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THE PHOENIX
1.
P h o e n i x ( d i s a mb i g u a t i o n ) . Wa t c hP h o e n i x h i s t o r y : h t t p s : / / u i i . i o / N k q 1 I A V T h e p h o e n i x i s a l o n g - l i v e db i r da s s o c i a t e dw i t h G r e e k my t h o l o g y ( w i t h a n a l o g s i nma n y c u l t u r e s ) t h a t c y c l i c a l l y r e g e n e r a t e s o r i s o t h e r w i s e b o r n a g a i n . A s s o c i a t e dw i t ht h e s u n , a p h o e n i x o b t a i n s n e wl i f e b y a r i s i n gf r o mt h e a s h e s o f i t s p r e d e c e s s o r . S o me l e g e n d s s a y i t d i e s i n a s h o wo f f l a me s a n dc o mb u s t i o n , o t h e r s t h a t i t s i mp l y d i e s a n dd e c o mp o s e s b e f o r e b e i n gb o r n a g a i n . [ 1 ] I nt h e Mo t i f - I n d e x o f F o l k - L i t e r a t u r e , a t o o l u s e db y f o l k l o r i s t s , t h e p h o e n i x i s c l a s s i f i e d a s mo t i f B 3 2 . [ 2 ] Ad e p i c t i o n o f a p h o e n i x b y F r i e d r i c hJ u s t i n B e r t u c h , 1 8 0 6 ) T h e o r i g i n o f t h e p h o e n i x h a s b e e na t t r i b u t e dt oA n c i e n t E g y p t b y H e r o d o t u s a n dl a t e r 1 9 t h - c e n t u r y s c h o l a r s , b u t o t h e r s c h o l a r s t h i n k t h e E g y p t i a nt e x t s ma y h a v e b e e ni n f l u e n c e db y c l a s s i c a l f o l k l o r e . O v e r t i me t h e p h o e n i x mo t i f s p r e a da n dg a i n e dv a r i e t y o f n e wa s s o c i a t i o n s : H e r o d o t u s , L u c a n , P l i n y t h e E l d e r , P o p e C l e me n t I , L a c t a n t i u s , O v i d , a n dI s i d o r e o f S e v i l l e a r e a mo n gt h o s e w h oh a v e c o n t r i b u t e dt ot h e r e t e l l i n ga n dt r a n s mi s s i o no f t h e p h o e n i x mo t i f . O v e r t i me , e x t e n d i n gb e y o n di t s o r i g i n s , t h e p h o e n i x c o u l dv a r i o u s l y " s y mb o l i z e r e n e w a l i ng e n e r a l a s w e l l a s t h e s u n , t i me , t h e E mp i r e , me t e mp s y c h o s i s , c o n s e c r a t i o n , r e s u r r e c t i o n , l i f e i nt h e h e a v e n l y P a r a d i s e , C h r i s t , Ma r y , v i r g i n i t y , t h e e x c e p t i o n a l ma n , a n dc e r t a i na s p e c t s o f C h r i s t i a n l i f e " . [ 3 ] S o me s c h o l a r s h a v e c l a i me dt h a t t h e p o e mD e a v e p h o e n i c e ma y p r e s e n t t h e my t h o l o g i c a l p h o e n i x mo t i f a s a s y mb o l o f C h r i s t ' s r e s u r r e c t i o n . T h e P h o e n i x
2.
