Transforming Indian Agriculture through Next Generation Technologies

1. AGRI INTEX 2014 CONFERENCE
NEXT GENERATION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Second Edition
Date : 19th July, 2014
Time : 9.30 AM - 6.30 PM
Venue : HALL - D, CODISSIA Trade Fair Complex,
Avinashi Road, Coimbatore, INDIA
SOUVENIR
Strategic Consultant Supported by Organized by

2. AGRI INTEX 2014 CONFERENCE
NEXT GENERATION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Keynote Presentations that can
'Transform Indian Agriculture'
"Man's mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains
its original dimensions" - Oliver Wendell Holmes
Second Edition
2

3. AGRI INTEX 2014 CONFERENCE
NEXT GENERATION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
CONFERENCE SESSIONS
SESSION – 1
9:30 to 10:00 AM - Inauguration
10:00 to 10:30 AM - Mr. Narayan Vellayan.
SESSION - 2
'Organic Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture'
Second Edition
10:45 to 11:15 AM - Mr. Mahesh Kumar R. 'Biological Crop Protection and Natural
Pollination'
11:30 to 11:45 AM - Tea Break
11:45 to 12:15 AM - Lt Cdr (Retd) CV Prakash. 'Commercial Hydroponics'
12:30 to 1:00 PM - Dr. Gnana Sekar R. 'Opportunities in dairy farming'
1:15 to 2:00 PM - Lunch Break
2:00 to 2:30 PM - Dr. Senthil Chinnasamy. 'Algae Biofuels'
2:45 to 3:15 PM - Lt Cdr (Retd) Lokanathan Nagahari Krishna. 'Cold Storage
Solutions for Agriculture'
3:30 to 4:00 PM - Mr. Ravi Saraogi. 'Mobile Tools for Agribusiness'
4:00 to 4:15 PM - Tea Break
4:15 to 4:45 PM - Mr. Pradeep Sharma. 'KBL Solar Pumping System'
5:00 to 5:30 PM - Dr. Arunkumar K.R. 'Opportunities in Farm Mechanization'
5: 45 to 6:30 PM - Conclusion
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4. S P E A K E R P R O F I L E
Mr. Narayan Vellayan
Head - Organic Fertilizers & Waste Management
Coromandel International Ltd.,
Mr. Narayanan Vellayan is the founder and head of organic fertilizers and waste management
SBU in Coromandel International Ltd, a Murugappa Group Company. Mr. Narayanan hail
from the promoters’ family of Murugappa Group, which was founded in 1900, the USD 4 billion
Murugappa Group, is one of India's leading business conglomerates. The Group has 28
businesses including fertilizers, sugar and organic fertilizers as a core products range.
Mr. Narayanan on completion of his schooling joined Bristol University for his Law Degree. He
served as an associate with KPMG, London for 2 years before joining Coromandel. He has
been instrumental in setting up waste management business in Coromandel which he now
leads and mentors. Mr. Narayanan has played an advisory role in designing suitable waste
management strategy for the cities of Chennai and Pondicherry in India.
Mr. Narayanan was invited by World Bank, Hanoi and delivered his key note address on
“Success story of one of the largest organic compost markets” on behalf of India in their
“Waste workshop” organized on 13th November, 2013 at Hanoi, Vietnam.
4
MR. MAHESH KUMAR R,
TECHNICAL SALES CONSULTANT,
KOPPERT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Mr. Mahesh Kumar R is currently working at Koppert as technical sales consultant on biological
control of pests and diseases by using predators, parasitoids, microbes, natural pollination by
bumble bee and rejuvenation of soil health through microbes. Mr. Mahesh kumar completed his
Master of Science in Nematology at Gent University, Belgium and Wageningen University,
Netherlands and is a recipient of Erasmus Mundus grant for the Master of Science in
Nematology, 2010-2012. Koppert is the international market leader in the field of biological crop
protection and natural pollination. Koppert has a reputation internationally for reliability,
innovation and quality. Koppert’s ongoing research and continuous production of beneficials and
pollinators contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture and horticulture world-wide.

5. S P E A K E R P R O F I L E
LT CDR (RETD) CV PRAKASH,
CEO, PET BHARO PROJECT
CV as he is well known amongst his peers was born into a predominantly military oriented family.
His early schooling was at Sainik School Bijapur in Karnataka State. He is also an alumnus of
India’s premier institution, the National Defence Academy, where he transformed from a boy to a
man.
CV is a former Officer of the Indian Navy and served in the elite submarine arm. Upon his
retirement, he migrated to Australia in 2001. CV learnt the technique of Hydroponics from the
best of growers and consultants and resources in the Hydroponics Industry in Australia and is a
passionate proponent and pioneer in the field of Hydroponics in India. He wears several caps and
plays the role of a hands-on Grower, a Consultant, an Agronomist and Trainer in Hydroponics
both Simplified as well as Commercial. The works done by him can be seen on
www.petbharoproject.co.in and makes for motivational food and his is an awe inspiring project
that he commenced in India in late 2008. His mission is to bring technology of growing one’s own
clean, green food to every person on the planet through tried and tested simplified and
commercial technology.
Dr GNANA SEKAR R,
PRINCIPAL CONSULTANT
GS DAIRY FARM CONSULTING
Dr. Gnana Sekar, known as GS in the animal feed and health industry is a qualified post graduate
in Animal Nutrition (Dairy cattle nutrition) from National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal with
veterinary science as basic qualification from Nagpur veterinary college and is an active life
member of Animal Nutrition Association and Animal Nutrition Society of India.
He acquired 14 years of strong experience of working in key dairy states in India with the dairy
farmers holding one animal and with the large farms with more than 2000 animals. He has
conducted more than 100 technical seminars for dairy farmers, veterinary practitioners, feed
manufacturers throughout India focusing feeding of dairy animals for efficient production and
reproduction, stress management in dairy animals, young stock rearing, transition cow
management etc. He has provided more than 1000 feed formulations to the dairy farms to reduce
the feeding cost and to improve the production. GS Dairy Farm Consulting provides support to
progressive dairy farms enabling them to attain more profitability
5

