SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 23
Download to read offline
Chapter 3
Ecosystems and Energy
o   Ecology                   o   Potential vs. Kinetic energy
o   Species                   o   1st law of thermodynamics
o   Population                o   2nd law of thermodynamics
o   Community                 o   Photosynthesis
o   Ecosystem                 o   Cellular Respiration
o   Atomosphere               o   Chemosynthesis
o   Lithosphere               o   How energy flows through an
o   Hydrosphere                   ecosystem
o   Heterotrophs              o   Producers
o   Omnivores                 o   Consumers (primary, secondary,
o   Detritus                      tertiary)
o   Trophic levels            o   Decomposers/Saprotrophs
o   Gross primary productivityo   Ecological pyramid (numbers,
    (GPP)                         biomass, energy)
o   Net primary productivity
    (NPP)
Overview of Chapter 3

o   Ecology
o   Energy
    •   First Law of Thermodynamics
    •   Second Law of Thermodynamics
o   Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
o   Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
    •   Producers, Consumers & Decomposers
    •   Ecological Pyramid
    •   Ecosystem Productivity
o   Ecology
                          Ecology
    •   “eco” house & “logy” study of
    •   The study of interactions among and between
        organisms in their abiotic environment
    •   Broadest field in biology
o   Biotic-
    •   living environment
    •   Includes all organisms
o   Abiotic-
    •   non living or physical environment
    •   Includes living
        space, sunlight, soil, precipitation, etc.
Ecology
o   Biology is
    very
    organized
o   Ecologists
    are
    interested
    in the levels
    of life
    above that
    of organism
Ecology Definitions
o   Species
    •   A group of similar organisms whose members freely
        interbreed
o   Population
    •   A group of organisms of the same species that occupy
        that live in the same area at the same time
o   Community
    •   Al the populations of different species that live and
        interact in the same area at the same time
o   Ecosystem
    •   A community and its physical (abiotic) environment
o   Landscape
    •   Several interacting ecosystems
Ecology

o    Biosphere contains earth’s
     communities, ecosystems and
     landscapes, and includes:
    • Atmosphere-

        gaseous envelope
        surrounding earth
    •   Hydrosphere-
        earth’s supply of
        water
    •   Lithosphere- soil
        and rock of the
        earth’s crust
Energy

o   The ability or
    capacity to do work
    •   Chemical, radiant,
        thermal, mechanical,
        nuclear, electrical
o   Energy exists as:
    •   Stored energy
        (potential energy)
    •   Kinetic energy (energy
        of motion)
Thermodynamics

o   Study of energy and its transformations
o   System- the object being studied

                        •   Closed System- Does
                            not exchange energy
                            with surroundings (rare
                            in nature)
                        •   Open System-
                            exchanges energy with
                            surroundings
Laws of Thermodynamics

o   First Law of Thermodynamics
    •   Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can
        change from one form to another
         •   Ex: organisms cannot create energy they need to
             survive- they must capture it from another source
    •   Focus is on quantity
o   Second Law of Thermodynamics
    •   When energy is converted form one form to
        another, some of it is degraded to heat
         •   Heat is highly entropic (disorganized)
    •   Focus is on quality
Photosynthesis
o   Biological process by which energy from
    the sun (radiant energy) is transformed
    into chemical energy of sugar molecules

       6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy


          C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
o   Energy captured by plants via
    photosynthesis is transferred to the
    organisms that eat the plants
Cellular Respiration

o   The process where the chemical energy
    captured in photosynthesis is released
    within cells of plants and animals
            C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

            6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
o   This energy is then used for biological
    work
    •   Creating new cells, reproduction, movement,
        etc.
Energy Flow

o   Passage of energy
    in a one-way
    direction through
    an ecosystem
    •   Producers
    •   Primary consumers
    •   Secondary
        consumers
    •   Decomposers
Food Chains- The Path of Energy Flow
o   Energy from food passes from one
    organisms to another
     •   Each “link” is called a trophic level
Food webs represent interlocking food chains
 that connect all organisms in an ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids

