International
by
Ralph E. Lerner
RalphELerner.com
ralph@artworldadvisors.com
590 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10022
(212) 521-4437
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

Autocephalous Church v. Goldberg &
Feldman Fine Arts
The Byzantine Mosaics
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State Property
NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL
PROPERTY THROUGH
http://www.RalphRLerner.com
/

NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL
PROPERTY THROUGH
* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State
Property
* EMBARGO LAWS
-- Prohibit Export of Cultural Objects
-- Jacques Walters’ Dilemma:
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL
PROPERTY THROUGH
* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State
Property
* EMBARGO LAWS
-- Prohibit Export of Cultural Objects
-- Jacques Walters’ Dilemma:
* PREEMPTION LAWS
-- State/Domestic Institutions
Have a Preemptive Right to Buy
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
* EMBARGO LAWS
* PREEMPTION LAWS
* A COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE ARE
GENERALLY FOUND IN SOURCE NATIONS
RETENTION SCHEMES/EXPORT
CONTROL:
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

SOURCE NATIONS
* Have the Most Extensive
Retention Schemes
* Rich in Cultural Property
* Short on Foreign Exchange
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

SOURCE NATIONS
* Have the Most Extensive Retention Schemes
* Rich in Cultural Property
* Short on Foreign Exchange
MARKET NATIONS
* Wealthier Nations
* Likely to Import Cultural Property
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

TREATIES SIGNED BY U.S. SUPPORTING
RETENTION POLICIES:
* 1970 TREATY WITH MEXICO
-- Bans Exportation of Pre-Columbian Objects
-- Subject to Seizure in U.S. and Return to
Mexico Without Compensation to Buyer
* 1981 TREATY WITH PERU
-- Similar to Treaty with Mexico
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

* PRE-COLUMBIAN STATUTE OF 1972
-- Bans U.S. Import of Monumental Pre-Columbian
Sculpture & Fragments
-- Applies to 13 Latin American Nations
-- Recognizes 13 Nations’ Export Laws
* NATIONAL STOLEN PROPERTY ACT
-- Bans Transport, Sale, Receipt, or Concealment of
Stolen Goods in Foreign Commerce
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

* CULTURAL PROPERTY IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1983
-- U.S. Adherence to UNESCO Art. 7(b)
- No U.S. Import: STOLEN Cultural Property
- Property: Museum, or Public Monument
- Recover/Return Property to Member Nation
- Pay Just Compensation to Innocent Buyer
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

* CULTURAL PROPERTY IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1983
-- U.S. Adherence to UNESCO Art. 9
- U.S. Restricts Import of Cultural Property that is Part of
National Patrimony IF:
* Property in Jeopardy of Pillage
* Other Nation a Member of UNESCO
* Nation Made Request to U.S. President
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

U.S. v. Hollinshead
9th Circuit 1974
*Prosecution: the National Stolen Property Act http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

U.S. v. McClain
5th Circuit 1979
*Prosecution: the National Stolen Property Act
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

U.S. v. Antique Platter of
Gold/Steinhardt
2d Circuit -- 1999
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

THE U.S. FOREFEITURE IN
STEINHARDT WAS BASED ON 2
THEORIES:
1) Importation of Merchandise in a Manner Contrary to Law
-- falsely identifying country of origin as Switzerland (not Italy) on
customs forms
*Steinhardt: false statements were not material; “But for”
standard;
*U.S.: false statements WERE material; “Natural tendency” test;
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

2) Importation of Stolen Property: NSPA Violation
-- S.D.N.Y. held: an Object is considered “Stolen” if a foreign
country assumed ownership through
Patrimony laws
-- S.D.N.Y. followed McClain
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/

2) Importation of Stolen Property: NSPA Violation
--S.D.N.Y. held: an Object is considered “Stolen” if a
foreign country assumed ownership through Patrimony
laws
--S.D.N.Y. followed McClain
2D CIRCUIT AFFIRMED ON ISSUE #1;
2D CIRCUIT DID NOT REACH McCLAIN
http://www.RalphRLerner.com/