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Ecology & Environment
(ECHM)
by:
Bharat V. Chawda
Computer Engineering Department,
BBIT, VVNagar, Gujarat, India
cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Topics
 Introduction
 Importance of Environment & Scope
 Engineering and Environment Issues
 The Natural System: Biotic, A-Biotic
 Ecology, Eco System, Food Chain, Biological
Systems
 Pollution: Water, Air, Noise, Land
 Radiation
(As per GTU Curriculum – Diploma Engineering)
Based on Books:
1. ECHM, Atul Publication, Ahmedabad
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment
 Environment (પર્યાવરણ)
 “The surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal or plants lives or operates…”
 Biotic (જૈવવક) v/s Abiotic (અજૈવવક)
 Biotic: Living parts of the environment; Plants,
Animals, Micro-organisms
 Abiotic: Non-living parts of the environment;
Land, Rivers, Air, Water, Sunlight, Temperature,
Sand, Dust, Clouds, etc.
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment - Components
 Atmosphere (વાતાવરણ)
 Hydrosphere (જલાવરણ)
 Lithosphere (મૃદાવરણ)
 Biosphere (જૈવ આવરણ)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Atmosphere (વાતાવરણ)
 Troposphere (ક્ષોભ આવરણ)
 0 to 11 KM; 15 to -56 oC; N2, O2, Others
 Stratosphere (સમતયપ અથવય રસો આવરણ)
 11 to 50 KM; -56 to -2 oC; Ozone
 Mesosphere (મધ્ર્ આવરણ)
 50 to 80 KM; -2 to -92 oC; No Pollution
 Thermosphere (ઉષ્મયવરણ)
 80 to 700 KM; -92 to 1200 oC; Ionosphere
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Atmosphere
 Dry Air (સુકી હવય )
 Active Gases: N2, O2, H2
 Inactive Gases: Argon, Helium, Neon Xenon,
Kripton
 Variable Gases: CO2, Ozone
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Hydrosphere (જલાવરણ)
 Water
 Ocean, Sea, Lake, River, Stream, Glacier
 Water Vapour
 Underground Water
 Land (29%), Water (71%)
 Water
 Salty Water: 97%
 Ice: 2%
 Usable Water: 1%
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Lithosphere (મૃદાવરણ)
 Body of earth
 Three Parts
 Crust (ભૂસ્તર, ભુકવચ)
 15-50 KM; Organic (3%) + Inorganic (97%)
 Mantle (પ્રયવરણ)
 2880 KM; 84% of Earth volume; 67% weight
of earth
 Core (અંતભયાગ)
 Too solid; Temperature 8000 oC
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Biosphere (જૈવ આવરણ)
 A place on the earth where life exists and
survives; Zone of life on earth
 Troposphere (upto 8KM)
 Lithosphere (upto 150 Meter depth)
 Sea Area
 Contains various ecosystems (નિવસિ તંત્ર)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment
of
India
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment of India
 Environment of India
 Diversity – Land, Rain, Population
 Problems related to Environment
 Problems due to Poverty
 Problems due to Economic Development
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment of India
 Problems due to Poverty
 Increase in Population
 Health Problems
 Employment & Habitation Problems
 Illiteracy
 Denudation of Forest (Deforestation)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Environment of India
 Problems due to Economic Development
 Pollution: Air, Water, Land, Noise
 Urbanization (શહેરીકરણ)
 Deforestation
 Change in Land Use Pattern
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Checks
&
Measures
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Checks & Measures
 Public Awareness and its Necessity
 How to develop Public Awareness?
 Suggested Measures
 Objects of Environment Education
 Government Agencies
 Non-government / Voluntary Organizations
 Slogans for Environment Protection
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Engineering
&
Environmental Issues
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Engineering & Environmental Issues
 Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Pollution: Air, Water, Land, Noise, Solid
Waste
 Deforestation
 Desertification
 Green House Effect
 Acid Rain
 Depletion of Natural Resources
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Global Environmental Problems
 Green House Effect
 Acid Rain
 Ozone Layer Depletion
 Depletion of Natural Resources
 Climate Change
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Industrialization
 Industrial Revolution
 17th century; Steam Engine (James Watt); Petrol-Diesel
Engines; Electricity (Edison); Power Plants;
Industrialization
 Around World War II: Steel, Metal, Rolling, Paper,
Textiles; Automobiles, Plastic, Pharmaceutical,
Chemical, Petroleum, Colors; AC, Refrigerators, Fan,
Heater, etc.
 Issues
 Pollution; Urbanization; Criminalization; Deforestation;
Reduced Agricultural Land; Global Warming; Depletion
in ozone layer
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Urbanization
 Migration
 “Migration of village people towards big cities
in search of jobs & business opportunities…”
 Population in village decreasing; city increasing
 Advantage
 Better earning opportunity; High living
standard; Economic prosperity
 Issues
 Population explosion in cities; Pollution;
Diseases; Housing; Transportation
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Pollution
 Environment Pollution
 “Contamination of environment around earth
by the materials which badly affect human
health, quality of life and natural functioning of
eco system…”
 Industries
 Pollutants
 Bio degradable: Vegetables, Food, Excretas
 Non-Bio degradable: Plastic, Pesticides (DDT)
 Types: Air, Water, Land, etc
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Deforestation
 What?