6. S P E A K E R P R O F I L E
6
DR. SENTHIL CHINNASAMY,
CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER,
ABAN INFRASTRUCTURE PVT LTD
Dr. Senthil Chinnasamy is heading the biotechnology division of “Aban” group based in Chennai
as Chief Technology Officer with major research focus on developing commercial-scale
technologies for the production of biofuels/bioenergy/green chemicals from algae. He has over
25 years of research experience in the area of environmental and agricultural biotechnology. He
was instrumental in developing a novel zero effluent discharge “composting technology” to treat
and utilize the distillery effluent for agriculture and aquaculture applications. During 2007, he
initiated microalgae biofuels and anaerobic digestion research programs in the University of
Georgia in the US funded by US Department of Energy (DOE). He has many publications and two
US patents in the area of algae biofuels.
MR. RAVI SARAOGI,
COO,
UNIPHORE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Mr. Ravi Saraogi is the co-founder and COO of Uniphore Software Systems. Uniphore is Ravi's
second company, and he harnesses vast experience in directing technology teams in initiatives
spanning mobile theft security, wireless network development, and mobile learning applications.
Ravi is currently an active member of the Mobile Payment Forum of India (MPFI), where he
identifies and develops business opportunities in the field of mobile payments. He is renowned
for his excellent analytic skills, his dexterity in problem resolution, and his proclivity for driving
operational excellence in projects delivered to leading BFSI and Agribusinesses across India.

7. S P E A K E R P R O F I L E
7
MR. PRADEEP SHARMA,
MANAGER, SOLAR BUSINESS GROUP
KIRLOSKAR BROTHER LTD
Mr. Pradeep Sharma has more the eleven years of experience in the energy systems
engineering with competencies in solar pumping systems, product development,
marketing and project management. He has experience in creation and management
of channel partners. He is an expert in Energy Systems Engineering and is a post
graduate alumni from IIT Bombay. He has presented a paper on ‘Optimization of
operational energy cost in a hybrid distributed generation system’ at the prestigious
IEEE Conference on Industrial and Information Systems. He is currently the Manager
of Solar Business Group at Kirloskar Brothers Ltd .
Dr. ARUNKUMAR K.R.,
DIRECTOR, AGRI INTEX
Dr. Arunkumar K.R. is the Technical Director of Victus Laboratories India Private Limited, a
specialty plant nutrition company and is the strategic consultant for CODISSIA in agriculture. He
was recipient of the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Scholarship for Doctoral Studies awarded by
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund and conducted part of his research work at Marine
Biotechnology Institute, Japan. He was trained under world renowned carotenoid scientist Dr.
Norihiko Misawa, an important contributor in the Golden Rice Project and received Dr. K.
Balaraman award – Gold Medal for Best PhD thesis in biotechnology, TNAU. He has a vision to
transform Indian Agriculture and envisages Coimbatore as a manufacturing hub for precision
agricultural equipments and modern hydroponic systems.

8. Organic Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture
Narayan Vellayan 1
1Head – Organic Fertilisers and Waste Management,
Coromandel International Limited,
e-mail: syamaraokjs@coromandel.murugappa.com
Abstract:
Keywords:
Manuscript Not Available
8

9. Koppert Biological Systems (India) Private Limited
Mahesh Kumar R, Technical Sales Consultant, Mobile: +91 9900744100, E-mail:
Udayanarayana Bhat, General Manager, Mobile: +91 8971635160, E-mail:
mkumar@koppert.in
ubhat@koppert.in
Our mission
"Koppert's mission is to be the most preferred partner in developing and marketing
pollination systems and integrated pest management for protected and high-value crops,
by being a reliable provider of innovative, effective and top-quality solutions."
The company
Koppert is the international market leader in the field of biological crop protection and
natural pollination. Koppert has a reputation internationally for reliability, innovation and
quality.
The ongoing research and continuous production of beneficial's and pollinators contribute
to the development of sustainable agriculture and horticulture world-wide. An important
characteristic of Koppert is the involvement in the everyday world of agricultural
businesses. Koppert has a results-oriented research and development department, and
world-wide network of contacts. Large-scale production of natural enemies and pollinators
takes place in modern production facilities
9

10. Quality
'Quality' means that biological systems do what is important: protect the crop without
unnecessary problems and minimum chemical corrections. Growing a product that can meet the
standards of your partners in the chain.
Customer satisfaction is essential for Koppert. With reliable biological systems Koppert provides
growers a convenient solution for their crop protection issues. Top-quality products are an
indispensable tool to achieve this, backed up with advice of experienced specialists.
Koppert's principal place of business is active from 1967 and located in the Netherlands. In India,
Koppert is working since 2012 and located in Bangalore.
Distribution
Most of the Koppert products are living, delicate organisms. They are packed carefully, in such a
way prepared for the journey that they are still fit after arrival. The distribution chain is designed to
get the products at the final customer in the shortest possible time. This has resulted in a
streamlined logistic network, with people along the line that are thoroughly trained how to handle
the products. This network is operational in many countries.
Koppert India has successfully implemented biological crop protection in Sweet pepper, Chilli,
Cucumber, strawberry, Roses, Chrysanthemum & Gerbera in the last 2 years by introducing
beneficial insects against Thrips, Red Spider Mites, White Flies, Aphids, Leaf Miner & Mealy bug.
We also are conducting trials on use of microbials, bio stimulants and botanicals against pest and
diseases. The growers are satisfied by the results of bio control leading to increased yield which is
residue free and safer produce.
I. NATURAL POLLINATION
In 1987 it became known that bumblebees could be an excellent alternative for the fruit set of
tomatoes. This was a very labour-intensive job. At that very moment Koppert started producing
bumblebees: Bombus terrestris for Europe and Asia. Meanwhile bumblebees are used world-wide
for the pollination of tomato crops. Resulting in enormous savings in labour costs,
improvements of fruit quality and increased production.
In recent years the use of bumblebees has expanded to a range of other crops. Also in the domain
of seed selection and seed production, bumblebees have proven to be useful.
The benefits of natural pollination for the user are manifold:
l saving labour costs
l improved fruit quality
l increased productivity
l pollination less dependent on weather conditions or native pollinators
l reduced pollen quantity in glasshouse gives better working environment
More Info: http://www.koppert.com/
10