o   Graphically represent the relative energy
    value of each trophic level
    •   Important feature is that large amount of
        energy are lost between trophic levels to heat
o   Three main types
    •   Pyramid of numbers
    •   Pyramid of biomass
    •   Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of Numbers
o   Illustrates the number of organisms at each
    trophic level
    •   Usually, organisms at the base of the pyramid
        are more numerous
    •   Fewer organisms occupy
        each successive level
o   Do not indicate the
    biomass of the
    organisms at each level
    or the amount of
    energy transferred
    between levels
Pyramid of Biomass
o   Illustrates the total biomass at each
    successive trophic level
    •   Biomass: measure of the total amt of living
        material
    •   Biomass indicates the
        amount of fixed energy
        at a given time
o   Illustrates a
    progressive reduction
    in biomass through
    trophic levels
Pyramid of Energy
o   Illustrates how much energy is present at
    each trophic level and how much is
    transferred to the next level
    •   Most energy dissipates between trophic levels
o   Explains why there
    are so few trophic
    levels
    •   Energy levels get too
        low to support life
Ecosystem Productivity

o   Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
    •   Total amount of energy that plants capture and
        assimilate in a given period of time
o   Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
    •   Plant growth per unit area per time
    •   Represents the rate at which organic material
        is actually incorporated into the plant tissue
        for growth
o   GPP – cellular respiration = NPP
    •   Only NPP is available as food to organisms
Variation in NPP by Ecosystem
Human Impact on NPP

o   Humans consume more of earth’s resources
    that any other animal
    •   Humans represent 0.5% of land-based biomass
    •   Humans use 32% of land-based NPP!
o   This may contribute to loss of species
    (extinction)
o   Humans’ high consumption represents a
    threat to planet’s ability to support both
    human and non-human inhabitants
APES ch3

More Related Content

What's hot

Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2
Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2
Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2JamilMartinez2
 
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population GrowthChapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population GrowthMary Beth Smith
 
Topic 5 ecology & evolution
Topic 5   ecology & evolutionTopic 5   ecology & evolution
Topic 5 ecology & evolutioncartlidge
 
AP Biology An introduction to ecology
AP Biology An introduction to ecologyAP Biology An introduction to ecology
AP Biology An introduction to ecologyStephanie Beck
 
Biosphere origin ,structure & development
Biosphere origin ,structure & developmentBiosphere origin ,structure & development
Biosphere origin ,structure & developmentstanmarshsp
 
Ecology Revision Notes
Ecology Revision NotesEcology Revision Notes
Ecology Revision NotesMrs Parker
 
Bio 105 Chapter 3
Bio 105 Chapter 3Bio 105 Chapter 3
Bio 105 Chapter 3wmk423
 
Evolution unit notes
Evolution unit notesEvolution unit notes
Evolution unit notesjschmied
 
Topic 5: Ecology and Evolution
Topic 5: Ecology and EvolutionTopic 5: Ecology and Evolution
Topic 5: Ecology and EvolutionMackenzie
 
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of EcologyGlencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of EcologyAndrea B.
 
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPoint
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPointLevels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPoint
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPointwww.sciencepowerpoint.com
 
Introduction and ecology
Introduction and ecologyIntroduction and ecology
Introduction and ecologyGaurav Pahuja
 
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecology
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecologyChapter 3 biosphere and ecology
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecologywatsonma12
 
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphere
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphereEvolution of biosphere and cryosphere
Evolution of biosphere and cryospherePramoda Raj
 

What's hot (20)

Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2
Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2
Ecosystems and biomes (ict)(slideshare)2
 
AQUIB ASSIGNMENT
AQUIB ASSIGNMENTAQUIB ASSIGNMENT
AQUIB ASSIGNMENT
 
Flow of energy in an ecosystem
Flow of energy in an ecosystemFlow of energy in an ecosystem
Flow of energy in an ecosystem
 
Ecosystem and its function
Ecosystem and its functionEcosystem and its function
Ecosystem and its function
 
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population GrowthChapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
 
Topic 5 ecology & evolution
Topic 5   ecology & evolutionTopic 5   ecology & evolution
Topic 5 ecology & evolution
 
Ecosystem structure and function
Ecosystem structure and functionEcosystem structure and function
Ecosystem structure and function
 
AP Biology An introduction to ecology
AP Biology An introduction to ecologyAP Biology An introduction to ecology
AP Biology An introduction to ecology
 
Biosphere origin ,structure & development
Biosphere origin ,structure & developmentBiosphere origin ,structure & development
Biosphere origin ,structure & development
 
Ecology Revision Notes
Ecology Revision NotesEcology Revision Notes
Ecology Revision Notes
 
Bio 105 Chapter 3
Bio 105 Chapter 3Bio 105 Chapter 3
Bio 105 Chapter 3
 
Evolution unit notes
Evolution unit notesEvolution unit notes
Evolution unit notes
 
2 ecology env300
2 ecology env3002 ecology env300
2 ecology env300
 
Topic 5: Ecology and Evolution
Topic 5: Ecology and EvolutionTopic 5: Ecology and Evolution
Topic 5: Ecology and Evolution
 
