1. Family Structure and Function
Emad Adam Mohamed

2. • Family is dynamic system of interaction among
biologically socially or legally related to
individuals families have unique power to
interfere with health and development.

3. • FAMILY FUNCTIONS
• The functions that families carry out in
support of their children as providing for
physical needs, emotional support, education,
and socialization

4. • Most cases of child abuse involve the failure of
family to provide a safe environment for the
child.
• Overprotective parents may limit friendships
and other growth experiences or excessive
health care, as may occur in the vulnerable
child syndrome.

5. • Child neglect is an extreme form of understimulation, that may create intense pressure
on children related to problems such as
anxiety disorders.

6. • Important Roles Families Play in Supporting
Children
• 1-Physical needs
• -safty
• -food
• -health and health care
• -house/shelter

7. •
•
•
•
•
2-Emotional
-communication
-affect
-stimulation
-guidance/ discipline

8. •
•
•
•
•
3-Education socialization
-values
-relation ships
-community
-formal schooling

9. FAMILY STRUCTURE
The traditional family consists of a married mother
and father and their biologic children. half of
children live in the traditional nuclear family.
Today children may live with single parents ,
grandparents, and Adoption.
Different family structures create different types of
family stresses

10. • FAMILY DYSFUNCTION
• Due to failure of Roles that Supporting
Children(physical needs, emotional support,
education, and socialization).

11. •Thanks

13. Understanding child abuse and neglect
Mohammed abd almonaem

14. Child abuse is more than bruises or broken
bones. While physical abuse is shocking due
to the scars it leaves, not all child abuse is
as obvious. Ignoring children’s needs,
putting them in unsupervised, dangerous
situations, or making a child feel worthless
or stupid are also child abuse. Regardless of
the type of child abuse, the result is serious
emotional harm.

15. Myths and facts about child abuse
and neglect

16. MYTH #1: It's only abuse if it's
violent.

17. Fact: Physical abuse is just one type
of child abuse. Neglect and emotional
abuse can be just as damaging, and
since they are more subtle, others are
less likely to intervene.

18. MYTH #2: Only bad people abuse
their children.

19. Fact: While it's easy to say that only
"bad people" abuse their children, it's
not always so black and white. Not all
abusers are intentionally harming
their children. Many have been victims
of abuse themselves, and don’t know
any other way to parent. Others may
be struggling with mental health
issues or a substance abuse problem.

20. MYTH #3: Child abuse doesn't
happen in “good” families.

21. Fact: Child abuse doesn't only happen in
poor families or bad neighborhoods. It
crosses all racial, economic, and cultural
lines. Sometimes, families who seem to have
it all from the outside are hiding a different
story behind closed doors.

22. MYTH #4: Most child abusers are
strangers.

23. Fact: While abuse by strangers does
happen, most abusers are family members
or others close to the family.

24. MYTH #5: Abused children always grow
up to be abusers.

25. Fact: It is true that abused children are
more likely to repeat the cycle as adults,
unconsciously repeating what they
experienced as children. On the other hand,
many adult survivors of child abuse have a
strong motivation to protect their children
against what they went through and become
excellent parents.

27. Fathia fareed ibrahim

28. There are several types of child
abuse, but the core element that
ties them together is the
emotional effect on the child.

29. physical
abuse
emotion
al abuse
Child abuse
falls into one
or more of
four
categories
sexual
abuse
neglect

31. 1/ Physical abuse
Many physically abusive parents insist that their
actions are simply forms of ways to make children
learn to behave, But there is a big difference
between using physical punishment to discipline and
physical abuse.
The point of disciplining children is to teach them
right from wrong, not to make them live in fear.

32. 1/ Physical abuse
Physical abuse may involve hitting, shaking,
throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning,
suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm to a
child.
It may also be caused when a parent or carer
fabricates symptoms of, or induces illness in a child.