11. Commercial Hydroponics- Relevance in India's Future
ABSTRACT:
Keywords:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
REALITY CHECK
NEED FOR A SOLUTION
Lt Cdr (retd) CV Prakash,
WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
Farmer-in-Chief
Hydroponic Greenhouse Technologies India Private Limited
102, Saptagiri Meadows, 24th Main Rd, 5th Phase, JP Nagar, Bangalore, 560078
This presentation aims to sensitise Indians into understanding the importance and
relevance of Commercial Hydroponics/Soilless Cultivation in the context of modern horticulture and
why this is now the technology of the future.
Commercial Hydroponics, Soilless Cultivation, Precision horticulture, horticulture,
floriculture
India is one of the largest producers of fruits and vegetables in the world, however these numbers do
not speak much about the quality, consistency, reliability, supply chain efficiency of this produce and
profitability, packing, sorting and grading standards. Not to mention the indiscrete use of pesticides
and fertilizers.
Archaic horticultural practices, lack of efficient extension, percolation of information, lack of market
intelligence, spurious inputs in case of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides has brought us to a grim situation.
Only by the adoption of modern scientific farming methods with high precision in irrigation and
environmental control will it be possible to take horticulture to another level.
One solution that now comes in handy is the science of Soilless Cultivation/Hydroponics. Many
countries in the developing world have already seen a rise in the use of this technique.
Indian Horticulturists face the following challenges:
1) Drought conditions and unpredictable weather
2) Rising temperatures
3) Polluted water systems
4) Lack of irrigation
5) Poor water management
6) Under-nourished or over nourished crops
India today needs food security which entails that all people at all times have physical and economic
access to safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs.
Lack of water for agriculture leads to production of lesser food which means more hunger and
malnutrition
We are going to highlight the need for technology in agriculture that can contribute towards water
savings and have a positive impact on food production and availability.
Hydroponics is one methodology of soil-less cultivation.
11

12. It is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil.
The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book Sylva
Sylvarum by Francis Bacon.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONICS
Some of the reasons why hydroponics is being adopted around the world for food production are the
following:
o No soil is needed for hydroponics
o The water stays in the system and can be reused if required
o It is possible to control the nutrition levels accurately
o It is stable and provides high yields hence economically viable
o Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of
o Ease of harvesting
o It is better for consumption
There are two chief merits of the soil-less cultivation of plants. First, hydroponics may potentially
produce much higher crop yields. Also, hydroponics can be used in places where in-ground
agriculture or possible.
Greater control on environment, yields are predictable and budgeting is easier
Reduced labor time of digging and weeding
Tailored macro and micro nutrition for humans, by precision nutrition for plants.
Reduced fungal disease, little exposure to moisture
Effective recycle resulting reduced water usage
Secondary Benefits
Plants are protected from UV radiation as they are within a green house
Offers safe biological control of insects and pests
Water is reused effectively
Allows nutrients to be reclaimed, re-balanced and re-used
Can be protected from unpredictable weather patterns
Have a good root system that is not at risk from contaminants and diseases
Make efficient use of labour, which is increasingly expensive
Produce outstanding crops by using optimum nutrient formulations
o The future lies in locally grown and sold produce limiting the 'road miles'.
o This method of growing our food is a more sustainable model than those currently practised.
o The consumer is becoming increasingly concerned over health issues, environmental issues,
even water consumption cost and availability……… these all are drivers for the further
development of hydroponic growing techniques.
Mobile: +91-7829448677 or by email on ceo@petbharoproject.co.in, Website :
www.petbharoproject.co.in
PRIMARY BENEFITS
THE FUTURE
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13. Opportunities in dairy farming
Introduction
Dr Gnana Sekar
GS Dairy Farming Consultancy, Bangalore
cattlenutrition@gmail.com
Email:
Mobile: +91 96866 76647
India is heading towards doubling milk production by 2020. Demand of milk and milk
products are growing every day. There is a general mindset among dairy producers that the dairy
farming is not profitable. This reduces the motivation of a dairy farmer. On the other hand, there is a
great potential in dairy farming sector provided they are managed properly with higher productivity.
Productivity of dairy animals is influenced by feed, breed and management. Focus on these three
factors is very critical to increase productivity and to reduce cost of production of milk. An attempt is
given here to discuss about the challenges and opportunities in dairy farming and to make dairy
farming profitable and convert that as a great opportunity!
Cost of production is influenced by milk production efficiency!
Today, our animals are underutilized in majority of the places due to poor feeding and
management. Milk production efficiency (total milk produced for every kg of dry matter intake) of the
dairy cows is around 0.6 – 0.8 in many farms in south India. That means we get less milk (0.6 –
0.8lits) per kg of dry matter fed. Profitability of the dairy farms can be improved when MPE moves
towards higher side. We need to focus on improving milk production efficiency as this directly relates
to cost of production of milk. A small example (this might vary depending on the practices) is given
Milk production kg/day/animal
Concentrate kg/day
Green Roughage kg/day
Dry Roughage kg/day
Dry matter intake kg/day
Freeding cost Rs/head/day
Cost of feed Rs/kg of DM
Milk Production Efficiency
Cost of production (on feed) Rs/kg
DM
%
90%
25%
90%
10
5
20
4
13.1
156
11.9
0.76
15.6
15
7
20
4
16.7
196
13.2
1.01
13.1
20
9
20
4
4
236
14.1
1.20
This table gives us an idea about the feed expenses incurred to produce one kg of milk with different
levels of milk production. Cost of production of milk can be reduced when we get more from the
same animals. At the same time we need to be prepared to learn more to manage these high
producing animals
Focus : Feeds and feeding
There are several types of feeding practices followed in India based on the traditional and modern
dairy practices learnt from the extension specialists or based on the farmer's own experiences. One
of the major factors that limit the production and reproduction parameters is energy. Majority of the
cases results in negative energy balance in early lactation and that leads to loss of production as
well as reproductive disorders like anoestrus or repeat breeding conditions.
13
Details
*Avg cost of concentrate Rs.20/kg, Green roughage Rs.2/kg. Dry roughage Rs.4/kg
11.8
Example
1
Example
2
Example
3