: h t t p s : / / u i i . i o / N k q 1 I A V , E t y mo l o g y T h e mo d e r nE n g l i s h w o r dp h o e n i x e n t e r e dt h e E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e a r t s f r o mL a t i n , l a t e r r e i n f o r c e d b y F r e n c h . T h e w o r df i r s t e n t e r e dt h e E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e b y w a y o f a b o r r o w i n go f L a t i np h o e n ī x i n t oO l dE n g l i s h( f e n i x ) . T h i s b o r r o w i n gw a s l a t e r r e i n f o r c e db y F r e n c h i n f l u e n c e , w h i c h h a da l s o b o r r o w e dt h e L a t i nn o u n . I n t i me , t h e w o r dd e v e l o p e ds p e c i a l i z e du s e i nt h e E n g l i s hl a n g u a g e : F o r e x a mp l e , t h e t e r mc o u l dr e f e r t oa n" e x c e l l e n t p e r s o n " ( 1 2 t h c e n t u r y ) , a v a r i e t y o f h e r a l d i c e mb l e m( 1 5 t hc e n t u r y ) , a n dt h e n a me o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n( 1 7 t hc e n t u r y ) . [ 5 ] T h e L a t i nw o r dc o me s f r o mG r e e k φ ο ῖ ν ι ξ p h o i n ī x . [ 6 ] T h e G r e e k w o r di s f i r s t a t t e s t e di nt h e My c e n a e a nG r e e k p o - n i - k e , w h i c hp r o b a b l y me a n t ' g r i f f i n ' , t h o u g hi t mi g h t h a v e me a n t ' p a l m t r e e ' . T h a t w o r di s p r o b a b l y a b o r r o w i n gf r o ma We s t S e mi t i c w o r df o r ma d d e r , a r e dd y e ma d e f r o mR u b i a t i n c t o r u m. T h e w o r dP h o e n i c i a na p p e a r s t ob e f r o mt h e s a me r o o t , me a n i n g' t h o s e w h ow o r k w i t h r e dd y e s ' . S op h o e n i x ma y me a n' t h e P h o e n i c i a n b i r d ' o r ' t h e p u r p l i s h - r e db i r d ' . D i f f u s i o ni nl a t e r c u l t u r e I n t i me , t h e mo t i f a n dc o n c e p t o f t h e p h o e n i x e x t e n d e df r o mi t s o r i g i n s i na n c i e n t G r e e k f o l k l o r e . F o r e x a mp l e , t h e c l a s s i c a l mo t i f o f t h e p h o e n i x c o n t i n u e s i n t ot h e G n o s t i c ma n u s c r i p t O n t h e O r i g i n o f t h e Wo r l df r o mt h e N a gH a mma d i L i b r a r y c o l l e c t i o ni nE g y p t g e n e r a l l y d a t e dt ot h e 4 t h c e n t u r y : [ 2 7 ] T h u s w h e nS o p h i a Z o e s a wt h a t t h e r u l e r s o f d a r k n e s s h a dl a i da c u r s e u p o n h e r c o u n t e r p a r t s , s h e w a s i n d i g n a n t . A n dc o mi n go u t o f t h e f i r s t h e a v e nw i t hf u l l p o w e r , s h e c h a s e dt h o s e r u l e r s o u t o f t h e i r h e a v e n s a n dc a s t t h e mi n t ot h e s i n f u l w o r l d , s ot h a t t h e r e t h e y s h o u l dd w e l l , i nt h e f o r mo f e v i l s p i r i t s u p o nt h e e a r t h . [ . . . ] , s ot h a t i nt h e i r w o r l di t mi g h t p a s s t h e t h o u s a n dy e a r s i np a r a d i s e — a s o u l - e n d o w e dl i v i n g c r e a t u r e c a l l e d" p h o e n i x " . I t k i l l s i t s e l f a n db r i n g s i t s e l f b a c k t ol i f e a s a w i t n e s s t ot h e j u d g e me n t a g a i n s t t h e m, f o r t h e y d i dw r o n gt oA d a ma n dh i s r a c e , u n t ot h e c o n s u mma t i o n o f t h e a g e . T h e r e a r e [ . . . ] t h r e e me n , a n da l s oh i s p o s t e r i t i e s , u n t ot h e c o n s u mma t i o no f t h e w o r l d : t h e s p i r i t - e n d o w e do f e t e r n i t y , a n dt h e s o u l - e n d o w e d , a n dt h e e a r t h l y . L i k e w i s e , t h e r e a r e t h r e e
3.