53. 2/ Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is the persistent emotional ill
treatment of a child such as to cause severe and
persistent effects on the child’s emotional
development, and may involve:

54. 1/Conveying to a child that s/he is worthless, unloved,
inadequate.
2/Calling names and making negative comparisons to
others.
3/Telling a child he or she is “no good," "worthless,"
"bad," or "a mistake.
4/Frequent yelling, threatening, or bullying.Ignoring or
rejecting a child as punishment, giving him or her the
silent treatment.
5/Limited physical contact with the child—no hugs,

55. 5/Limited physical contact with the child—no hugs,
kisses, or other signs of affection.
6/Exposing the child to violence or the abuse of others,
whether it be the abuse of a parent, a sibling, or even a
ppet.
These will Causing a child to feel frightened or in
danger

59. 3/Neglect
defined as the persistent failure to meet
a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs, likely
to result in the serious impairment of the child’s health
and development.
-child's basic needs could be
( adequate food, clothing, hygiene, or supervision). Child
neglect is not always easy to spot.

60. Sometimes, a parent might become physically or
mentally unable to care for a child, such as with a
serious injury, untreated depression, or anxiety.
Other times, alcohol or drug abuse may seriously
complicate the problem
Older children might not show outward signs of neglect,
becoming used to presenting a competent face to the
outside world, and even taking on the role of the
parent. But at the end of the day, neglected children are
not getting their physical and emotional needs met.

65. fardia tariq

67. DEF
Any action related to sex that harms achild or
involvement of child in sexual activity that
they cannot understand for which they are
developmentally unprepared and cannot give
consent to and that violates social taboos

68. Sexual abuse involve manipulation and coercion
And is typically a physically non violent assault .
Sexual abuse is apparent family friend stranger
sibling touching child inappropriately fo
touch there own pleasure having the child
pornography and taping child performing a
sex act.

69. Signs of sexual abuse
Physical sign of sexual abuse:
• difficulty walking or sitting
stained or bloody underwear
• genital or rectal pain .itchy,
swelling redness or discharge
• bruises or other injury in the
genital or rectal area

70. Signs of sexual abuse
behavioralemotional sign of sexual abuse
difficulty eating or sleeping
soiling or wetting themselves
even after being potty trained
acting younger than their age

71. Signs of sexual abuse
Excessive crying and sadness
Refusing to play with other
children and adult
Talking about acting out
sexual act. Older than normal
for the child's age

72. Diagnosis and investigation
History
Physical examination
Labrotary
evaluation(screaning for
gonorrhea syphilis human
immunodeficicy virus
clamydia trachomatis
trichomnas vaginalis

73. Risk factors of child abuse and neglect
Fatima awad

74. Risk factors for child abuse and
neglect:While child abuse and neglect occurs in all
types of families — even in those that look
happy from the outside — children are at a
much greater risk in certain situations.

75. Domestic violence:-
Domestic violence is fearful to children and
emotionally abusive, Even if the mother does her
best to protect her children and keeps them
from being physically abused, the situation is
still extremely damaging.

76. Alcohol and drug abuse:Living with an alcoholic or addict is very difficult
for children and can easily lead to abuse and
neglect.
Parents who are drunk or high are unable to
care for their children, make good parenting
decisions, and control often-dangerous
impulses.
Substance abuse also commonly leads to
physical abuse or serious illness.

77. Untreated mental illness:-
Parents who suffering from depression, an
anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, or another
mental illness have trouble taking care of
themselves, much less their children.
A mentally ill or traumatized parent may be
distant and withdrawn from his or her children,
or quick to anger without understanding why.
Treatment for the caregiver means better care
for the children.

79. Lack of parenting skills:-
Some caregivers never learned the skills
necessary for good parenting.
Teen parents, for example, might have
unrealistic expectations about how much care
babies and small children need. Or parents who
were themselves victims of child abuse may only
know how to raise their children the way they
were raised.
In such cases, parenting classes, therapy, and
caregiver support groups are great resources
for learning better parenting skills.

80. Stress and lack of support:-
Parenting can be a very time-intensive, difficult
job, especially if you’re raising children without
support from family, friends, or the community
or financial difficulties.
Caring for a child with a disability, special
needs, or difficult behaviors is also a challenge.
It’s important to get the support you need, so
you are emotionally and physically able to
support your child.

82. Warning signs of child abuse and neglect
Fardous babeker

84. • The earlier child abuse is caught, the better
the chance of recovery and appropriate
treatment for the child. Child abuse is not
always obvious. By learning some of the
common warning signs of child abuse and
neglect, you can catch the problem as early as
possible and get both the child and the abuser
the help that they need.