14. Most of the parts of the country, dairy producers provide equal quantity of concentrate feeds and fodder
irrespective of milk production of the dairy animals. This results in increased input costs and reduced profits.
More awareness on the nutrient requirement of dairy animals required for the farmers and that will help them
to reduce or increase the feeds and fodder according to milk production. This will reduce the cost of
investment in low producers and increase milk output in high producers by meeting nutrient demand. Dairy
producers should be encouraged for silage making and that will reduce the cost of production of milk and
also help them to maintain good nutrition throughout year. Progressive dairy farmers association in Punjab
is taking lots of initiatives to improve silage making practices in Punjab. Majority of the farmers in other area
are not aware of silage or silage making.
Focus: Breeds and Breeding
Majority of the small cow farmers (less than 10 animals) are influenced by the local AI personals and use the
semen available with them. This creates a challenge on maintaining a single breed or improvement in
breeding. These small farmers sell the male and female calves (of improved genetics) instead of raising the
female calves on the farm and replace the old cow or buffalo. On the other hand, dairy producers with more
than 15 animals are gaining more knowledge on breeds and breeding. They discuss with the vets or AI
people and use good quality semen and keep a record of the semen used in their farms. Many of the
progressive dairy produces buy good quality semen and store it in their farm itself. This creates a positive
trend on improving breeds in progressive dairy farms. Progressive dairy farmers understand the
commercial value of a heifer with improved genetics and they give much focus on calf rearing and use them
for replacement. This helped many of them to double the wet average of the farm in last 10 years. Creating
confidence among AI workers regarding technological advances on feeding and management of cross bred
dairy animals will help them to transfer the technology to small producers.
Focus: Management practices
Good quality cows are not able to produce expected milk production due to poor or improper management
practices like cow comfort. They are still kept under no or poor quality shelters. This creates big stress for
milk producing dairy cows and buffaloes. In particular, cross bred cows go under tremendous heat stress
and resulted in loss of milk production. Dairy farmers report that they notice 15 - 20% reduction in milk
production during heat stress periods. When the herd size is improved to say 10 animals are more, a proper
shelter is built and dairy farming is focused as a business. Many improvements are happening in terms of
shed designing, milking practices and feeding management at the farms with more than 10 or 15 animals in
the dairy state like Punjab. Many progressive dairy producers make an attempt to reduce the heat by
foggers, fans, sprinklers and tanks to cool the animals. This helps them to reduce heat stress and improves
milk production. Education on proper record keeping on breeding, milk production, feeding practices will
help the producers to understand and analyze the farm practices and improve profitability of dairy farming.
Conclusion
Focusing on feed, breed and management will definitely support in achieving the vision of doubling milk
production by 2020. Extension department of several universities are playing a major role in extending their
support to improve the knowledge level of the dairy farmers to increase productivity of dairy animals.
Initiatives to influence influencers like vets and AI workers will help to establish proper breeding services and
nutritional and management of improved breeds particularly at the small farms with less than 15 animals.
Apart from making availability of good quality semen to improve breeds, the education regarding the usage
of compound cattle feed, importance of energy and balanced nutrition, silage making and management of
cross bred animals etc will help the influencers to influence the producers to support required milk
production.
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15. Biofuels from Algae
Senthil Chinnasamy
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ALGAE TO FUELS
1Biotechnology Division, Aban Infrastructure Pvt Ltd,
Janpriya Crest, 113 Pantheon Road,
Egmore, Chennai 600085, Tamilnadu, India.
e-mail: senthilc@aban.com
Abstract: Production of alternative fuels is gaining importance all over the world. Among the various
renewable sources identified, algae are considered as a potential biomass feedstock for the production of
advanced biofuels. Biomass production potential of algae is much higher than terrestrial plants. Algal
biomass has multiple uses and it can be converted into biofuels such as biocrude, biodiesel, bioethanol and
biomethane. India has ideal climate and enough resources which include land, water and CO2 from
industrial flue gases for algae farming to produce biofuels. This paper provides an overview of algae biofuels
and their relevance to India.
Keywords: biofuel, biomass, industrial wastewater, microalgae, sewage
World is fast getting addicted to fossil fuel usage as the demand for energy and transportation fuels is
increasing every year. In India, about 79% of the crude oil requirements i.e. 172 MMT is met through imports
from Middle East and other countries. India spends about Rs. 8 lakh crores (USD 120 billion) per year for the
import of crude oil which is a huge drain on our foreign exchange reserves. In view of increasing demand for
fossil fuels and the environmental pollution caused by the release of CO2 from fossil fuel sources,
production of alternative fuels from renewable sources is considered important to meet our future energy
needs.
Currently, algae are considered as potential biomass feedstock sources for the production of advanced
biofuels in view of their superlative biomass production potential compared to higher plants [1]. Biomass
productivity of algae is 5-10 times higher than the terrestrial crops. Algae can be cultivated in unproductive
lands and poor quality waters which include seawater, brackish water and municipal, agricultural and
industrial wastewaters [1,2,3]. Algae biomass is currently used for a wide range of applications which
include food, feed, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, biofertilizers and recently biofuels. Algae biomass is rich
in lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Oil yield of microalgae per hectare is comparatively much higher than
the traditional oil seed crops such as soybean (Table 1). Worldwide, the current research focus is mainly on
identifying algal strains with higher lipid content and biomass productivity for mass cultivation. By growing
lipid rich strains in large-scale, the oil yield can be enhanced which can be converted into biodiesel and
blended with petrodiesel to replace significant quantities of fossil fuels. Similarly, algal strains rich in
carbohydrates can be fermented to produce bioethanol. Also, biomethane can be produced through
anaerobic digestion of algae. Energy content of algal biomass is about 20 MJ/kg (~4700 kcal/kg) which is
better than the energy value of coal (i.e. 3600-4200 kcal/kg) used in thermal power plants.
15

