
                                                        • Wilmington – Could not make it
                                                        work on original site; bought
                                                        more land and improved water
                                                        quality from adjoining site., in
                                                        addition to own site
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/WECO/lid/documents/NC_LID_Guidebook.pdf
Barriers to Implementing
 LID Across the Region
• Need to look at Decentralized solution for a decentralized
problem
• Our ordinances hold us back (e.g. State law now requires
communities to allow the use of cisterns and to not prohibit
their use; Definitions of Conservation Subdivisions; Transfer
of Development Rights)
• “Everybody knows….”
LID LEED and Policy l 2010
Conclusion
                                                  We have a new resource
                                                  We can ‘sing from the same
                                                  songbook.’
                                                  We can customize our solutions
                                                  to meet the requirements of our
                                                  communities and our region.
                                                  We can have a Win-Win-Win for
                                                  the consumer, the developer,
                                                  and the community.

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/WECO/lid/documents/NC_LID_Guidebook.pdf

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LID LEED and Policy l 2010

  • 1. LID and Policy: Sustainable Development Practices What is Stopping Us? Jon Barsanti Jr.
  • 2. Developers Policy Makers Who Designers Decision Makers (Municipal/County)
  • 3. Competitive Advantage (Others are not Doing it) It is good for the economy, Others are good for the community, and good for the Why Doing It; Can do It Better environment Others are doing it and if I/We don’t adopt/adapt I/We will lose out to other communities/developers
  • 4. Don’t want to learn new way of doing business Want to do it; Have designer to do it; Have planners on Why Want to do it; Don’t have a board; designer to Meeting resistance from elected Not show how officials Want to do it; Have a designer who knows how to do it; Having a difficult time getting approved
  • 5. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Need to change thinking from Water as Waste to LID All Land Uses Have a Water Profile Water as Resource Water Quality and Water Quantity will improve
  • 6. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Three Parts of a Watershed Watershed Critical Areas Watershed Protected Areas Remainder of the Watershed Barriers: • “Highest and Best Use of the Land;” • One person’s/community’s out-flow is another’s intake
  • 7. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Wetlands are nature’s filtration system Wetlands manage volume and sediment load Wetlands are key to wildlife habitat preservation Barrier: Wetland is undevelopable; Can fill and replace, although manufactured is not as good as natural
  • 8. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Stream Buffers protect encroachment on ecosystem by development Stream Buffers Protect development from encroachment by ecosystem (e.g. floods.) Barriers: Inconsistent setbacks between communities; Vertical versus Horizontal Setbacks
  • 9. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Need to change thinking from Water as Waste to LID All Land Uses Have a Water Profile Water as Resource Water Quality and Water Quantity will improve
  • 10. All Land Uses have a Water Profile Volume of water flow Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Solids) Temperature of water flowing off the land Toxins (Oil, antifreeze, other chemicals) Bacteria (Pet Waste, etc.) From Kimberly Brewer’s Presentation to the TJCOG Smart Growth Committee ftp://ftp.tjcog.org/pub/tjcog/regplan/smrtgrow/devwq.pdf
  • 11. All Land Uses have a Water Profile Sources Land-Use Contribution Contribution to N Load to P Load Residential (SF) 14% 29% 12% Residential (MF) 1% Agriculture 20% 36% 51% Forest 56% 19% 15% Commercial/ 3% 9% 6% Industrial Other 6% 7% 16% Data from A Nutrient Credit Trading Framework for the Jordan Lake Watershed: Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Make Watershed Restoration More Cost-Effective http://www.cfra-nc.org/documents/FinalReport-FullReport_000.pdf
  • 12. All BMPs have a Volume/Pollutant Profile Volume of water flow Suspended Solids Nitrogen Phosphorus STORMWATER FLOW AND QUALITY, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PROPRIETARY STORMWATER TREATMENT MEASURES — A REVIEW AND GAP ANALYSIS (2004) Monash University (Australia) http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200408.pdf
  • 13. All Land Uses have a Water Profile Barriers: It takes time and money to measure predevelopment conditions and post-development conditions STORMWATER FLOW AND QUALITY, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PROPRIETARY STORMWATER TREATMENT MEASURES — A REVIEW AND GAP ANALYSIS (2004) Monash University (Australia) http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200408.pdf
  • 14. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Need to change thinking from Water as Waste to LID All Land Uses Have a Water Profile Water as Resource Water Quality and Water Quantity will improve
  • 15. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity How we develop Where we develop (and where we do not) What we do with the Run-off (Pipe or Percolate)
  • 16. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_resource.htm http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_density.htm
  • 17. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity • Impacts on Land Start At the Grading Stage • Fertilizers can have an impact on water quality, even in LID Neighborhoods • Volume and Peak Flows were kept at predevelopment levels. • Need to Control Compaction, Minimize Soil Disturbance, and have on-site supervision. http://www.jordancove.uconn.edu/jordan_cove/publications/final_report.pdf
  • 18. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity Development Impacts Water Quality • Alters Stormwater and Wastewater Flows • Negatively Impacts water-related ecosystems • Impacts water Quality through • Creation of Impervious Surfaces • Spatial Position of Development relative to natural features • Introduction of Contaminants • Impacts Wastewater through consumption of water and the Stormwater it generates http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
