Presentation open glam_sept2014_weiterbildung_unibe

Musée de l'Ariana (Genève), Wikimedia Commons, Gfuerst, CC-by-sa
OpenGLAM: Engagement für einen «freien» Zugang
zu unserem kulturellen Erbe
Beat Estermann, September 2014
Weiterbildungsmodul «Open Data – Open Knowledge» (Universität Bern)
▶ Berner Fachhochschule, E-Government-Institut
Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
Wo nicht anders vermerkt, unterstehen die Inhalte dieser Präsentation der CC-by-sa 4.0 Lizenz. Bitte Markenrechte auf Logos beachten.

Inhalt
▶ Worum geht es bei OpenGLAM?
▶ Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie « Gedächtnisinstitutionen im
Internet-Zeitalter » und Schlussfolgerungen
▶ Kooperationsformen
• mit der Wikipedia/Wikimedia-Community
• mit der Open Data Community
• Aufbau einer eigenen Community
▶ Was können Gedächtnisinstitutionen im Sinne von
OpenGLAM tun?
▶ Sie als « Change Agents » in Ihren Institutionen

Worum geht es bei OpenGLAM?
• Beweggründe / Ziele
• OpenGLAM-Prinzipien
• OpenGLAM in der Schweiz

OpenGLAM – Beweggründe / Ziele
▶ Das kulturelle Erbe einem breiteren, unter Umständen weltweiten
Publikum zugänglich machen
▶ Die Auffindbarkeit und Vernetzung von Beständen verbessern
▶ Neue Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten für NutzerInnen/BesucherInnen
schaffen
▶ Die Weiterverwendung von Kulturgütern und kulturellen
Informationen erleichtern

Die 5 OpenGLAM-Grundsätze
1. Digitale Informationen zu Überlieferungsobjekten (Metadaten)
werden mittels einer geeigneten Lizenz ohne
Nutzungsbeschränkungen verfügbar gemacht […]
2. Gemeinfreie Werke werden (insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit
der Digitalisierung) keinen neuen Nutzungsbeschrän-kungen
unterworfen.
3. Bei der Publikation von Daten wird explizit und unmiss-verständlich
kommuniziert, welche Art von Weiterverwendung erwünscht bzw.
erlaubt ist […]
4. Bei der Publikation von Daten werden offene, maschinenlesbare
Dateiformate verwendet.
5. Neue Möglichkeiten, Internet-NutzerInnen einzubeziehen, werden
aktiv genutzt.
Ungekürzte Originalfassung: http://openglam.org/principles/

OpenGLAM CH Working Group
▶ Arbeitsgruppe des Vereins opendata.ch
▶ Zielsetzung:
▶ Die Umsetzung der OpenGLAM-Prinzipien in der Schweiz fördern und
erleichtern
▶ Beteiligte:
▶ Vertreter von NGOs (open data / free knowledge advocates)
▶ Vertreter von Gedächtnisinstitutionen
▶ Vertreter aus Forschung und Bildung
▶ Weitere Interessenten sind stets willkommen!
▶ Website:
▶ http://openglam.ch/
Beteiligen Sie sich!

Pilot Study among
Swiss GLAMs (2012)
• Summary of Results
• Implications for the promotion of
OpenGLAM in Switzerland

Where do Swiss GLAMs stand with regard to…
Innovation Diffusion Model,
Everett Rogers, 1962
Awareness Interest Evaluation Trial Adoption
8
…Digitization?
…Exchange of metadata in multilateral cooperation?
…Open Data?
…Crowdsourcing?
…Linked Open Data?
What are the perceived risks and opportunities? (drivers vs. hindering factors)
What are the expected benefits? Who are the beneficiaries?