16. Table 1 Oil Yield from various crops and microlagae
Oil Yield (L/ha)
172
446
1190
1892
2689
5950
24620-98490
Crop
Corn
Soyabean
Canola
Jatropha
Coconut
Oil Plam
Microalgaea
a Pienkos and Darzins (2)
III. POTENTIAL OF ALGAE FARMING IN INDIA
India is a tropical country with abundant sunlight and an extensive coastline of 7517 KM. The average solar
radiation is between 4 and 7 kWh m-2 day-1 with 1500 -2000 sunshine hours per year [4]. Researchers
advocate production of algae in fresh water and seawater for biofuels production. However, growing algae
in fresh water for biofuel production is not considered a sustainable approach as the fresh water sources are
becoming scarce. India generates ~38000 MLD of sewage and 84000 MLD of industrial effluents [5,6].
Algae biomass production potential of sewage and industrial wastewaters and livestock resources in India
is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Algae biomass production potential of wastewater and livestock resources available in India
ResourcesQuantity/ Population Algae biomass production potential (million T per annum)
Table 2. Algae biomass production potential of wastewater
and livestock resources available in India
5.5
12.2
Sewage (MLD)
Industrial wastewater
(MLD)
India has great potential for biofuel algae farming. National Remote Sensing Agency (MRD-NRSA 2005)
estimated that wastelands available in India are about 55 M ha [4]. Utilization of 17% of these wastelands for
fuel algae farming would be sufficient to produce enough biomass to replace the entire quantity of
petrocrude i.e. 200 million T, currently used for the production of petrol and diesel in our country . India is the
4th largest emitter of CO2 in the world. Industries in India emit 700-800 million T of CO2/year [4]. Capture of
50% of the CO2 emissions from the industry using algae will result in the production of 150-200 million T of
biomass per year.
16
Algae
biomass
production
potential
(million T
per annum)
Quantity /
Population
38000
84000
304
649
212
16.5
Resources
I. Wastewater
II. Livestockb
Boviness (millions)
Poultry (milions)
a Livestock population
b Algae biomass production potential : 680-700 and 29 kg/annum for bovines
and poultry, respectively(&). This production potential was estimated based on
the nutrients available in the livestock wastes.

17. Considering the increasing demand for petrocrude, a novel technology using subcritical water for biomass
processing was developed by Aban and its collaborators to produce biocrude/biooil from algae as suitable
replacement for conventional petrocrude to produce transportation fuels in the existing refineries. Studies
conducted by Aban and its collaborators proved the feasibility of producing biofuel precursors such as
biocrude to replace significant quantities of petrocrude used for the production of diesel, petrol and jet fuels.
Various freshwater and marine algal biomass feedstocks were used and assessed for their suitability to
produce biocrude.
Biocrude produced through this process can be upgraded and converted into drop-in fuels in the existing
petrocrude refineries and hence no new infrastructure facilities are needed. Suitable catalytic upgradation
technologies need to be developed for the production of green crude from algal biocrude to produce
renewable diesel, jetfuels and petrol. Though this technology looks promising, more research need to be
carried out to unveil the commercial potential of this process in future.
IV. CONCLUSION
Algae are ideal biofuel feedstocks for the future. There are many drivers (Environmental, Socio-economic,
Technological and Economic) for the development of microalgal industries which include climate change,
increasing oil prices, CO2 capture and recycling, algae based bioremediation, rural development, large
domestic market for fuels, utilization of wastelands and seawater and algae based biorefinery to produce
multiple value added products. However, as algae biofuel technology is in its infancy, there is a dire need for
financial and policy support from the Central and State Governments to promote R&D for technology
development and investments in this vital area.
REFERENCES
[1] Chisti, Y. 2007. "Biodiesel from Microalgae", Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294-306.
[2] Pienkos, P.T. and Darzins, A. 2009. "The Promise and Challenges of Microalgal-derived Biofuels",
Biofuels, Bioproducts. Biorefining, 3, 431-440.
[3] Chinnasamy, S., Sood, A., Renuka, N., Prasanna, R., Ratha, S. K., Bhaskar, S., Rengasamy, R &
Lewis, D. M. (2014). Ecobiological aspects of algae cultivation in wastewaters for recycling of
nutrients and biofuel applications. Biofuels, 5(2), 141-158.
[4] Milbrandt, A and Jarvis, E. (2010). Resource evaluation and site selection for microalgae production
in India. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48380.pdf. Last accessed on 9 July 2014.
[5] CPCB (2009). Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in class-I cities & class-II
towns of India. Available at: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_153_Foreword.pdf.
Last accessed on 9 July 2014.
[6] Aggarwal, S.C. and Kumar, S. 2011. Industrial water demand in India - challenges and implications
f o r w a t e r p r i c i n g . I n d i a I n f r a s t r u c t u r e R e p o r t ( 2 0 11 ) , a v a i l a b l e a t
http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/2011/Chp-18-Industrial-Water-Demand-in-India-Challenges.pdf.
Last accessed on 9 July 2014.
[7] Van Harmelen, T., & Oonk, H. (2006). Microalgae biofixation processes: applications and potential
contributions to greenhouse gas mitigation options.TNO Built Environment and Geosciences,
Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 56.
17