p h o e n i x e s i n p a r a d i s e — t h e f i r s t i s i mmo r t a l , t h e s e c o n dl i v e s 1 , 0 0 0y e a r s ; a s f o r t h e t h i r d , i t i s w r i t t e ni n t h e s a c r e db o o k t h a t i t i s c o n s u me d . S o , t o o , t h e r e a r e t h r e e b a p t i s ms — t h e f i r s t i s s p i r i t u a l , t h e s e c o n di s b y f i r e , t h e t h i r di s b y w a t e r . J u s t a s t h e p h o e n i x a p p e a r s a s a w i t n e s s c o n c e r n i n gt h e a n g e l s , s ot h e c a s e o f t h e w a t e r h y d r i i nE g y p t , w h i c hh a s b e e na w i t n e s s t o t h o s e g o i n gd o w ni n t ot h e b a p t i s mo f a t r u e ma n . T h e t w ob u l l s i nE g y p t p o s s e s a my s t e r y , t h e S u na n dt h e Mo o n , b e i n ga w i t n e s s t oS a b a o t h : n a me l y , t h a t o v e r t h e mS o p h i a r e c e i v e dt h e u n i v e r s e ; f r o mt h e d a y t h a t s h e ma d e t h e S u na n dMo o n , s h e p u t a s e a l u p o nh e r h e a v e n , u n t o e t e r n i t y . A n dt h e w o r mt h a t h a s b e e n b o r n o u t o f t h e p h o e n i x i s a h u ma nb e i n ga s w e l l . I t i s w r i t t e n c o n c e r n i n gi t , " t h e j u s t ma nw i l l b l o s s o ml i k e a p h o e n i x " . A n dt h e p h o e n i x f i r s t a p p e a r s i n a l i v i n gs t a t e , a n dd i e s , a n dr i s e s a g a i n , b e i n ga s i g n o f w h a t h a s b e c o me a p p a r e n t a t t h e c o n s u mma t i o n o f t h e a g e . D e t a i l f r o mt h e 1 2 t h - c e n t u r y A b e r d e e n B e s t i a r y , f e a t u r i n ga p h o e n i x T h e p h o e n i x r i s i n gf r o mf l a me s w a s t h e s y mb o l o f t h e G r e e k Mo u n t a i nG o v e r n me n t a n dt h e R e g i me o f t h e C o l o n e l s i nt h e mi d - 2 0 t hc e n t u r y T h e a n o n y mo u s 1 0 t h c e n t u r y O l dE n g l i s hE x e t e r B o o k c o n t a i n s a na n o n y mo u s 6 7 7 - l i n e 9 t h - c e n t u r y a l l i t e r a t i v e p o e mc o n s i s t i n go f a p a r a p h r a s e a n da b b r e v i a t i o no f L a c t a n t i u s , f o l l o w e db y a n e x p l i c a t i o n o f t h e P h o e n i x a s a na l l e g o r y f o r t h e r e s u r r e c t i o no f C h r i s t . [ 2 8 ] Þ i s s e s f u g l e s g e c y n d f e l a g e l i c e s b i þ a mg e c o r n u m C r i s t e s þ e g n u m; b e a c n a ði nb u r g u m
h uh i b e o r h t n e g e f e a n þ u r h F æd e r f u l t u m o n þ a r f r e c n a nt i d h e a l d a þu n d e r h e o f o n u m &h i mh e a n n a b l æd i n þ a mu p l i c a n e ð l e g e s t r y n a þ . T h i s b i r d ' s n a t u r e i s mu c hl i k e t ot h e c h o s e n s e r v a n t s o f C h r i s t ; p o i n t e t h o u t t ome n h o wt h e y b r i g h t j o y
4.