 “The process of forest destruction is known
as…”
 Why?
 Population explosion  Increased demand of
land for human habitats  Deforestation
 Issues
 Ecological Imbalance; Higher CO2
 Measures
 Public Awareness; Strict Lows; Plant More Tree
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Desertification
 What?
 “The process of converting useful (fertile) land
into deserts is known as…”
 Why?
 Excessive use of humans, animals: fertility loss
 Sea Water Ingress
 Excessive Farming
 Soil erosion by wind and water
 Measures
 Rain water; Prevent SW Ingress; Plantation
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Green House Effect
 Green House
 Winter – Low heat – Plant growth
 Glass walled house – to maintain temperature
 Allows sunlight to enter; Prevents heat
(infrared long wave radiations) to get out
 Green House Effect
 Solar Radiation: Ozone reflects UV Rays (70%);
25% absorbed by clouds; 5% reach to earth
 Green House Gases: Prevents their reflection
 So, temperature is increasing
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Green House Effect - Gases
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Burning fossil fuels; Deforestation; 60%
 Methane (CH4)
 Decomposition of organic matter; 20%; Heat
absorption capacity 25 times
 Chlorofluoro Carbons (CFCs)
 Refrigerators, Air conditioners, Paints; 14%;
Heat absorption capacity 1500-7000 times
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 Nitrogen fertilizers; 6%; Heat absorption
capacity 230 times
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Green House Effect
 Issues
 Global Warming
 Rise in Temperature
 Melting of Ice
 Flood in low lying areas – near sea shore
 Rise in sea level
 Sudden change in rain pattern, Seasons
 Impacts on agriculture, plants and animals
 Adverse impacts on living creature on earth
 Affects human health
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Acid Rain
 What?
 pH: Neutral Water – 7; Rain Water – 5.84;
 If rain water has < 5.6 pH, it is called Acid Rain
 Why?
 CO2 + H2O = H2CO3;
 Sulfuric Acid: H2SO4 (60-70%); Nitric Acid: HNO3
 Can be Wet or Dry
 Issues
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Depletion of Natural Resources
 Natural Resources
 Fossil fuel and energy resources
 Mineral and metal resources
 Various types of forests
 Glaciers and arctic ice
 What?
 Why?
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Depletion of Ozone Layer
 Issue
 Ultraviolet Radiation and Ozone Umbrella
 How?
 CFCl3 + Radiation  Cl + CFCl2
 Cl + O3  ClO + O2
 Effects
 Temp; Ice melting; Sea water; Flooding
 Damage to DNA; Skin Cancer; Eyes; Immune
System
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Global Warming
 What?
 Issues
 Measures
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Climate Change
 What?
 Issues
 Reasons
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Natural System
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Natural System
 Eco System (વિવસિ તંત્ર)
 A community of living (biotic) & non-living
(abiotic) things that work together.
 Biotic
 Living components of ecosystem
 Humans, Animals, Forests, Insects, Bacteria…
 Abiotic
 Non-living components of ecosystem
 Land, Water, Air, Atmosphere, Temperature,
Mountains, Rivers, Ice, Rocks, Gases…
 Biochemical, Biophysical Processes
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Process: Biochemical, Biophysical
 Biochemical Process
 Imp chemicals: C, O2, N2, P (Phosphorus)
 Cl, Na, K, Mn: land, rocks, sands, water, air
 Photosynthesis Process
 Sunlight + CO2 + Water  Glucose + O2
 Hydrological Process
 Water  Evaporation  Cloud  Rain  Water
 Carbonic Process
 Glucose  Metabolism  Cell  CO2
 Nitrogen Process
 N2  Bacteria  Nitrite  Plants  Ammonia  N2
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Ecology
 Ecology (પરરસ્સ્થવત વવજ્ઞયિ)
 Eco: Household (રહેઠાણ), Logy: Study
 A branch of science that studies relationship
between organisms (જીવતંત્ર) and their
environment.
 Involves relations of organisms to one another
as well as to their physical surroundings.
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Ecosystem Classification
(https://www.pmfias.com/environment-ecosystem-components-ecosystem/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Ecosystem Components (i)
(https://www.pmfias.com/environment-ecosystem-components-ecosystem/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Ecosystem Components (ii)
(https://iasscore.in/upsc-prelims/ecosystem-and-its-components-ecosystem-
functions-ecological-pyramids)
 Consumers
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Food Chain (પોષણ કડી)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Food Chain (પોષણ કડી)
(https://www.pinterest.com/pin/390757705156682546/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Ecosystem Classification
 Complete Ecosystem
 All four components are present: Abiotic,
Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
 Incomplete Ecosystem
 Any one or more of the components missing
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Factors affecting Ecosystem
 Natural Factors
 Physical: Land, Water, Air...