18. Sustainable Cold Chain Infrastructure
Abstract:
Keywords:
Nagahari Krishna L, Director, Danfoss Industries Private Limited;
I. INTRODUCTION
Food Security
Email Address: Nagahari@danfoss.com
Cold Chain is an essential component in ensuring an efficient supply chain network. A
strong infrastructure of cold chain is must for any country to develop a processed food market. As
India's population increases meeting future demand requires addressing the challenges of food
security, food wastage which would be predominantly done through establishment of cold chain
network. This would however place energy demand on the cold chain network. It is important that
we take note while establishing the cold chain network to use energy efficient and climate friendly
technologies which will ensure that the cold chain Infrastructure being established in the country
would be sustainable.
Sustainable Cold Chain, Food Security, Food Wastage, Energy Security, Skill
Development
Cold Chain is an essential component in ensuring an efficient supply chain network. Post-
Harvest infrastructure is a vital link of the agriculture supply chain to minimize the moisture losses
and prevent any bio-chemical change by keeping the product cool. Cold chain is a critical post-harvest
management practices used to prolong shelf life and preserve quality of fruits and
vegetables. While cold storages are established in few pack houses, market yards and some
airports, the available capacity is substantially low particularly at the farm level.
A strong infrastructure of cold chain is must for any country to develop a processed food market.
Also a number of Mega Food parks Pack Houses Collection centres, with packing sorting grading
facilities are coming in near future which also requires a sound foundation of cold storage
facilities across the country. When we talk of Cold Chain it is predominantly towards addressing
two important areas i.e Food Security and Food Wastage and then amongst the challenges Land
Cost, Energy demand and the high Operating Costs
As India's population increases meeting future demand for food while responding to the stresses
placed on the food system due to the changing dietary preferences, resource competition, and
climate will present significant challenges. This would change the way we farm, harvest, store,
transport, process, distribute and consume food. These changes will be a major determinant on
how we will live in the 21st century.
While increasing productivity to ensure food security will be important, equally important would
be the connections between the farmers and the different markets of consumptions. This would
be directly related to economic development of the regions as the middle class (whose numbers
increase by the day) will require new food systems. This can be met only with the right kind of rural
- urban supply chains
Towards meeting this increasing demand for perishable goods as the dietary preferences
change it is important that the loss of perishable goods be reduced
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19. Food Wastage
While we do look at increasing the productivity and the supply chain it is equally important to also
note the food wastage as not every apple produced reaches the fork i.e it is not consumed. While
there could be different levels of percentage of wastage that studies refer to, we need to take note
that this wastage is not just about the produce but also about the efforts that have gone in to
produce including the resources such as energy, water etc…...By reducing food wastage we are
not only ensuring that the challenge of food security is met but also reducing the carbon
footprint.
It is apparent that this wastage can be reduced through the efficient cold chain system from the
point of harvest to the point of consumption. As for technologies there are already many mature
technologies available which can be either adopted or modified to suit Indian conditions. Even if
we are able to reduce 50% of the losses or wastage from the current levels we would have added
substantially to the income of the farmer, income to the exchequer and created rural employment.
We have through some of our visits to farms, cold stores etc… have seen that the establishment
of pack houses with sorting, grading, packaging and other facilities creates employment for the
youth in these places. A central pack house with a capacity of handling around 1000 MT/day with
the associated collection centres, packhouses, sorting grading, ripening and other facilities
would create employment for close to 5000 people i.e direct and indirect. Even if we have a pack
house for 2 to 3 districts together we will require about 10 pack houses in a state like Tamil Nadu.
This in turn means we would be creating employment for approx.. 50,000 in number.
One of the major reasons why we need these pack houses, collection centres is to ensure that
every Horticulture produce eg. Banana produced reaches the table. Conservatively if we
estimate about 20% loss on an annual production of 9 Million tonnes we are losing 2700 Crores in
rupee terms in Tamil Nadu. (INR 15/- per Kg Banana is the value used)
Energy Security
However while the technologies exist to build this infrastructure, one of the major challenge that
still persists is the electricity costs in these cold chain. While we already are aware of the
challenges of electricity in rural areas predominantly Diesel generator sets are used.
A cold Storage of 5000 MT capacity requires a capital expenditure of 10 to 12 crores. This
requires an annual operational expenditure of 1 crore. In a normal cold store 10 to 15% of the
annual operational expenditure is on electricity costs. Through appropriate use of energy
efficient technology we can reduce this electricity cost by 30%.
It is hence important that we address this issue of energy demand and how we can find solutions
for this.
Finding a Sustainable Solution to meet the energy security needs of cold chain technologies is
crucial to development and delivering a more food secure world. This will not only ensure food
security/food wastage but also avoid additional damage to climate.
Some of the options available to us are to use more energy efficient technology in the new cold
stores, modernize existing cold stores with energy efficient or latest technologies. Increasing
adoption of renewable energy for cold chain such as solar and also work towards development of
new technologies such as LNG.
19

20. Government has already taken initiatives towards incentivizing such solutions including having
specific allocations for creating of Agri Infrastructure, Scientific Ware Housing and such other
initiatives.
While these initiatives are being undertaken there are also specific initiatives being undertaken
by States for modernization of existing Cold Stores
As an Industry we should work towards assisting in this modernization of cold stores and at the
same time the new warehouses/packhouses which will be built across the country need to adopt
the latest technologies not only in terms of equipment but also in the way they consume energy.
Skill Development.
Lastly one of the areas that both Industry and Government will have to work together is in
reducing the Skill gaps or capacity building for the Cold Chain Sector. While we do have
technicians and professionals who are currently installing and commissioning the new projects,
we will require skill sets to be developed for the rural jobs that will be created in this infrastructure
set up.
There are efforts being undertaken individually both by Government and Industry to address the
capacity building requirement. However there would be more concrete efforts required as we
move forward.
References
1. A Tank of Cold: Leapfrog to a more food secure world. Institute of Mechanical Engineers
2. Agri Infratructure in India - YES BANK Report
20

21. How Speech Recognition technology is
transforming today's agriculture in India
Ravi Saraogi,
ABSTRACT:
Today, speech recognition is considered as one of the disruptive technologies that
makes huge impact in banking, insurance, retail and manufacturing industries. In India, where
70% of the country's population is involved in the agriculture industry, speech technology has
started playing a critical role in increasing agriculture productivity through user friendly speech
solutions. This presentation will highlight the key roles played by speech solutions in Agriculture
Industry.
INTRODUCTION:
Uniphore works with businesses across the agriculture industry to reduce operational costs
through communication automation tools. With Multilingual Speech Recognition solutions,
contract farming companies, agriculture extension service providers, and input businesses can
gather and deliver critical information to farmers using even the most basic mobile phone.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE:
Uniphore Software systems
This presentation will cover the following:
l Overview on speech recognition technologies
l Challenges in agriculture industry
l How do we do it?
l Case study on how a leading agribusiness was able to reach 1.8 million farmers using speech
recognition and reduced the cost of farmer outreach by 50%
SPEECH RECOGNITION - OVERVIEW:
Speech Recognition is the ability of a program to understand and carry out spoken commands.
The speech recognition enables natural, human-like conversations and satisfying interactions.
Uniphore's Speech Recognition technology understands and responds to the particular
characteristics and nuances of 14 languages and over 100 Indian dialects.
CHALLENGES FACED BY AGRIBUSINESSES:
COO
Every day, agribusinesses face very tough scenarios in terms of customer outreach - typically
farmers are spread across remote places, illiterate and prefer closely knit trust based business
models. For agribusinesses to grow, they need to ensure they establish constant communication
with farmers to help them increase their produce. Timely information is the key because in
agriculture industry, farmers need constant updates on weather conditions, market prices, etc.
Irrespective of farmer's location, literacy rate, communication tool, agribusinesses have to reach
them on a regular basis.
HOW DO WE DO IT? - CUSTOMER CONTACT AUTOMATION:
Uniphore's customer contact automation solution helps agribusinesses deliver personalized
information to farmers through various ways:
21

22. 1. Send alerts and reminders - Send personalized voice and SMS alerts to farmers with weather
conditions, market prices, input options, etc.
2. Query handling - Farmers record a question, an expert is notified through SMS and records a
reply, and the sophisticated response is played back to the farmer
3. Mobile surveys - Send voice-based surveys to farmers to capture data about important crop
information and satisfaction levels
4. Information portal - Farmers use speech to navigate a robust information database with
important facts about crops, diseases, prices, etc.
VALUES DELIVERED:
Through speech recognition technology solutions, agribusinesses can achieve the following:
Contract farming - Improve quality of crop production through farmer education, and enhance the
timely provision of input services
Agri extension services - Collect information from farmers over the voice channel, and send
personalized tips and updates through automated outreach
Input providers - Establish a personalized, cost-effective channel to market your product to
customers and develop engagement programs over the voice channel
ABOUT UNIPHORE:
The ability to use speech to communicate is a primary reason for the evolutionary success of the
human race. Uniphore's solutions extend this insight to the evolution of human-machine
interaction. Uniphore's solutions allow any machine to understand and respond to natural human
speech, thus enabling humans to use the most natural of communication modes, speech, to
engage and instruct machines. Enterprises across industry, size and geographies deploy
Uniphore's solution to dramatically improve employee productivity and deliver superior customer
service.
As a leader of voice-based solutions in India, Uniphore has pioneered the development of mobile
applications with the combined capabilities of Speech Recognition, Voice Biometrics, and Data.
Uniphore boasts a roster of high-profile, satisfied customers across multiple verticals -
Agriculture, Financial Service Providers (mobile commerce & banking), FMCGs & NBFCs (sales
force automation), and Healthcare, & Education (content delivery services).
Since its inception in 2008, the company has grown at an exponential rate, and today it supports
nearly half a million registered end users on its platforms every month. For more information on
Uniphore visit www.uniphore.com.
22

23. KBL Solar Pumping System
Entering the Solar System
Mr. Pradeep Sharma
Kirloskar Brother Limited,
email: Pradeep.Sharma@kbl.co.in
Kirloskar Brothers Limited is all set to mark its own green print, with the company’s solar pumps
and technological solutions in India. The market is still untapped, huge and is the future of the
continent’s second most populous nation.
In the recent report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture organization , the
countries with the largest irrigated areas is India, followed by China and United States.
Unquestionably agriculture is the largest livelihood provider in India. Nearly 70 % of India’s rural
population is having agriculture as their bread and butter. Since it is one of the most practiced
occupation of the country, there is a good scope of solar powered irrigation. The numbers of
irrigated pumps have increased up to 20 million by the end of 2011-12 (with a few million
unaccounted electrical and diesel based pumps), of which around 8 million, approx 40% are
solely running on diesel. Kerosene is the major fuel used in pumps.
The flip side of using these traditional pumps is the inflation in the prices of non renewable fuels.
The diesel prices have hiked stealthily over the last decade, with on an average rise of 8% every
year and more than 30 % in the last 3 years. The price rise is about 40 % of the crops produced. As
a result of the undue expenses and the limited access to electricity, farmers focus on the
production of crops which requires less water for irrigation, are rain fed, supplemented by second
type which are farmed using diesel pumps for irrigation .
Indian government provides heavy subsidies on electricity. The electricity is given either free of
cost or charged nominally. The supply of electricity is not continuous, and the farmer has no
knowledge of the time the power will be supplied. The crops are nourished as per the time and
availability of the power and not according to their suitability and requirement. The power is
available during the off peak hours or during night. At night there is also a danger of snake bites in
the fields.
The farmers are not the only sufferer in this partnership, but the government also has to undergo
heavy financial losses every year, almost hitting India’s current account deficit ceiling, due to
sponsoring the subsidies.
Due to the above stated reasons the government is also taking an eager interest in the solar
powered manner of irrigation. It appears as the time to enter the solar system has arrived, with the
government transacting around 26 million pumps with the solar powered devices. The future of
solar energy in the field of irrigation looks critical. The government is planning to invest around $
1.6 bn (INR 4 bn i.e $ 66 mn already mentioned in the budget 2014 – 15 towards funding solar
powered water pumps for agriculture uses) to swap traditional pumps with the solar powered
ones over the next 5 years.
The dips in the prices of photovoltaic cells which are used in the solar pumps have also
23

24. strengthened the interest of the government in supplying water, the solar way.
Entering the Solar System
With the inward bound of the sun in the irrigation system, the productivity of the farmers will
increase. According to a study publishes by journal nature communication, in the last 5 decades
the yield of rice, wheat and corn has stagnated. The government will also be benefited by saving
on the subsidies, provided on the carbon fuels, savings estimation of around $ 6 Bn .
Kirloskar Brothers Limited is offering the “Right idea at the Right Time” and providing Solar
Photovoltaic Pumping Solutions for Off-Grid and Grid-Solar Hybrid Applications. It will also help
in reducing the carbon footprint and encourage the cultivation of higher valued crops, which are
avoided by the farmers, due to the sporadic supply of power. With the solar pumps the farmers
will get power anytime of the day, as per their necessity. It will also lead to the judicious pumping
of ground water, which is not so today due to free of cost availability of electricity and thus reduce
ground water abuse.
The future of solar pumps is very sun- drenched especially in the Asian countries, where there are
about 300 sunlit days in a year. India alone has a theoretical solar power reception on land of 600
TW.
India accounts for around 40% of the world’s irrigation market. The future of solar is bright in
agriculture not only nationally but also internationally.
24