t h r o u g ht h e F a t h e r ' s a i d i n t h i s p e r i l o u s t i me ma y u n d e r h e a v e np o s s e s s ,a n de x a l t e dh a p p i n e s s i n t h e c e l e s t i a lc o u n t r y ma y g a i n . — I nt h e o r i g i n a l O l dE n g l i s h [ c i t a t i o n n e e d e d ] — I n Mo d e r nE n g l i s ht r a n s l a t i o n( 1 8 4 2 ) [ 2 9 ] I n t h e 1 4 t hc e n t u r y , I t a l i a np o e t D a n t e A l i g h i e r i r e f e r s t ot h e p h o e n i x i nI n f e r n oC a n t oX X I V : C o s ì p e r l i g r a ns a v i s i c o n f e s s a c h e l a f e n i c e mo r e e p o i r i n a s c e , q u a n d oa l c i n q u e c e n t e s i moa n n oa p p r e s s a ; e r b a n é b i a d oi ns u a v i t a n o np a s c e , ma s o l d ' i n c e n s ol a g r i me e d ' a mo mo , e n a r d oe mi r r a s o nl ' u l t i me f a s c e . E v e n t h u s b y t h e g r e a t s a g e s ' t i s c o n f e s s e d T h e p h o e n i x d i e s , a n dt h e ni s b o r na g a i n , Wh e n i t a p p r o a c h e s i t s f i v e - h u n d r e d t hy e a r ; O nh e r bo r g r a i n i t f e e d s n o t i ni t s l i f e , B u t o n l y o nt e a r s o f i n c e n s e a n da mo mu m, A n dn a r da n dmy r r ha r e i t s l a s t w i n d i n g - s h e e t . — I nt h e o r i g i n a l I t a l i a n — I nE n g l i s ht r a n s l a t i o n I n t h e 1 7 t hc e n t u r y p l a y H e n r y V I I I b y E n g l i s hp l a y w r i g h t s Wi l l i a mS h a k e s p e a r e a n dJ o h n F l e t c h e r , A r c h b i s h o pC r a n me r s a y s i n A c t V , S c e n e v i nr e f e r e n c e t oE l i z a b e t h( w h ow a s t o
5.
b e c o me Q u e e nE l i z a b e t hI ) : . . . N o r s h a l l t h i s p e a c e s l e e pw i t hh e r ; b u t a s w h e n T h e b i r do f w o n d e r d i e s , t h e ma i d e np h o e n i x , H e r a s h e s n e wc r e a t e a n o t h e r h e i r A s g r e a t i n a d mi r a t i o na s h e r s e l f ; S os h a l l s h e l e a v e h e r b l e s s e d n e s s t oo n e , Wh e n h e a v e ns h a l l c a l l h e r f r o mt h i s c l o u do f d a r k n e s s , Wh of r o mt h e s a c r e da s h e s o f h e r h o n o u r S h a l l s t a r - l i k e r i s e a s g r e a t i nf a me a s s h e w a s , A n ds os t a n df i x ' d. . . P h o e n i x e s a r e p r e s e n t a n dr e l a t i v e l y c o mmo ni nE u r o p e a nh e r a l d r y , w h i c hd e v e l o p e dd u r i n gt h e H i g h Mi d d l e A g e s . T h e y mo s t o f t e na p p e a r a s c r e s t s , a n dmo r e r a r e l y a s c h a r g e s . T h e h e r a l d i c p h o e n i x i s d e p i c t e da s t h e h e a d , c h e s t a n dw i n g s o f a ne a g l e r i s i n gf r o ma f i r e ; t h e e n t i r e c r e a t u r e i s n e v e r d e p i c t e d . [ 3 0 ] , I nmo d e r ne r ap o p u l a r c u l t u r e Ma i n a r t i c l e : L i s t o f p h o e n i x e s i np o p u l a r c u l t u r e T h e f i r s t i s s u e o f t h e C h e r o k e e P h o e n i x , a C h e r o k e e l a n g u a g e n e w s p a p e r n a me da f t e r ( a n d d e p i c t i n g ) t h e p h o e n i x . P u b l i s h e di n N e wE c h o t a b y t h e C h e r o k e e N a t i o n , 1 8 2 3 . I n t h e mo d e r n e r a , t h e p h o e n i x mo t i f c o n t i n u e s t os e e u s e i na v a r i e t y o f c o n t e x t s . E l o n U n i v e r s i t y ' s s p o r t s t e a ms b e c a me k n o w na s t h e P h o e n i x i n2 0 0 0 , s t e mmi n gf r o mt h e c o l l e g e s f i r e a n ds u b s e q u e n t r e c o v e r y i n1 9 2 3 . U n i v e r s i t y t r u s t e e s a t t h e t i me a n n o u n c e dt h e i r i n t e n t i o n s t oma k e E l o n" r i s e f r o mt h e a s h e s " .
6.
