This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including networking devices, network topologies, network protocols, local area networks, wide area networks, storage area networks, virtual private networks, bandwidth, and network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It discusses key concepts such as how physical networks are built, how computers connect, how data is transmitted, error handling, common LAN technologies, performance, availability and scalability of SANs, constructing private networks on public infrastructures using VPNs, bandwidth measurements and limitations, digital data transfer calculations, peer-to-peer communication, encapsulation, and layer names in networking models.

1. CCNA 1 v3.0 Module 2 Networking Fundamentals

2. Objectives

3. Networking Devices Network devices End user devices

4. Network Topology PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL Most common Logical Topologies are Broadcast & Token ring

6. Network Protocols

8. Local-area Networks (LANs)

10. Wide-area Networks (WANs)

11. Data Networks

13. Storage - Area Networks (SANS) Performance – SANs enable concurrent access of disk or tape arrays by two or more servers at high speeds. Availability – SANs have disaster tolerance built in, because data can be mirrored using a SAN up to 10 kilometers (km) or 6.2 miles away. Scalability – Like a LAN/WAN, it can use a variety of technologies.

14. Virtual Private Networks (VPN s ) A private network constructed within a public network infrastructure. Using VPN, a Telecommuter can remotely access the network of company H/Qs.Through Internet secure Tunnel is built Between PC of Telecommuter and Router at Company H/Qs. VPNs offers secure, reliable over shared public network while maintaining same security and management policies as a private network.

15. Intranet and Extranet VPN Intranetwebserver

16. Importance of Bandwidth

17. Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

18. Bandwidth Highway Analogy

19. Bandwidth Measurements

20. Bandwidth Limitations

21. Bandwidth > Throughput

22. Digital Transfer Calculation

23. EXAMPLE Which would take less time? 1-Sending a floppy disk (1.44 MB) full of data over an ISDN BRI Line OR 2-Sending a 10GB hard drive full of data over an OC-48 line

24. EXAMPLE ( Cont…..) T = S/BW 1- S= 1.44 MB, BW=128 Kb Thus time = 1.44 x 1000 K Bytes x 8 Bits / 128 Kbps = 90 Seconds 2- S= 10 GB, BW= 2.488320 Gbps Thus time = 10 G Bytes x 8 Bits/ 2.488320 Gbps = 32.15 Seconds

25. Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

26. OSI Model

27. OSI Layers

29. OSI Layers

30. OSI Layers

31. OSI Layers

32. OSI Layers

33. OSI Layers

34. Peer-to-Peer Communication

35. TCP/IP Model

37. Encapsulation

38. Names for Data at Each Layer

39. Summary