Pilot Study among Swiss GLAMs
▶ GLAMs in Switzerland:
• ca. 600-700 independent GLAMs of national or regional significance
• ca. 1000 independent GLAMs organized in three umbrella organizations
▶ Our sample: memory institutions of national significance in the German-speaking
part of Switzerland
• 197 organisations contacted (233 e-mail addresses)
• 72 questionnaires completed (34% of the contacted organisations)
▶ Caveats:
• The sample is rather small (results are not very precise with regard to the
entire Swiss GLAM population, large confidence intervals apply)
• Archives are over-represented in the sample (higher response rate);
museums and «other institutions» are under-represented; libraries are about
average.

Innovation Diffusion among Swiss GLAMs:
The Overall Picture
A critical mass has been reached.
How about the laggards?
Will we see a higher rate of adoption for
Open Data than for Crowdsourcing?
Some institutions are starting to think about
Linked Data…

Open Data / Open Content Readiness
▶ Between 1% and 7% of responding GLAMs make scans/photographs of their
heritage objects «freely» available on the Internet.
▶ Over half of them make them available on the Internet, but with restrictions.
40% don’t make them available at all.
▶ Over 50% of the GLAMs which make their heritage objects available on the
Internet do not understand that you cannot make works available for
Wikipedia and simultaneously prevent their modification and/or their
commercial use!

Open Data:
Target Groups, Opportunities vs. Risks
▶ Main target groups:
• Research and education
• Private individuals
• Cultural institutions
▶ Main opportunities:
• Better visibility and accessibility of holdings
• Better visibility of the institutions
• Better networking among GLAMs.
▶ Main risks:
• Extra time effort and expenses
(however: loss of revenue is hardly seen as a risk)
• Loss of control: copyright, data protection, secrecy infringements

Desirability and Importance of Open Data
0%
Desirability of Open Data (in % of institutions, N=71)
1%
6% 6%
7%
36%
25%
11%
6%
3%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-10 to -
8
-8 to -6 -6 to -4 -4 to -2 -2 to 0 0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10
1%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Importance / Desirability of Open Data
(in % of institutions; N=71)
risks prevail opportunities prevail
▶ For over 80% of responding GLAMs the opportunities outweigh the risks of
Open Data.
▶ Over 50% think Open Data is an important issue; almost all of these believe
that the opportunities outweigh the risks.
8% 7%
3%
21%
31%
8% 14%
6%
0%
very
important
important neither, nor unimportant no answer

Open Data / “Free” Licensing of Content
21%
59%
Conditions under which they would make memory objects freely accessible on the Internet
19%
76%
23%
60%
26%
29%
9%
7%
20%
69%
34%
40%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
▶ Most GLAMs wouldn’t readily agree to «freely» license their content – even in the
absence of third party rights: they would like to prevent the commercial use at no
charge as well as the modification of works. Education, Research, and a non-profit
purpose are good arguments in favour of free licensing.
1%
0%
For private use For education
and research
For charitable
projects
For charitable
projects, such as
Wikipedia, which
also permit
commercial use
For users who
are intending to
commercially
exploit them
Only if the name
of the institution
remains
attached to the
data
Only if the work
will be re-used in
unmodified form
(in % der Institutionen; N=70)
"is partly the case"
"is the case"

Crowdsourcing Readiness
▶ 11% of responding GLAMs have staff members who contribute to Wikipedia
as part of their professional activity.
▶ 10% of responding GLAMs say that online volunteering plays partly an
important role for them.
▶ Interestingly, no correlation was found between the two variables.

Crowdsourcing: Opportunities vs. Risks
▶ Main areas of application:
• Classification tasks / completion of metadata
• Ca. 50% of GLAMs perceive a need to improve their metadata.
• Main areas for improvement: completeness, availability, digitziation
• Transcription and correction tasks
▶ Main drawbacks:
• Considerable time / effort needed for preparation and follow-up
• No guarantee concerning long-term data maintenance
• Unforeseeable results
• Difficulties in estimating the time-effort
• Low level of planning security