 Climatic: Sunlight, Temperature, Moisture, Air
 Biological: Imbalance in population; Ex:
increase in population of insects
 Artificial / Man Made
 Over use, Improper use
 Ex: Deforestation, Use of Pesticides
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Model of Ecosystem
 Components
 Forcing Function
 State Variables
 Interaction Process
 Flows
 Principle of Thermodynamics
P1
P2
I P3
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Eltonian Pyramid
(https://www.bioexplorer.net/ecological-pyramids.html/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Eltonian Pyramid
(https://www.bioexplorer.net/ecological-pyramids.html/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Eltonian Pyramid
(https://www.bioexplorer.net/ecological-pyramids.html/)
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Bio-diversity
 What?
 Bio-diversity Index
 Evenness Index
 Index of Dominance
 Index of Similarity
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Bio – Geochemical Cycles
 Hydrologic Cycle
 Carbon Cycle
 Nitrogen Cycle
 Phosphorus Cycle
 Sulphur Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Hydrologic Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Carbon Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Nitrogen Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Phosphorus Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Sulphur Cycle
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Solid Waste Pollution
 Land Pollution
 Radiation and its Effects
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Pollution
 What?
 “Mixing of contaminants which have adverse
effects on biotic components of ecology”.
 Natural Causes
 Volcano – Ash and smoke
 Man-made Causes
 Human activities
 Smoke – Power plants, industries, vehicles
 Toxic chemicals
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Water Pollution
 What?
 “Mixing of water with harmful contaminants”.
 Ex 1: Discharging toxic chemicals
 Ex 2: Sediments: Non-soluble solids (TDS –
Total Dissolved Solids)
 Main Pollutants
 Inorganic & insoluble pollutants; soluble
pollutants; Municipal wastes; Liquid wastes
from industries; Heavy metals; Insecticides &
Pesticides; Biological pollutions; Organic
matters
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Water Pollution
 Diseases
 Cholera, Jaundice, Leptospyrasis,
Gastroenteritis, etc.
 Prevention
 Stopping discharge of waste
 Scientific methods for disposing municipal
waste
 No use of insecticides & pesticides
 Drinking water through filtration & treatment
plants
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Air Pollution
 What?
 “Mixing of air with harmful contaminants”.
 Ex: CO2, CO, SO2, NO; water vapor, dust, clay, sand
particles, etc.
 Diseases
 Asthma, coughs, bronchitis, pneumonia
 Classification of Air Pollutants
 Natural and Man-made
 Primary and Secondary
 Different types of gases
 Aerosols: Dust particles, Smoke, Fog, Mist, Fumes
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Air Pollution
 Sources
 Various gases produced in chemical and other
industries
 CO2, SO2, CO generated due to combustion of fuels in
the boilers and power plants
 Particulate matters – dust, sand, pollen grains, salts,
aerosols
 Combustion - petrol diesel, CNG in automobiles
 Oxidation and reductin processes of carbonic
substances
 Aerobic reaction and purification of mun. waste
 Fire in the forest; Eruption of volcanos
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Noise Pollution
 What?
 “Any kind of noise (uproar) which is physically
and mentally harmful to human beings and
other biological life”.
 Diseases
 Deafness
 Sources
 Different types of vehicles; Machines running in
factories
 Human crowd; Musical & entertainment
programs; Dynamite blast; Cracker bombs
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Noise Pollution
 Measurement
 Unit: decibel
 1 decibel = 1/10th of a bel
 Slow damage: 80 db sound intensity
 Immediate damage: >= 150 db sound
intensity
 Effect
 Reduced hearing ability; Adverse effects on
blood pressures; Irritation; Mental distortion;
Madness; Adverse effect on decision making
ability
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Solid Waste Pollution
 What?
 Solid waste – Garbage
 Left out foods & vegetables, waste papers,
clothes, old books, newspapers, plastic, etc.
 Stinking smell; Bacteria, virus – deadly disease
 Incineration of solid waste
 Categories
 Domestic; Municipal; Hospital; Industrial;
Plastic; Hotel; Sewage
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Land Pollution
 What?
 Discharge of solid & liquid chemicals, industrial
waste on the surface of land
 Effect
 Liquid toxic – percolate in to soil; underground
water pollution
 Insecticides and pesticides: Non-soluble;
transmitted from land to food
 Non-fertile and useless land for agriculture
purpose
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Radiation
 What?
 Nuclear substances emit radiations of alpha,
beta, and X-rays; Contain large amount of
radiation energy; Harmful; Directly destroy
biological cells
 Unit of intensity of radiation: Rad
 Effect
 Affects brain and mental process of human
beings; can cause death
 Crops and vegetables can be destroyed
 Death of animals also possible
By: Bharat V. Chawda, Lecturer, BBIT, VVNagar Email: cbharat.ce@gmail.com

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Thank U…!!!