S w a r t h mo r e C o l l e g e ' s n e w s p a p e r h a s b e e n n a me d" T h e P h o e n i x " s i n c e t h e c o l l e g e ' s f i r e i n 1 8 8 1 ; [ 3 1 ] t h e p h o e n i x b i r dw a s c o n s i d e r e de mb l e ma t i c o f t h e c o l l e g e ' s r e b i r t hf r o mi t s a s h e s . Mo r e r e c e n t l y , " P h i n e a s t h e P h o e n i x " h a s b e c o me t h e o f f i c i a l ma s c o t [ 3 2 ] o f S w a r t h mo r e C o l l e g e , w i t ha d a n c i n gs t u d e n t i n s i d e a c o s t u me o f p l u s hp l u ma g e . T h e f l a go f S a nF r a n c i s c of e a t u r e s a p h o e n i x i ni t s c e n t e r , s y mb o l i c o f t h e c i t y ' s r e b u i l d i n g f o l l o w i n gt h e 1 9 0 6S a nF r a n c i s c oe a r t h q u a k e . T h e c l u bc r e s t o f C o v e n t r y C i t y F o o t b a l l C l u bf e a t u r e s a p h o e n i x r i s i n gf r o mt h e f l a me s , i n r e c o g n i t i o n o f h o wt h e C i t y o f C o v e n t r y w a s r e b u i l t a f t e r b e i n gd e s t r o y e db y t h e N a z i G e r ma n L u f t w a f f e d u r i n gt h e B l i t z b o mb i n gc a mp a i g n s o f Wo r l dWa r I I . C o v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t y u s e a p h o e n i x r i s i n gf r o mt h e f l a me s a s t h e i r e mb l e m, t y i n gi nw i t ht h e c i t y t h e y a r e b a s e d , a n dt h e s a me r e a s o n C o v e n t r y C i t y F o o t b a l l C l u bc a r r y a p h o e n i x o n t h e i r c l u b c r e s t . D e p i c t i o n s
7.
A c c o r d i n gt ot h e C a t a l o g u e o f t h e G r e e k C o i n s i nt h e B r i t i s hMu s e u m, t h e " N u mi d i a nc r a n e " r e p r e s e n t s t h e p h o e n i x o nt h e c o i n a g e o f A n t o n i n u s P i u s ( r . 1 3 8 – 1 6 1 ) [ 1 1 ] [ 1 2 ]
8.
A c c o r d i n gt oH a r r i s R a c k h a m, P l i n y t h e E l d e r ' s d e s c r i p t i o no f a p h o e n i x i nN a t u r a l H i s t o r y " t a l l i e s f a i r l y c l o s e l y w i t h t h e g o l d e np h e a s a n t o f t h e F a r E a s t " [ 1 3 ] T h e p h o e n i x i s s o me t i me s p i c t u r e di na n c i e n t a n dme d i e v a l l i t e r a t u r e a n dme d i e v a l a r t a s e n d o w e dw i t ha h a l o , w h i c he mp h a s i z e s t h e b i r d ' s c o n n e c t i o nw i t ht h e S u n . [ 1 4 ] I nt h e o l d e s t i ma g e s o f p h o e n i x e s o n r e c o r dt h e s e n i mb u s e s o f t e n h a v e s e v e nr a y s , l i k e H e l i o s ( t h e G r e e k p e r s o n i f i c a t i o no f t h e S u n ) . [ 1 5 ] P l i n y t h e E l d e r [ 1 6 ] a l s od e s c r i b e s t h e b i r da s h a v i n ga c r e s t o f f e a t h e r s o ni t s h e a d , [ 1 4 ] a n dE z e k i e l t h e D r a ma t i s t c o mp a r e di t t oa r o o s t e r . [ 1 7 ] T h e p h o e n i x c a me t ob e a s s o c i a t e dw i t hs p e c i f i c c o l o r s o v e r t i me . A l t h o u g ht h e p h o e n i x w a s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e dt ob e c o l o r f u l a n dv i b r a n t , s o u r c e s p r o v i d e n oc l e a r c o n s e n s u s a b o u t i t s c o l o r a t i o n . T a c i t u s s a y s t h a t i t s c o l