85. • Of course, just because you see a warning sign
doesn’t automatically mean a child is being
abused. It’s important to dig deeper, looking
for a pattern of abusive behavior and warning
signs, if you notice something off.

86. Warning signs of emotional abuse in children
• Excessively withdrawn, fearful, or anxious about
doing something wrong.
• Shows extremes in behavior (extremely compliant or
extremely demanding; extremely passive or
extremely aggressive).
• Doesn’t seem to be attached to the parent or
caregiver.
• Acts either inappropriately adult (taking care of other
children) or inappropriately infantile (rocking,
thumb-sucking, throwing tantrums).

87. Warning signs of physical abuse in children
• Frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or cuts.
• Is always watchful and “on alert,” as if waiting for
something bad to happen.
• Injuries appear to have a pattern such as marks from a
hand or belt.
• Shies away from touch, flinches at sudden movements,
or seems afraid to go home.
• Wears inappropriate clothing to cover up injuries, such as
long-sleeved shirts on hot days.

88. Warning signs of neglect in children
• Clothes are ill-fitting, filthy, or inappropriate for
the weather.
• Hygiene is consistently bad (unbathed, matted
and unwashed hair, noticeable body odor).
• Untreated illnesses and physical injuries.
• Is frequently unsupervised or left alone or
allowed to play in unsafe situations and
environments.
• Is frequently late or missing from school.

89. Warning signs of sexual abuse in children
• Trouble walking or sitting.
• Displays knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate
to his or her age, or even seductive behavior.
• Makes strong efforts to avoid a specific person, without an
obvious reason.
• Doesn’t want to change clothes in front of others or
participate in physical activities.
• An STD or pregnancy, especially under the age of 14.
• Runs away from home.

90. Child abuse and reactive attachment disorder
• Severe abuse early in life can lead to reactive
attachment disorder. Children with this disorder are
so disrupted that they have extreme difficulty
establishing normal relationships and attaining
normal developmental milestones. They need special
treatment and support

93. EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
Mohammed isma3eel

95. Immediate effects of child abuse
The immediate effects of child abuse can be
extremely serious, especially in infants, where
some of the serious injuries and fatalities result
from shaking during the first 12 months of life.
In both infants and older children, the effects of
child abuse vary according to the types of abuse
or neglect and can be identified by the following
signs.

96. Physical effects of child abuse
1. Unexplained burns, cuts, bruises, or
welts in the shape of an object
2. Bite marks
3. Anti-social behavior
4. Problems in school
5. Fear of adults

97. Emotional effects of child abuse
1. Apathy
2. Depression
3. Hostility or stress
4. Lack of concentration
5. Eating disorders

98. Sexual effects of child abuse
1. Inappropriate interest or knowledge of sexual
acts
2. Nightmares and bed wetting
3. Drastic changes in appetite
4. Overcompliance or excessive aggression
5. Fear of a particular person or family member

99. Neglect
1. Unsuitable clothing for weather
2. Appearance is dirty or unbathed
3. Extreme hunger
4. Apparent lack of supervision

100. Long-Term Abuse and Neglect
These effects range in consequence from minor
physical injuries
low self-esteem,
attention disorders,
and poor peer relations to severe brain damage,
violent behavior, and death

101. Statistics underscore the alarming effects of child
abuse over time:
36.7% of all women in prison and 14.4% of all men in
prison in the United States were abused as children.
Children who have been sexually abused are 2.5 times
more likely to abuse alcohol and 3.8 times more likely
to become addicted to drugs.
One third of abused and neglected children will later
abuse their own children, continuing the horrible cycle
of abuse.