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of EcologyGlencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
Glencoe Biology Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
 
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPoint
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPointLevels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPoint
Levels of Ecological Organization Lesson PowerPoint
 
Introduction and ecology
Introduction and ecologyIntroduction and ecology
Introduction and ecology
 
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecology
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecologyChapter 3 biosphere and ecology
Chapter 3 biosphere and ecology
 
Biosphere to Ecosystems
Biosphere to EcosystemsBiosphere to Ecosystems
Biosphere to Ecosystems
 
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphere
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphereEvolution of biosphere and cryosphere
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphere
 

Viewers also liked

8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 18th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1MRS.KDUNCAN
 
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 38th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3MRS.KDUNCAN
 
Revision on thermodynamics
Revision on thermodynamicsRevision on thermodynamics
Revision on thermodynamicscairo university
 
Chapter 3 thermodynamics final
Chapter 3 thermodynamics finalChapter 3 thermodynamics final
Chapter 3 thermodynamics finalAaba Tambe
 
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2Larry Howard
 
Physics P P Presentation Ch 10
Physics  P P  Presentation  Ch 10Physics  P P  Presentation  Ch 10
Physics P P Presentation Ch 10josoborned
 
Thermodynamics chapter 3
Thermodynamics chapter 3Thermodynamics chapter 3
Thermodynamics chapter 3zirui lau
 
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1nhaikalhassan
 
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1VJTI Production
 
Chapter 10 Powerpoint
Chapter 10 PowerpointChapter 10 Powerpoint
Chapter 10 PowerpointMrreynon
 
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and mass
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and massCh 3 energy transfer by work, heat and mass
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and massabfisho
 
chapter 4 first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1
chapter 4  first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1chapter 4  first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1
chapter 4 first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1abfisho
 
Ch 15 Thermodynamics
Ch 15 ThermodynamicsCh 15 Thermodynamics
Ch 15 ThermodynamicsScott Thomas
 
AP Physics - Chapter 15 Powerpoint
AP Physics - Chapter 15 PowerpointAP Physics - Chapter 15 Powerpoint
AP Physics - Chapter 15 PowerpointMrreynon
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics 1Thermodynamics 1
Thermodynamics 1
 
C H5
C H5C H5
C H5
 
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 18th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 1
 
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 38th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
8th Grade Chapter 5 Lesson 3
 
Revision on thermodynamics
Revision on thermodynamicsRevision on thermodynamics
Revision on thermodynamics
 
Chapter 3 thermodynamics final
Chapter 3 thermodynamics finalChapter 3 thermodynamics final
Chapter 3 thermodynamics final
 
Ch04
Ch04Ch04
Ch04
 
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2
Rayegan thermo i-cengel-chapter 3-p2
 
Physics P P Presentation Ch 10
Physics  P P  Presentation  Ch 10Physics  P P  Presentation  Ch 10
Physics P P Presentation Ch 10
 
Thermodynamics, part 3.ppt
Thermodynamics, part 3.pptThermodynamics, part 3.ppt
Thermodynamics, part 3.ppt
 
Thermodynamics chapter 3
Thermodynamics chapter 3Thermodynamics chapter 3
Thermodynamics chapter 3
 
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1
JJ207 Thermodynamics I Chapter 1
 
Thermodynamics
ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
 
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1
Thermodynamics Problems Chapter 1
 
Chapter 15=Thermodynamics
Chapter 15=ThermodynamicsChapter 15=Thermodynamics
Chapter 15=Thermodynamics
 
Chapter 10 Powerpoint
Chapter 10 PowerpointChapter 10 Powerpoint
Chapter 10 Powerpoint
 
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and mass
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and massCh 3 energy transfer by work, heat and mass
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and mass
 
chapter 4 first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1
chapter 4  first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1chapter 4  first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1
chapter 4 first law of thermodynamics thermodynamics 1
 
Ch 15 Thermodynamics
Ch 15 ThermodynamicsCh 15 Thermodynamics
Ch 15 Thermodynamics
 
AP Physics - Chapter 15 Powerpoint
AP Physics - Chapter 15 PowerpointAP Physics - Chapter 15 Powerpoint
AP Physics - Chapter 15 Powerpoint
 

Similar to APES ch3

Ecology and ecosystems
Ecology and ecosystemsEcology and ecosystems
Ecology and ecosystemsKHUSHBU SHAH
 
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.pptPPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.pptSathwik62
 
Introduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
Introduction to ECOLOGY.pptIntroduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
Introduction to ECOLOGY.pptObsa2
 
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystemLecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystemSomanath Sarvade
 
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdf
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdfEnergy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdf
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdfEftekhar Emon
 
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMParth Vaishnav
 
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energy
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energyLaws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energy
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energyHafiz M Waseem
 
Ecology
EcologyEcology
Ecologycgales
 
Basic ecology notes
Basic ecology notesBasic ecology notes
Basic ecology notesRichard Holt
 
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propects
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propectsEcology.pptx. Concept aspect and propects
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propectsRAJESHKUMAR428748
 
Ecosystem and Ecological succession
Ecosystem  and Ecological successionEcosystem  and Ecological succession
Ecosystem and Ecological successionAbantipradhan
 

Similar to APES ch3 (20)

Ecosystem
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystem
 
Introduction to Ecology V2
Introduction to Ecology V2Introduction to Ecology V2
Introduction to Ecology V2
 
Intro to Ecology
Intro to EcologyIntro to Ecology
Intro to Ecology
 
Ecology and ecosystems
Ecology and ecosystemsEcology and ecosystems
Ecology and ecosystems
 
Ecosystem
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystem
 
Energy and the ecosystem IGCSE
Energy and the ecosystem IGCSEEnergy and the ecosystem IGCSE
Energy and the ecosystem IGCSE
 
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.pptPPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
PPT2.3 Food chains food web.ppt
 
Ecology
EcologyEcology
Ecology
 
Ecology notes
Ecology notesEcology notes
Ecology notes
 
Introduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
Introduction to ECOLOGY.pptIntroduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
Introduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
 
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystemLecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
Lecture 5 0ppt Functions of ecosystem
 
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdf
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdfEnergy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdf
Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Statistical Ecology Presentation.pdf
 
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
 
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energy
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energyLaws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energy
Laws of thermodynamics .ecology introduction .energy
 
BIO 101 ecology.pptx
BIO 101 ecology.pptxBIO 101 ecology.pptx
BIO 101 ecology.pptx
 
Ecology
EcologyEcology
Ecology
 
IB Eco system Chapter
IB Eco system ChapterIB Eco system Chapter
IB Eco system Chapter
 
Basic ecology notes
Basic ecology notesBasic ecology notes
Basic ecology notes
 
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propects
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propectsEcology.pptx. Concept aspect and propects
Ecology.pptx. Concept aspect and propects
 
Ecosystem and Ecological succession
Ecosystem  and Ecological successionEcosystem  and Ecological succession
Ecosystem and Ecological succession
 

More from awenzel

What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to us
What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to usWhat PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to us
What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to usawenzel
 
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentation
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 PresentationDigital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentation
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentationawenzel
 
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012CIPLC Campus Tour 2012
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012awenzel
 
Secondary Technology Coach Role
Secondary Technology Coach RoleSecondary Technology Coach Role
Secondary Technology Coach Roleawenzel
 
Project peace global issues
Project peace global issuesProject peace global issues
Project peace global issuesawenzel
 
Aquaticbiome
AquaticbiomeAquaticbiome
Aquaticbiomeawenzel
 
Terrestrial biomes
Terrestrial biomesTerrestrial biomes
Terrestrial biomesawenzel
 
Macromolecules Lecture
Macromolecules LectureMacromolecules Lecture
Macromolecules Lectureawenzel
 

More from awenzel (8)

What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to us
What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to usWhat PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to us
What PLN's, PLC's, and 21st Century Literacies mean to us
 
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentation
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 PresentationDigital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentation
Digital Literacy, Innovate 2013 Presentation
 
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012CIPLC Campus Tour 2012
CIPLC Campus Tour 2012
 
Secondary Technology Coach Role
Secondary Technology Coach RoleSecondary Technology Coach Role
Secondary Technology Coach Role
 
Project peace global issues
Project peace global issuesProject peace global issues
Project peace global issues
 
Aquaticbiome
AquaticbiomeAquaticbiome
Aquaticbiome
 
Terrestrial biomes
Terrestrial biomesTerrestrial biomes
Terrestrial biomes
 
Macromolecules Lecture
Macromolecules LectureMacromolecules Lecture
Macromolecules Lecture
 

