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Sustainable development in
Agriculture and     Africa requires both sparing
                    and sharing in
Rural Development
                    multifunctional landscapes
Day:


June 2012           A case of Bwindi Impenetrable National
                    Park Uganda
Sara Namirembe         1190 m to 2607 m asl
                       160-323 persons/km2



                                  WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Uganda
                Land sparing
Increased biodiversity conservation
• recovery or avoided clearance of forest
• abandonment of marginal land




                                                       Increased
                                                       farm
                                                       productivity




                                            Sparing hypothesis
                                            Investment in agricultural
                                            intensification - higher
                                            inputs of fertilizers,
                                            pesticides and irrigation
                                            infrastructure
                                            WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
Unfair beginnings
Driver: Colonial government top-down directive 1932 - Fines and fences

Consequences:

1. Polarisation                    • Land withdrawn from a few
                                   • Livelihood activities banned
                                   • No agricultural intensification programs
                                   • No compensation for spillage of wildlife
                                     damages
                                   • Heavy fines for accessing park for livelihood
                                     actions
2. Unsustainable                   • Low budget allocation
   management                      • Institutional duplicity: UWA and NFA
                                   • Sectoral disconnect between agriculture and
                                     conservation programs
Agrippinah Namara 2006. From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park (Uganda) Africa Development, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 39–68.

Geo Z. Dutki 2003. Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust Fund (MBIFCT), Uganda. Vth World Parks
Congress. September 2003. Durban, South Africa

Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2003. Housing and population census. Ministry of Finance,R L D A G R O F O R E SDevelopment. R E
                                                                                 W O Planning and Economic T R Y C E N T
The Republic of Uganda.
Approaches towards sharing – not satisfactory



   • 1991 Pilot access bee keeping only
   • 1993 Expanded access - NTFP
   • Devolution: Semi-formal participatory management
     agreements
   • Revenue sharing – 20% gate pass
   • Trust for ICDP
   • Purchase of community land raided by wildlife




Agrippinah Namara 2006. From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities?L ExperiencesFfrom E S T R Y C E N T R E
                                                                             W O R D A G R O O R Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park (Uganda) Africa Development, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 39–68.
Key messages: Both land sparing and sharing needed
 in multifunctional landscapes
1. Agricultural intensification is necessary though not sufficient
   achieve land sparing
   – Land value is greater than just food
2. Sharing approaches need to be better understood
            Conservation in small-scale
            agricultural landscapes:
            - Ecological intensification


            Agriculture and livelihoods in
            protected areas
            - Estimates of sustainable off-take
            per capita


Van Noordwijk M, Tata H L, Xu J, Dewi S and Minang P, 2012. Segregate or integrate for multifunctionality and sustained change
through landscape agroforestry involving rubber in Indonesia and China. In: Agroforestry: The Future of Global Land Use. Nair PKR
and Garrity DP (eds.), Springer, The Netherlands (in press)                        WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
A1. Land use policies, spatial development planning

                                             A2. LU rights (e.g. community forest mngmnt)
                                                       Livelihoods, provisioning &
                                                               profitability

                                                               Land                         Conse-                          Response/
                                  Actors/
    Drivers                                                  use/cover                     quences &                         feedback
                                  agents
                                                              changes                      functions                          options
                                                                                     Biodiversity, Watershed
                                                                                    functions, GHG emissions,
                                                                                        Landscape beauty
                                               B2. PES and conditional ES incentives
                      B1. Incentive structure through policy change (tax, subsidy etc)


          A1 + B1: Instruments for “Sparing” strategies / big-picture
          A2 + B2: Instruments for “Sharing” strategiesG / O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R E
                                                WORLD A R
                                                           fine-tuning
Van Noordwijk, M., B. Lusiana, G. Villamor, H. Purnomo, and S. Dewi. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with drivin
forces and actors. Ecology and Society 16(1): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/resp1/
Key messages

3. Drivers of landuse change occur at different scales:
       – proximal small-scale agriculture
       – large-scale agriculture
       – international labour migrations, markets


4. Rules continue to play a major role in ensuring food and
   conservation objectives
       – At the global level, a framework policy is needed
             • REDD+ expanded to ensure multifunctional, high carbon landscapes
       – At local level, opportunity costs must be minimised:
             • Genuine rights-based approaches and incentives



Meine van Noordwijk 2011. Reflections on current evidence on the “sharing” hypothesis, global (e.g. wildlife farming) and meso
level evidence from multifunctional land use research in ICRAF / RUPES / PRESA landscapes. Sparing vs. Sharing: Addressing
drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 8 June 2011, Bonn