102. Effects on Child Development
Brain/cognitive development
Attachment
Academic achievement

120. ???????????////////??????????????
emaad

122. Miada adlan

124. Def as:
any sexual act that is perpetrated against
some one will sexual violence type are:
1. rape(completed sex act)
2. An attempted nonconsensual sex act
3. Abusive sexual contact
4. Non contact sexual abuse (threatened sexual
violence. Exhibitionism. Verbal sexual
harassment)

125. Symptoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Anxiety
depression
post sexual abuse
Trauma
Sleep disturbance

126. Risk factor
1. Parents lack understanding of child need
2. Substance abuse and mental health
issue(depression)
3. Family social
4. Parents stress
5. Poor parents child relationship
6. Community violence

127. Prevention
1. Take through history of child involved with
violence as aggress or victim by stander non
violent problem solver
2. Educate child and parents about way of reduce
risk factor
3. Provide follow up support for the changes and
their parents make to help prevent violence

128. 4. Engage in community out reach activity
designed community norms about violence
by community and pediatricians can help
children develop the habits need to protect
themselves from violence

131. Divorce AND Separation
mohammed bassam daqaq

137. Child feeling
They
experience
conflicts of
loyalty
guilty
angry
Abandoned
powerless
take care” of
their parents
helpless
worry that
they will be
“kicked out”
Grieve

138. <2 years
May sense parents’
stress and feel changes
in daily routine
6 to 8
Lack mental ability to
understand what is
happening
include anger, grief, and
a deep yearning for the
departed parent
tantrums
Will be confused, angry,
sad, and fearful
Too young to understand
what is happening
2 to 5
May feel responsible for
taking care of parents
Fantasy play will reveal
fears and desires of
family reunited
Children identify with
both parents

139. 9 to 12
13 to 18
18 to 25
Have ability to see two
points of view
More developed socially and
emotionally- peers are
primary orientation
Accelerated independence growing up faster
Need to talk about their
feelings and acknowledge
anger
May identify “good
guy”/”bad guy”; focused on
what’s “right and fair”
Puberty makes it difficult to
be separated from same-sex
parent
Lack of consistency in
discipline and control is
unsettling
anger and frustration
through delinquency,
substance abuse, sexual
promiscuity
Early departure from family
to avoid conflict
Involvement with alcohol,
drugs or inappropriate sexual
behavior to “escape” pain
Loss of “Home”

140. Compassionate
listening
Maintaining
relationships
A stable
environment
level of conflict

142. PEDIATRICIAN
PSYCHOLOGIST
HOW
CAN
HELP
SOCIAL WORKER
POLICE
Monitor the health of the
child
Monitor the situation bodily
Give tips and treatments

143. Pediatrician
Psychologist
How
can
help
Social worker
police
Give tips for parents and
the child
Assess and handle the
mental state of the child
Physical examination
case
Monitor the habits of
the child

144. Pediatrician
Psychologist
How
can
help
Social worker
police
family
*Family environment
scale (cohesion,
communication)
*Perceptions of parents
(positivity and
negativity)
*Parental conflict

145. Pediatrician
Psychologist
How
can
help
Social worker
police
Follow the situation on the
ground
In the home and
neighborhood, school or
seedbed way and dealing
with people and vice versa
Reporting Specialist for
children and psychological
Give tips for parents and
parents residing with him

146. Pediatrician
Psychologist
How
can
help
Social worker
police
If you do not respond to
instruction or exposure
of the child beating or
physical abuse or sexual
harassment in the USA if
the child is an adult and
is malicious acts or
exposure to drugs or
other acts of sabotage

147. Pediatrician
Psychologist
How
can
help
Social worker
police
If you do not respond to
instruction or exposure
of the child beating or
physical abuse or sexual
harassment in the USA if
the child is an adult and
is malicious acts or
exposure to drugs or
other acts of sabotage

148. poor outcomes for children of separation
1
• Inter-parental conflict
2
• Poverty
3
• Parents’ psychological wellbeing
4
• Relationship with nonresident parent
5
• Parenting style

150. shahlaa abdeen

151. Right to Health
Right to Food
Right to Education
Right to life
Right to protection

152. Right to Health
Every child has the
right to health care,
clean water, nutritious
food and a safe
environment so they
can be as healthy as
possible.

153. Health
Medical resources are very
limited and are drained still
further by the country’s
internal conflicts. In Darfur,
for example, a large majority
of hospitals are currently
under reconstruction.

154. Health
There is a desperate lack of
medical supplies and facilities,
and existing facilities are illequipped to deal with the vast
numbers of children, principally
newborns who are suffering
serious illnesses often caused by
malnutrition and dehydration.