  • 19. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity National Association of Home-Builders has a large amount of information regarding costs and benefits of Low Impact Development Perceived Barrier: It costs more and does not provide a benefit to the builder Actual Barrier: Educating the entire community to the value versus costs of LID (Lower Stormwater Costs, more land can be developed; cost savings to the community, etc.) http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
  • 20. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity … (In) the vast majority of cases, significant savings were realized due to: • reduced costs for site grading and preparation, • stormwater infrastructure, site paving, and landscaping. • Total capital cost savings ranged from 15 to 80 percent when LID methods were used... http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
  • 21. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
  • 22. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
  • 23. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity • Site Design was 103 Lots on 24 Acres • Conventional Site Design required 270,000 Cu Ft of Stormwater Facilities • LID Required 55,000 cu ft of stormwater facilities • 62% of land was saved as open space • Cost Savings of 20% to the Developer • 10% More units were able to be built than conventional design would have allowed. Managing stormwater in Pierce County: Kensington Estates case study sheds light on low impact development http://www.djc.com/news/en/11135654.html
  • 24. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity Type of Residential Disturbed Open Space Conserved Space Development Space Low Density Could be entire Yes – may be No (e.g. 1 unit/2a) site yard Cluster Could Be entire Fragmented No site Open Space 50% or less 50% or More Open Space can be undevelopable Conservation Less than 50% More than 50% Undevelopable area excluded Barrier(s): How each is defined varies by community/county
  • 25. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Need to change thinking from Water as Waste to LID All Land Uses Have a Water Profile Water as Resource Water Quality and Water Quantity will improve
  • 26. Need to Change thinking from stormwater as waste to stormwater as resource. Barrier: Need to change the way we think about water http://waterparadigm.org/indexen.php?web=./home/homeen.html http://www.onthecommons.org/media/pdf/original/OurWaterC omonsOctober2008English.pdf
  • 27. Need to Change thinking from stormwater as waste to stormwater as resource. Barrier: We cannot solve our problems at the same level of thinking that created them We need a new way of looking at our water quality and water quantity problems http://www.clemson.edu/restoration/events/past_events/sc_water_re http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM sources/t4_proceedings_presentations/t4_zip/zimmer.pdf ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • 28. Need to Change thinking from stormwater as waste to stormwater as resource. “An urban area is an ecological system wherein humans, habitat, transportation and water infrastructure, and terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna exist in symbiosis and interdependence. Urban fresh waters are the lifeline for ecological and economical sustainability, yet the fresh water resources are being impaired to a point that the integrity of urban waters has been damaged by excessive development and overuse….” http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • 29. Need to Change thinking from stormwater as waste to stormwater as resource. The concept of the Cities of the Future, the fifth paradigm of urbanization… is a paradigm of integration • Future, and existing, urban developments will accommodate landscape, drainage, transportation and habitat infrastructure systems • Cities will be resilient to extreme hydrological events and pollution • There will be adequate amounts of clean water for sustaining healthy human, terrestrial and aquatic lives • There will be an optimal balance between recreation, navigation and other economic uses of water. http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
  • 30. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the Region • All Development Impacts Water Quality (Discharge, Consumption, Compaction of Soil) (Includes 10% Impervious Surface and above – as well as 10% Compacted Surfaces and above. • Highest Use of the land versus the Best Use of the land • Need to Change the way we think (Paradigm Shift) • Water is Water • Wetlands and streams are undervalued • One Community’s Outflow is another Community’s Intake
  • 31. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the Region • “Everybody knows….” it costs more. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
  • 32. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the Region • Sometimes, its is not about the costs (price,) rather it is really playing up the benefits http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
  • 33. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the Region Cost premiums ranging from ZERO% to 6.27% Energy Savings from 23% to 50% Water Savings from Zero to 78% http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
  • 34. Case Studies: Residential Development Two Case Studies to highlight • Asheville and Wilmington • Asheville: Worked with Fire Department • Wilmington – Built before codes ‘allowed’ LID • Wilmington – Could not make it work on original site; bought more land and improved water quality from adjoining site., in addition to own site http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/WECO/lid/documents/NC_LID_Guidebook.pdf
  • 35. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the Region • Need to look at Decentralized solution for a decentralized problem • Our ordinances hold us back (e.g. State law now requires communities to allow the use of cisterns and to not prohibit their use; Definitions of Conservation Subdivisions; Transfer of Development Rights) • “Everybody knows….”
  • 37. Conclusion We have a new resource We can ‘sing from the same songbook.’ We can customize our solutions to meet the requirements of our communities and our region. We can have a Win-Win-Win for the consumer, the developer, and the community. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/agecon/WECO/lid/documents/NC_LID_Guidebook.pdf