o r ma d e i t s t a n do u t f r o ma l l o t h e r b i r d s . [ 1 8 ] S o me s a i dt h a t t h e b i r dh a dp e a c o c k - l i k e c o l o r i n g , a n dH e r o d o t u s ' s c l a i mo f t h e P h o e n i x b e i n gr e da n dy e l l o wi s p o p u l a r i n ma n y v e r s i o n s o f t h e s t o r y o nr e c o r d . [ 1 9 ] E z e k i e l t h e T r a g e d i a nd e c l a r e dt h a t t h e p h o e n i x h a dr e dl e g s a n ds t r i k i n gy e l l o we y e s , [ 1 7 ] b u t L a c t a n t i u s s a i dt h a t i t s e y e s w e r e b l u e l i k e s a p p h i r e s [ 2 0 ] a n dt h a t i t s l e g s w e r e c o v e r e di n y e l l o w - g o l ds c a l e s w i t hr o s e - c o l o r e dt a l o n s . [ 2 1 ] H e r o d o t u s , P l i n y , S o l i n u s , a n dP h i l o s t r a t u s d e s c r i b e t h e p h o e n i x a s s i mi l a r i ns i z e t oa ne a g l e , [ 2 2 ] b u t L a c t a n t i u s a n dE z e k i e l t h e D r a ma t i s t b o t h c l a i mt h a t t h e p h o e n i x w a s l a r g e r , w i t hL a c t a n t i u s d e c l a r i n gt h a t i t w a s e v e n l a r g e r t h a n a no s t r i c h . [ 2 3 ] A c c o r d i n gt oP l i n y ' s N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , [ 2 4 ] a q u i l a e n a r r a t u r ma g n i t u d i n e , a u r i f u l g o r e c i r c a c o l l a , c e t e r op u r p u r e u s , c a e r u l e a mr o s e i s c a u d a mp i n n i s d i s t i n g u e n t i b u s , c r i s t i s f a u c e s , c a p u t q u e p l u me oa p i c e h o n e s t a n t e . T h e s t o r y i s t h a t i t i s a s l a r g e a s a n e a g l e , a n dh a s a g l e a mo f g o l dr o u n di t s n e c k a n da l l t h e r e s t o f i t i s p u r p l e , b u t t h e t a i l b l u e p i c k e do u t w i t hr o s e c o l o u r e df e a t h e r s a n dt h e t h r o a t p i c k e do u t w i t ht u f t s , a n da f e a t h e r e dc r e s t a d o r n i n gi t s h e a d . — P l i n y t h e E l d e r , " N a t u r a l i s h i s t o r i a " , X : 2 — t r a n s l a t e db y H a r r i s R a c k h a m, 1 9 4 0 , L C L : 3 5 3 , p p . 2 9 2 – 2 9 4 A c c o r d i n gt oC l a u d i a n ' s p o e m" T h e P h o e n i x " , [ 2 5 ]
9.
a r c a n u mr a d i a n t o c u l i i u b a r . i g n e u s o r a c i n g i t h o n o s . r u t i l oc o g n a t u mv e r t i c e s i d u s a t t o l l i t c r i s t a t u s a p e x t e n e b r a s q u e s e r e n a l u c e s e c a t . T y r i op i n g u n t u r c r u r a v e n e n o . a n t e v o l a n t Z e p h y r o s p i n n a e , q u a s c a e r u l u s a mb i t f l o r e c o l o r s p a r s o q u e s u p e r d i t e s c i t i n a u r o . Amy s t e r i o u s f i r e f l a s h e s f r o mi t s e y e , a n da f l a mi n ga u r e o l e e n r i c h e s i t s h e a d . I t s c r e s t s h i n e s w i t ht h e s u n ' s o w n l i g h t a n ds h a t t e r s t h e d a r k n e s s w i t hi t s c a l mb r i l l i a n c e . I t s l e g s a r e o f T y r i a n p u r p l e ; s w i f t e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e Z e p h y r s a r e i t s w i n g s o f f l o w e r - l i k e b l u e d a p p l e dw i t hr i c hg o l d .
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