25. Opportunities in Farm Mechanization
ABSTRACT:
Keywords:
INTRODUCTION
Arunkumar K.R., Director, AGRI INTEX 2014;
email Address: agriintex@codissia.com
CODISSIA AGRI INTEX Team has initiated Targeted Business Networking by
inviting companies from abroad with critical technologies to bring in advanced concepts like
vertical farming, hydroponic fodder production system, coir substrate based roof top agriculture
and kitchen garden in urban areas (Urban Agriculture). We are also inviting technology based
product companies focused on pivot irrigation, precision planters, precision sprayers and
precision harvesters for open field agriculture.
This article is an attempt to help you understand the challenges facing Indian agriculture, health
risks associated with depleted nutrition in foods and how a systematic approach can help regain
crop productivity, nutrient density, effectively control climate change related stress conditions like
drought, high heat and water stress. CODISSIA is working towards making Coimbatore an
agricultural machinery manufacturing hub for the Indian Market.
Food Security, Nutrient Density, Precision Agriculture, Pivot Irrigation, Sugarcane
harvester, Hydroponic Fodder Production
India has the highest degraded agricultural lands among Asia Pacific countries - 66 % of
cultivated land. About 70% of the area under cultivation is heading in a direction where it will
become incapable of supporting agriculture1. India is the world's largest user of groundwater for
agriculture in the world. Increased dependence on groundwater irrigation is unsustainable due to
high rates of documented depletion of groundwater. Groundwater levels are already in a critical
condition in most regions.
By 2050 groundwater level in the Ganges basin (which provides water to UP) is projected to
deplete by 50-75%. Groundwater levels in the Krishna, Cauvery and Godavari basins (which
provide water to Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and AP) are projected to deplete by ~50%
2,3.
Fourteen percent of total river length in India is severely polluted and 19% is moderately polluted
(based on BOD levels). India's future crop yields could fall by 30% by 2050 due to increased
frequency of climate change scenarios like coastal flooding, drought and water stress.
India will need to grow its agricultural output by 12% to feed its population in 2020. Most of the
soils in India are deficient in three or more essential nutrients for plant growth. Our fertilizer
consumption is increasing but the crop yields are falling due to unbalanced usage of fertilizers in
soils already deficient in many critical plant nutrients.
The extent of nutrient deficiency in Indian Soils can be correlated with the health of the
population. Nearly 20% of the Indian population is undernourished implying a low calorie as well
as nutrient intake. India lags behind even sub-Saharan African countries in terms of
undernourishment 4,5. The intake of calorie rich foods may be high witnessed with increasing
obesity levels and diabetics but the consumption of micronutrient rich foods is low resulting in
significant micronutrient deficiencies in urban as well as rural areas. Modern high yielding
25

26. varieties developed focusing on enhanced yield have actually reduced the nutritional value of
food 6,7,8.
We are currently living in the era of peak oil, diminishing access to cheap natural resources and
unsustainable way of high resource utilization exceeding the bio-capacity of our planet. Most
essential plant nutrients are minerals and are a finite resource that needs to be managed
efficiently.
To enhance our crop productivity we need targeted focus on the following core areas - soil health,
plant nutrient management, seed management, water management and farm mechanization.
CODISSIA INITIATIVE
The engineering expertise and infrastructure available in Coimbatore due to its pumps, motors,
gears and automotive components industries can help us in rapid mechanization of Indian
Agriculture provided suitable technology companies are invited to form collaborations and
reengineer their products to suit Indian agricultural market.
Conventional plow-based farming leaves soil vulnerable to erosion and promotes agricultural
runoff. Recent advances in crop production technologies like no-till agriculture now helps us to
preserve soil organic content, reduce soil erosion, enhance soil fertility and water holding
capacity with low labour costs. Our challenge is in addressing the high equipment costs, steep
learning curve hindering the widespread adoption of no-till practices.
Of 525 million farms worldwide, roughly 85 percent are less than five acres. The overwhelming
majority of these small farms (87 percent) are located in Asia. The adoption of no-till farming in
these regions, where the potential benefits are the greatest, is practically negligible 9.
Our country needs precision agriculture equipments like no-till precision planters, precision
sprayers, precision harvesters to transform open field agriculture. Imagine a scenario where
farmer do not plough their land, sowing is done precisely with GPS guidance and mechanized
spraying is done by auto steered tractors and precision harvesters harvest the crop. Our
challenge is in reengineering these existing technologies and making it affordable and reliable.
CODISSIA is focused on developing affordable single row precision seeding equipment with
fertilizer placement that is scalable to multiple rows.
ALTERNATIVE TO TRACTOR
Indian tractor industry is the largest in the world, accounting for one third of global production. 'A
tractor alone is not of much use to a farmer. It is the heavy implements, which comes as
attachments that are important. The total package - implements, along with the tractor - adds on
to the growing indebtedness on the farm'10.
'With every second farm household in Punjab owning a tractor, and considering the average farm
size is less than 4 acres, tractors have become uneconomical. But still worse, more than 20,000
tractors are being purchased every year. The tragedy is that the continuing agrarian crisis in the
country, which has taken a heavy human toll with 290,470 deaths reported from suicides in past
15 years, provides a huge market for selling machines. In Punjab, despite heavy mechanisation,
two farmers are killing themselves every day. Interestingly, the price of tractors has gone up by
more than 100 per cent in the past five years'10. We at CODISSIA are working on developing a
26

27. farm utility vehicle on the lines of Paco Lindoro's Sugarcane Harvester Concept as an alternative
to tractors. The proposed farm utility vehicle would have ECU with ISOBUS connectivity option
and scalable precision agricultural equipments like precision seeders with fertilizer placement,
precision sprayers, precision harvesters can be attached to it. We are also working on bringing to
production the Paco Lindoro's Sugarcane Harvester Concept11.
HYDROPONIC FODDER PRODUCTION AND PIVOT IRRIGATION
India has a severe fodder deficit and modern developments and advances in hydroponic fodder
production systems provide us an opportunity to develop affordable solutions to meet the
demand. Similarly pivot Irrigation is a concept that Coimbatore industry can successfully bring to
the Indian Market. CODISSIA is working towards making Coimbatore the manufacturing hub for
affordable hydroponic fodder production systems, pivot irrigation, sugarcane harvester, farm
utility vehicle and precision agricultural equipments. We are the leaders in wet grinders, pumps,
gears and with focused effort have the potential to transform Indian Agriculture.
REFERENCES
1. India's Soil Crisis, Economic Times, Special Feature - State of the Soils, 2011.
2. Dynamic Groundwater Sources of India, Ministry of Water Resources, Reserve Bank of
India database and publications, 2006.
3. Spatial Variation in Water Supply and Demand Across the River Basins of India,
International Water Management Institute, 2003.
4. Global Hunger Index. International Food Policy Research Institute. 2008.
5. Dying Young. Exceptionally high levels of malnutrition take a heavy toll on Indian children.
Frontline Magazine cover story, April 23, 2010.
6. Still No Free Lunch: Nutrient levels in U.S. food supply eroded by pursuit of high yields. The
Organic Center Critical Issue Report. 2007. www.organic-center.org
7. Food Nutrition Decline. Nutrition Security Institute. 2012. www.nutritionsecurity.org
8. Decline in Nutrients Percent Change 1959 vs 1999. www.traditional-foods.com
9. No-till: The quiet revolution. Scientific American. 2008.
10. http://devinder-sharma.blogspot.in/2013/03/does-tractor-play-role-in-aggravating.html
11. http://pacolindoro.com/harvestingsugarcane
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