Desirability and Importance of Crowdsourcing
Desirability of Crowdsourcing (in % of institutions; N=69)
4%
15%
19%
11%
43%
3% 3% 1%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Importance / Desirability of Crowdsourcing
(in % of institutions; N=69)
risks prevail opportunities prevail
▶ For over 90% of the responding GLAMs the risks of Crowdsourcing are at least as
great as the opportunities. For half of them the risks clearly prevail.
▶ Among GLAMs which think that Crowdsourcing is an important issue, the risk
perception is equally high.
▶ Crowdsourcing is seen as almost as important as Open Data!
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-10 to -
8
-8 to -6 -6 to -4 -4 to -2 -2 to 0 0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10
10%
25%
14%
29%
16%
3%
1%
1%
0%
very
important
important neither, nor unimportant no answer

Implications for the Promotion of
OpenGLAM in Switzerland
A few theses

Short-term strategy
▶ In the short term and on a large scale, it is worthwhile to pursue approaches
that do not require a high level of mutual engagement between GLAMs
and the community
• simply releasing content is easier than engaging in more complex
cooperation!)
• some level of standardization (metadata, content quality, APIs) may be
needed to keep transaction costs low.
▶ GLAMs are most likely to adopt Open Data / Open Content policies, …
• if it’s for education and research
• if it’s for a non-profit cause
• if it’s useful (well documenting the use is important!)
Wikipedia/Wikimedia as well as research and educational institutions
are attractive partners.

Short-term information campaigns
▶ Information campaigns at the address of GLAMs should focus on:
• information about the “free” licensing requirement for Wikipedia and Open
Data
• positive accounts of how other institutions handle the relative loss of
control
• demonstrating how the provenance of the data / content is documented
• examples of how a useful content contribution can be made without much
extra effort (often, removing the non-commercial claim in copyright
licenses or clearly declaring public domain works as such would already
be of great help!)
Role models and example cases among the peer group are helpful to
get some of these messages across!

Cooperation / communication in the longer-term
▶ Real cooperation is costly. It is important to demonstrate and document its
usefulness and to foster learning processes that benefit the entire GLAM
sector. For that we need pilot cooperation projects!
▶ Communication efforts with regard to cooperation between the Free
Knowledge / Open Data / Open Content movement and GLAMs should focus
on:
• Putting collections and cross-organizational themes at the center of
attention (and not the institutions)
• Telling GLAMs how released contents have been used and what
types of content would be particularly useful
• Telling stories of mutually beneficial relationships between GLAMs
and the communities

Digitization and metadata improvement
▶ It should be examined how digitization efforts of GLAMs that haven't been
digitizing their heritage objects yet can be supported – in exchange for “free”
licensing of content.
▶ It should examined to what extent crowdsourcing approaches can be used to
respond to GLAMs' needs and expectations in terms of metadata
improvement and correction/transcription tasks.
▶ Metadata is important for GLAMs: The potential of Wikidata with regard to
GLAM metadata should be better explored.

Kooperationsansätze
• Kooperation mit der Wikipedia / Wikimedia Community
• Kooperation mit der Open Data Community
• Aufbau einer eigenen Online-Community / eines eigenen
Crowdsourcing Projekts

-WIKI
"We are doing the same thing,
for the same reason,
for the same people,
in the same medium.
Let's do it together!!
Liam Wyatt

Beliebte Online-
Enzyklopädie
ca. 500 Mio. Nutzer
weltweit (monthly
unique visitors)
Englischsprachige
Version: Über 4.5
Mio. Artikel;
Deutsch und
Französisch:
1.7 bzw. 1.5 Mio.
Artikel
Platz 5 der
meistbesuchten
Websites der
Schweiz
Mediensammlung für
gemeinfreie und frei-lizenzierte
Medieninhalte –
Bilder, Audio- und
Videodateien – für
jedermann
Dient als Bildarchiv
für verschiedene
Projekte der
Wikimedia
Foundation
Über 20 Mio.
Mediendateien
Sammlung von
Quellentexten, die
entweder
urheberrechtsfrei
sind oder unter einer
freien Lizenz stehen.
Rund 300‘000 Werke
in engl. Sprache
Rund 160‘000 Werke
in franz. Sprache
Rund 30‘000 Werke
in deutscher Sprache
Freie Datenbank, die
von Menschen und
Maschinen gelesen
und bearbeitet
werden kann.
Zentralisierte
Verwaltung von
strukturierten Daten.
Data Repository für
verschiedene
Projekte der
Wikimedia
Foundation
(im Aufbau)
Weltweiter
Reiseführer mit
Einträgen zu
verschiedenen
Reisedestinationen
Englischsprachige
Version: über 95’000
Seiten;
Deutsch: 5’000
Seiten
Seit Anfang 2013 bei
Wikimedia