Minang, P.A.; Bernard, F.; van Noordwijk, M.; Kahurani, E. 2011. Agroforestry in REDD+: Opportunities and Challenges. ASB Policy
Brief No. 26, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, Nairobi, Kenya
                                                                                   WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
Maria C. J. Cruz Management options for biodiversity protection and population. The World Bank
Thank You




    Sara Namirembe
(s.namirembe@cgiar.org)
                          WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

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Africa case studies on sharing versus sparing new

  • 1. Sustainable development in Agriculture and Africa requires both sparing and sharing in Rural Development multifunctional landscapes Day: June 2012 A case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Uganda Sara Namirembe 1190 m to 2607 m asl 160-323 persons/km2 WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
  • 2. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Uganda Land sparing Increased biodiversity conservation • recovery or avoided clearance of forest • abandonment of marginal land Increased farm productivity Sparing hypothesis Investment in agricultural intensification - higher inputs of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation infrastructure WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
  • 3. Unfair beginnings Driver: Colonial government top-down directive 1932 - Fines and fences Consequences: 1. Polarisation • Land withdrawn from a few • Livelihood activities banned • No agricultural intensification programs • No compensation for spillage of wildlife damages • Heavy fines for accessing park for livelihood actions 2. Unsustainable • Low budget allocation management • Institutional duplicity: UWA and NFA • Sectoral disconnect between agriculture and conservation programs Agrippinah Namara 2006. From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) Africa Development, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 39–68. Geo Z. Dutki 2003. Mgahinga and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust Fund (MBIFCT), Uganda. Vth World Parks Congress. September 2003. Durban, South Africa Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2003. Housing and population census. Ministry of Finance,R L D A G R O F O R E SDevelopment. R E W O Planning and Economic T R Y C E N T The Republic of Uganda.
  • 4. Approaches towards sharing – not satisfactory • 1991 Pilot access bee keeping only • 1993 Expanded access - NTFP • Devolution: Semi-formal participatory management agreements • Revenue sharing – 20% gate pass • Trust for ICDP • Purchase of community land raided by wildlife Agrippinah Namara 2006. From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities?L ExperiencesFfrom E S T R Y C E N T R E W O R D A G R O O R Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) Africa Development, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 39–68.
  • 5. Key messages: Both land sparing and sharing needed in multifunctional landscapes 1. Agricultural intensification is necessary though not sufficient achieve land sparing – Land value is greater than just food 2. Sharing approaches need to be better understood Conservation in small-scale agricultural landscapes: - Ecological intensification Agriculture and livelihoods in protected areas - Estimates of sustainable off-take per capita Van Noordwijk M, Tata H L, Xu J, Dewi S and Minang P, 2012. Segregate or integrate for multifunctionality and sustained change through landscape agroforestry involving rubber in Indonesia and China. In: Agroforestry: The Future of Global Land Use. Nair PKR and Garrity DP (eds.), Springer, The Netherlands (in press) WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
  • 6. A1. Land use policies, spatial development planning A2. LU rights (e.g. community forest mngmnt) Livelihoods, provisioning & profitability Land Conse- Response/ Actors/ Drivers use/cover quences & feedback agents changes functions options Biodiversity, Watershed functions, GHG emissions, Landscape beauty B2. PES and conditional ES incentives B1. Incentive structure through policy change (tax, subsidy etc) A1 + B1: Instruments for “Sparing” strategies / big-picture A2 + B2: Instruments for “Sharing” strategiesG / O F O R E S T R Y C E N T R E WORLD A R fine-tuning Van Noordwijk, M., B. Lusiana, G. Villamor, H. Purnomo, and S. Dewi. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with drivin forces and actors. Ecology and Society 16(1): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/resp1/
  • 7. Key messages 3. Drivers of landuse change occur at different scales: – proximal small-scale agriculture – large-scale agriculture – international labour migrations, markets 4. Rules continue to play a major role in ensuring food and conservation objectives – At the global level, a framework policy is needed • REDD+ expanded to ensure multifunctional, high carbon landscapes – At local level, opportunity costs must be minimised: • Genuine rights-based approaches and incentives Meine van Noordwijk 2011. Reflections on current evidence on the “sharing” hypothesis, global (e.g. wildlife farming) and meso level evidence from multifunctional land use research in ICRAF / RUPES / PRESA landscapes. Sparing vs. Sharing: Addressing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 8 June 2011, Bonn Minang, P.A.; Bernard, F.; van Noordwijk, M.; Kahurani, E. 2011. Agroforestry in REDD+: Opportunities and Challenges. ASB Policy Brief No. 26, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, Nairobi, Kenya WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE Maria C. J. Cruz Management options for biodiversity protection and population. The World Bank
  • 8. Thank You Sara Namirembe (s.namirembe@cgiar.org) WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE