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Level 2 lesson 15 grammar
- 1. 文法 LESSON 15 GRAMMAR NOTES G1. THE PRESENT TENSE SHORT FORM In Lesson 11, we learned how to conjugate adjectives in the polite form. And in Lesson 9, we learned about the plain forms of verbs as opposed to the polite forms. In this lesson, we are going to learn a new kind of conjugation for both verbs AND adjectives called “the short form” Take a look at this table: Present Tense, affirmative Short form Long form Verbs よむ よみます い adjectives かわいい かわいい です な adjectives しずか だ しずか です Noun + です がくせい だ がくせい です Present tense, negative Short form Long form Verbs よまない よみません い adjectives かわいく ない かわいく ありません な adjectives しずか じゃ ない しずか では ない しすか じゃ ありません しすか では ありません Noun + です がくせい じゃ ない がくせい では ない がくせい じゃ ありません がくせい では ありません
- 2. To summarize, here are the rules for how short forms in the present tense are constructed Verbs and い adjectives in the affirmative à same as their plain (dictionary) forms な adjectives and noun + です in the affirmative à replace です with だ い and な adjectives and noun + です in the negative à replace ありません with ない Remember that the adjective いい is irregular. Here’s how it conjugates in the plain form: Present tense Affirmative Present tense Negative いい よく ない He/she/it/etc. is good He/she/it/etc. is not good
- 3. Let’s take a closer look at how the 3 different types of verbs are conjugated in the negative present tense short form: Type of verb short form Same as plain (dictionary) form RULE Short negative form Ichidan Verbs (る-verbs) たべる Take the final る off and add ない たべない Godan Verbs (う-verbs) Take the final “u” sound off and add “anai” あう う changes to わ あわない まつ つ changes to た またない よむ む changes to ま よまない あそぶ ぶ changes to ば あそばない しぬ ぬ changes to な しなない いく く changes to か いかない およぐ ぐ changes to が およがない はなす す changes to さ はなさない とる る changes to ら とらない Irregular verbs する No rule しない くる No rule こない Exception ある No rule ない
- 4. G2. I THINK THAT… 〜と おもいます。 You can use the ending 〜と おもいます to express “I think that… ” When using と おもいます, you will need to use the short form of a verb or adjective. Let’s take a look at the following examples: はい、 だいじょうぶ だ と おもいます。 Yes, I think that it is fine. だいちさん は さくらさん が すき だ と おもいます。 I think that Daichi likes Sakura. You can also use と おもいません。To express “I don’t think that… ” レストラン に いく と おもいません。 I don’t think that I will go to the restaurant. However, it is more common in Japanese to use the short negative form of the verb instead of と おもいません： レストラン に いかない と おもいます。 I think that I will not go to the restaurant. ALWAYS use the short form of a verb or adjective before と おもいます。
- 5. G3. I INTEND TO… 〜つもりです。 〜つもりです means “I intend to… “ or “I plan to… “ 〜つもりです follows the present tense short form of a verb to describe what you or someone else is planning on or “intending” to do. Let’s take a look at the examples: なつやすみ に にほん に いく つもりです。 I plan to go to Japan for summer break. じんじゃ や おてら に いく つもりです。 I intend to go to places like shrines and temples. Remember: the present tense short form of the verb is the same as the plain dictionary form. You can also use the negative short form to describe what you are intending not to do. マクドナルド で たべない つもりです。 I intend to not eat at McDonald’s. せんせい と はなさない つもりです。 I plan not to speak to the teacher.