Kooperationsformen
British Museum
 Wikipedian in Residence
 Hoxne Challenge (ein Artikel wird
verbessert, alle nützlichen
Ressourcen werden bereitgestellt)
 Featured Article Prize
 Schul-Übersetzungsprojekt
(französische Oberstufenschüler
übersetzen Artikel)
 Individuelle Zusammenarbeit
zwischen Wikipedianern und
Kuratoren
Photo: [[User:Klafubra]] - CC-BY-SA

Schweizerische
Nationalbibliothek
 Wikipedians in Residence
 Edit-a-thons
 Wikipedia-Einführungskurse
 Führungen für Wikipedianer
 Mitarbeitende editieren Wikipedia
 Hosting der Wiki Loves Monuments
Awards Show 2013, inklusive
Ausstellung
Kooperationsformen
Photo: Simon Schmid, NB, CC-by-sa 3.0
Photo: Mike Peel- Mikepeel.net - CC-BY-SA

Kooperationsformen
Derbyshire Museums
 Kuratoren editieren Wikipedia
“If our staff can share their knowledge
with wikipedians, anyone will be
able to learn more about our
collections.”
Alan Grimadell
Councillor of Derby's Museums
Photo: Chris Harris - Public Domain Courtesy of: Àlex Hinojo & Conxa Rodà

Kooperationsformen
Brooklyn Museum
 Wikipop: Ipads anstelle von
Beschriftungen, Links auf Wikipedia-
Einträge
 WikiLink: QR-Codes verweisen auf
Wikipedia-Einträge
Photo: Brooklyn Museum, all rights reserved Courtesy of: Àlex Hinojo & Conxa Rodà

Kooperationsformen
Museu Picasso Barcelona
 Der offizielle Museums-Blog verweist
auf Wikipedia-Einträge
 Wikiproject: Museums
Studenten in Museum Management
verfassen auf das Museum bezogene
Einträge in der katalanischen Wikipedia
Photo: Conxa Rodà, all rights reserved
Courtesy of: Àlex Hinojo & Conxa Rodà

Kooperationsformen
Deutsches Archäologisches
Institut
 Wikipedian in Residence
 Einbringen von Expertenwissen in die
Wikipedia
 Fotospenden
 Verknüpfung von Wikipedia-Artikeln
mit Quellen in DAI-Systemen
 Back-Stage Tours
Photo: Katja Ullrich (WMDE) / Wikimedia Commons

Kooperationsformen
Photo: Unknown / Deutsches Bundesarchiv
Wikimedia Commons
Deutsches Bundesarchiv
 Grosse Fotospende
(ca. 100’000 Bilder)
 Verknüpfung der Bestände mit der
Personennamendatei (PND) und
Wikipedia-Artikeln
 Verbesserung der Metadaten durch
die Community
 Erstellen neuer Artikel durch die
Community

Kooperationsformen
US National Archives and Records
Administration
 Spende von Text- und Audio-Dokumenten
 Crowdsourcing der Transkriptionsarbeit
auf Wikisource
 Integration der Transkripte im NARA-Online-
Katalog
 Weiterentwicklung der
Benutzeroberfläche für
Transkriptionsaufgaben
Memorial from Hannah Stephens - Wikisource