Recently uploaded

How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 

APES ch3

  • 2. o Ecology o Potential vs. Kinetic energy o Species o 1st law of thermodynamics o Population o 2nd law of thermodynamics o Community o Photosynthesis o Ecosystem o Cellular Respiration o Atomosphere o Chemosynthesis o Lithosphere o How energy flows through an o Hydrosphere ecosystem o Heterotrophs o Producers o Omnivores o Consumers (primary, secondary, o Detritus tertiary) o Trophic levels o Decomposers/Saprotrophs o Gross primary productivityo Ecological pyramid (numbers, (GPP) biomass, energy) o Net primary productivity (NPP)
  • 3. Overview of Chapter 3 o Ecology o Energy • First Law of Thermodynamics • Second Law of Thermodynamics o Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration o Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems • Producers, Consumers & Decomposers • Ecological Pyramid • Ecosystem Productivity
  • 4. o Ecology Ecology • “eco” house & “logy” study of • The study of interactions among and between organisms in their abiotic environment • Broadest field in biology o Biotic- • living environment • Includes all organisms o Abiotic- • non living or physical environment • Includes living space, sunlight, soil, precipitation, etc.
  • 5. Ecology o Biology is very organized o Ecologists are interested in the levels of life above that of organism
  • 6. Ecology Definitions o Species • A group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed o Population • A group of organisms of the same species that occupy that live in the same area at the same time o Community • Al the populations of different species that live and interact in the same area at the same time o Ecosystem • A community and its physical (abiotic) environment o Landscape • Several interacting ecosystems
  • 7. Ecology o Biosphere contains earth’s communities, ecosystems and landscapes, and includes: • Atmosphere- gaseous envelope surrounding earth • Hydrosphere- earth’s supply of water • Lithosphere- soil and rock of the earth’s crust
  • 8. Energy o The ability or capacity to do work • Chemical, radiant, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical o Energy exists as: • Stored energy (potential energy) • Kinetic energy (energy of motion)
  • 9. Thermodynamics o Study of energy and its transformations o System- the object being studied • Closed System- Does not exchange energy with surroundings (rare in nature) • Open System- exchanges energy with surroundings
  • 10. Laws of Thermodynamics o First Law of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can change from one form to another • Ex: organisms cannot create energy they need to survive- they must capture it from another source • Focus is on quantity o Second Law of Thermodynamics • When energy is converted form one form to another, some of it is degraded to heat • Heat is highly entropic (disorganized) • Focus is on quality
  • 11. Photosynthesis o Biological process by which energy from the sun (radiant energy) is transformed into chemical energy of sugar molecules 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 o Energy captured by plants via photosynthesis is transferred to the organisms that eat the plants
  • 12. Cellular Respiration o The process where the chemical energy captured in photosynthesis is released within cells of plants and animals C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy o This energy is then used for biological work • Creating new cells, reproduction, movement, etc.
  • 13. Energy Flow o Passage of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem • Producers • Primary consumers • Secondary consumers • Decomposers
  • 14. Food Chains- The Path of Energy Flow o Energy from food passes from one organisms to another • Each “link” is called a trophic level
  • 15. Food webs represent interlocking food chains that connect all organisms in an ecosystem
  • 16. Ecological Pyramids o Graphically represent the relative energy value of each trophic level • Important feature is that large amount of energy are lost between trophic levels to heat o Three main types • Pyramid of numbers • Pyramid of biomass • Pyramid of energy
  • 17. Pyramid of Numbers o Illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level • Usually, organisms at the base of the pyramid are more numerous • Fewer organisms occupy each successive level o Do not indicate the biomass of the organisms at each level or the amount of energy transferred between levels
  • 18. Pyramid of Biomass o Illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level • Biomass: measure of the total amt of living material • Biomass indicates the amount of fixed energy at a given time o Illustrates a progressive reduction in biomass through trophic levels
  • 19. Pyramid of Energy o Illustrates how much energy is present at each trophic level and how much is transferred to the next level • Most energy dissipates between trophic levels o Explains why there are so few trophic levels • Energy levels get too low to support life
  • 20. Ecosystem Productivity o Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) • Total amount of energy that plants capture and assimilate in a given period of time o Net Primary Productivity (NPP) • Plant growth per unit area per time • Represents the rate at which organic material is actually incorporated into the plant tissue for growth o GPP – cellular respiration = NPP • Only NPP is available as food to organisms
  • 21. Variation in NPP by Ecosystem
  • 22. Human Impact on NPP o Humans consume more of earth’s resources that any other animal • Humans represent 0.5% of land-based biomass • Humans use 32% of land-based NPP! o This may contribute to loss of species (extinction) o Humans’ high consumption represents a threat to planet’s ability to support both human and non-human inhabitants