155. Right to Food
The conflicts which have ravaged
Sudan over decades, combined
with harsh climatic conditions
such as floods and droughts,
have led to severe food
shortages. Unable to rely wholly
on their own crops, the Sudanese
people are still largely dependent
on food aid.

156. Right to Food
safe drinking water is
limited in Sudan.
According to UNICEF
statistics, 40% of the
population has no access
to safe drinking water.

157. Food problems
Children are particularly at
risk from food shortages, and
the rate of infant mortality is
especially high as 30% of
babies are underweight at
birth.

158. Right to Education
Almost half of Sudan’s
children are not in school.
Although education in Sudan
is in theory compulsory, the
reality is quite different.
Children fail to attend or
finish school usually due to
poverty, instability and lack
of security.

159. Right to Education
Girls, in particular, face many
obstacles preventing them
access to education,
including child marriage in
some areas and a lack of
community awareness about
the importance of educating
girls.

160. Education problems
In order to reduce school
dropout rates, the Ministry
of Education and the World
Food Programme have joined
forces to provide lunches to
all pupils. Parents are now
more willing to send their
children to school, knowing
that they will be fed.

161. Right to life
The right to life is a moral
principle based on the belief that
a human being has the right to
live and, in particular, should not
to be unjustly killed by another
human being. The concept of a
right to life is central to debates
on the issues of abortion, self
defense and the morality of war.

162. Right to protection
UNICEF uses the term ‘child
protection’ to refer to preventing
and responding to violence,
exploitation and abuse against
children – including commercial
sexual exploitation, trafficking,
child labour and harmful
traditional practices, such as
female genital mutilation/cutting
and child marriage.

163. Child marriage
In Sudan, 12.4% of girls
are forced to marry
before the age of 15.
Marriage is governed by a
Sharia-based law
introduced in 1991.

164. Child marriage
The practice of child
marriages is very harmful to
young girls and their health.
At such a young age, girls’
bodies are not fully
developed and are therefore
not equipped for pregnancy
or labour.

165. Female Genital Mutilations
Sudan ranks second for the
number of female genital
mutilations in Africa. 90% of
female Sudanese have their
genitals mutilated before
they reach the age of ten.

166. Female Genital Mutilations
Sudan practises the most
severe form of FGM:
infibulation, which involves
the complete removal of the
clitoris and the cutting away
and stitching of the labia.

167. Female Genital Mutilations
The practice of FGM is extremely
painful as it is performed without
anaesthetic, is a risk to health
and to life, and represents a
terrible violation of the girls’
rights. It runs risks for the girls’
health and their lives as they can
easily develop infections.

168. Main problems faced by children in Sudan:

169. Poverty
Sudan is one of the world’s
poorest countries. 40% of its
population live below the
poverty line and the majority of
Sudanese are destitute and living
in terrible conditions.

170. Poverty
A harsh climate and a lack of
natural resources are primarily
responsible for the prevailing
poverty, but political instability
and internal conflict have
aggravated the situation. Denying
them even their basic needs,
extreme poverty is robbing
Sudanese children of their
childhoods.

171. Child soldiers
Sudan, like South Sudan,
has recruited many
children to its armed
forces. According to
UNICEF, there are about
6,000 child soldiers in
Darfur alone.

172. Child soldiers
Official reports show that
the youngest soldiers are
only 11 years of age and
that girl soldiers are often
the victims of sexual
abuse against which they
receive no protection.

173. Child soldiers
In Sudan, two long civil
wars have left millions
dead, internally displaced
persons and refugees.

174. Child soldiers
For the children of Sudan,
the primary victims of the
conflict, there have been
drastic consequences for
their education, health
and wellbeing.

175. Displaced and refugee children
Sudan has the largest
number of internally
displaced people in the
world. In the face of violence
because of the conflict, many
families are forced to flee
their homes to escape a
gloomy fate.

176. Displaced and refugee children
The journey to camps can
be long and perilous and
many fail to make the
journey alive.

177. Displaced and refugee children
Once having reached the
camps, food, health and
physical security are still not
assured. Armed groups are
known to target civilian areas
to amplify the effects of their
attacks and living conditions
within the camps are poor.

178. Displaced and refugee children
Humanitarian
organisations concerned
to help the refugees are
not always able assist as
they are at times unable
to reach the camps.