GLAM-Wiki-Kooperation - Typologie
▶ Wikipedianern den Zugang erleichtern: inhaltlich / zum Fotografieren
▶ Bereitstellung von freien Inhalten (Mediendateien / Textbeiträge)
▶ Bereitstellung von freien Daten / Verbesserung der Daten
▶ Digitalisierung
▶ Verbesserung von Wikipedia-Artikeln
▶ Zusammentragen von Fotografien durch Crowdsourcing
▶ Wikipedia-Inhalte innerhalb einer Ged.institution zugänglich machen
▶ Die Visibilität der Sammlung einer Ged.institution verbessern
▶ Kombination von GLAM-Wiki-Kooperation und Ausbildung
▶ Kombination von GLAM-Wiki-Kooperation und Berufspraktikum
▶ “Boundary Spanners”
Für Beispiele, positive Ergebnisse und Erfolgsindikatoren, siehe:
https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Evaluation_of_GLAM-Outreach_
Activities
Have a look!

GLAM-Wiki-Kooperationen in der Schweiz
▶ Beispiele aus der Schweiz
▶ Zentralbibliothek Zürich
▶ Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv
▶ Zentralbibliothek Solothurn
▶ Fachbereich Kulturgüterschutz des Bundesamts für
Bevölkerungsschutz
▶ Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek
▶ International Association for Alpine History /
Laboratorio di Storia delle Alpi
▶ Bibliothèque universitaire et cantonale de Lausanne
Siehe: openglam.ch
(Blog-Beitrag: Taking Stock of OpenGLAM in Switzerland)

Crowdsourcing-Interaktionsmodell
In Anlehnung an Lindmann / Uitto (2008)

Wikipedia: Mission und Grundpfeiler
▶ Stell dir eine Welt vor, in der das gesamte Wissen der
Menschheit allen frei zugänglich ist. – Das ist unser Ziel.
▶ Einige Grundprinzipien der Wikipedia:
▶ Neutraler Standpunkt
▶ Verifizierbarkeit
▶ Keine Theoriefindung
▶ Relevanz
▶ Beachtung der Urherberrechte /
«Freie» Inhalte
▶ Ignoriere alle Regeln

Zusammenarbeit mit der Open Data Community
“Coding Da Vinci” - Der Kultur-
Hackathon
 Bereitstellung von Open Data und Content
durch Gedächtnisinstitutionen
 Interaktion von Datenlieferanten,
Fachspezialisten und Software-Entwicklern
 Entwicklung von Apps und Prototypen
Pictures: Public Domain / Collage: Helene Hahn, CC-by.

Open Cultural Data Hackathons – Eine mögliche
Typologie
▶ Entwicklung von Mobile-Apps basierend auf offenen Daten und
Inhalten aus dem Kulturbereich
▶ Nutzung von Kulturdaten in der Forschung (z.B. Digital Humanities)
▶ Bereitstellung und Visualisierung von Kulturdaten im Kontext von
Wikipedia / Wikimedia
▶ Remix-Kultur: Unter Verwendung von offenen Daten bzw. Inhalten
werden neue Kunstwerke geschaffen
▶ Hacking the museum: neue Ansätze, museale Inhalte zu vermitteln
▶ Entwicklung von Crowdsourcing-Applikationen zur Anreicherung /
Verbesserung von Daten

Aufbau einer eigenen Online-Community
National Library of
Australia: Trove
 Korrektion (nach OCR) /
Transkription von
digitalisierten Texten
 Nutzer laden Fotos hoch
 Social Tagging und andere
Formen der Ordnung von
Inhalten
http://trove.nla.gov.au/

Crowdsourcing-Ansätze
In Anlehnung an: Oomen / Aroyo 2011
Digital Restoration
Crowdfunding

How can you / your institutions contribute to
OpenGLAM?

Respect the public domain and
facilitate access to it
▶ Put reproductions of «your» public domain works on the Internet in
high resolution formats and mark them as «public domain» works,
so that others can re-use them and build upon them!
▶ In case of doubt regarding the legal situation, consult the Public
Domain FAQ (Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property):
▶ “If a work is in the public domain, it can be used in any way desired – this means
reproduced (copied), edited, distributed, etc. – without permission.”
▶ “The individuality required for copyright protection is commonly lacking for
reproductions which are as true as possible to the original.”
▶ “If a person or institution knows that a work is in the public domain and still
claims copyright to it, this is so-called intentional deception.”
Source: https://www.ige.ch/en/service/frequently-asked-questions/copyrights/public-domain.html

Apply «free» copyright licenses to your content
▶ Apply «free» licenses to:
▶ biographical information
▶ publications referring to
your collections
▶ any other type of content that others may want to re-use
▶ Creative Commons offers two possibilities to «freely» license
copyrighted content (note: «free» as in «freedom» not as in «beer»):
▶ Avoid using «non commercial» or
«no derivative» restrictions
www.creativecommons.org

Make your data/content available through open
data/content platforms
▶ Metadata Aggregators
▶ Europeana
▶ Archives Portal Europe
▶ International Inventory of Musical Sources
▶ Swiss Open Government Data Portal
▶ Content Platforms
▶ Wikimedia Commons
▶ Flickr – The Commons
▶ Internet Archive

-WIKI
"We are doing the same thing,
for the same reason,
for the same people,
in the same medium.
Let's do it together!!
Liam Wyatt
Cooperate with the Wikipedia/Wikimedia
Community

Measure the impact and talk about it…
▶ In March and April 2013 Zentralbibliothek Zürich uploaded ca. 100 images
from their prints and photography collection to Wikimedia Commons
▶ By the end of April 2014, 56 out of 96 uploaded files (58%) have been used in
159 Wikipedia articles belonging to 42 different language versions of Wikipedia
▶ In April 2014 these 159 Wikipedia articles were viewed over 500’000 times
Source: http://tools.wmflabs.org/glamtools/baglama2/
WP-de: Schweizerische Nordostbahn WP-fr: Chamonix-Mont-Blanc;
Zürich, Sechseläuten fire around 1900. Anonymous
artist, Public Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
Chamonix. Crossing the Sea of Ice, between 1902 and 1904.
Anonymous artist, Public Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
The Iron Bridge across the Thur, view from east
from Regensdorf, 1857. Jakob Eggli, Public
Domain (Wikimedia Commons).
Recul des glaciers depuis 1850
WP-ru: Шестизвонье

Participate in our Open Cultural Data Hackathon!
27 / 28 February 2015
at the Swiss National Library
WillYs Fotowerkstatt, CC-by-sa 3.0
Simon Schmid / Swiss National Library, CC-by-sa 3.0
Main focus:
- Digital Humanities
- Wikipedia / Wikimedia

Sie als « Change Agents » innerhalb Ihrer
Institutionen

Diskussion:
Sie und Ihre Institutionen vis-à-vis OpenGLAM
▶ Besondere Eigenschaften?
▶ Anknüpfungspunkte?
▶ Experimentier- und Innovationsfreudigkeit?
▶ Bezug zu Freiwilligen, Studierenden oder anderen
Gruppen, die bei einer Kooperation eine Rolle spielen
könnten?
▶ Urheberrechts-Policy?
▶ Schlüsselpersonen: persönlicher / fachlicher
Hintergrund, Erfahrungen mit Wikipedia, Motivation?
▶ Erwartungen?
▶ Kompetenzen?
▶ Zweifel, Ängste?
?
?
?

Besten Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!
• Fragen?
• Kontakt

Kontakt
Berner Fachhochschule
E-Government-Institut
Beat Estermann
beat.estermann@bfh.ch
031 848 34 38
Weiterführende Informationen:
▶ OpenGLAM.ch
(Website der OpenGLAM CH Arbeitsgruppe)
▶ glamwiki.org
(Website der internationalen GLAM-Wiki-Community)
▶ Studie: “Schweizer Gedächtnisinstitutionen im Internet-Zeitalter”:
• English: http://tinyurl.com/SwissGLAMsurvey
• Deutsch: http://tinyurl.com/GLAMStudie

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